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中考英语写作三步攻关
英语书面表达是英语语言的输出，是最能反映学生的英语综合水平的题型。同学们除了通过多读、多背进行语言输入，丰富语言材料，还要重视相关技巧和策略。同学们可以通过下面的“三步攻关”来突破写作。
第一步---审好题定方向
审题不准/清，往往会导致“下笔千言，离题万里”。因此，在真正开始写作之前，考生应合理
安排时间进行审题构思。审题主要包含以下6个方面：
1.审主题：根据题干信息，确定写作主题。主要有2种情况：①给出标题：可以根据标题来定主题；②未给出标题：需从题干或参考信息中分析总结，确定主题。
2.审文体：根据题干信息，确定文章体裁。主要有4种文体形式：①记叙文（经历及感受)；②说明文（计划安排、做法建议、说明介绍等)；③应用文（邮件、演讲稿、发言稿、日记、信件等)；④议论文（观点看法、图表作文等)
3.审人称：根据标题、文体、题干细节信息确定人称。分析全国中考真题书面表达可知①经历及感受类以第一人称为主，也会涉及第三人称；②计划安排类一般用第一人称和第二人称；③观点看法类以第一人称和第三人称为主；④说明介绍类中事物介绍以第三人称为主，人物介绍一般第一人称、第二人称、第三人称都会涉及
4.审时态：根据文体及题干信息确定文章时态。分析全国中考真题书面表达可知：①介绍计划安排以一般将来时为主；②叙述经历及感受以一般过去时为主；③提出做法建议和个人观点看法以一般现在时为主；④说明介绍以一般现在时为主
5.审要点：根据所给参考信息写作要点，确定写作的具体方面、角度、详略，注意内容的连贯性和合理性。特别要注意如果参考信息中给出省略号，一定要在包含所给写作要点的基础上再补充自己的要点
6.审目标读者和写作意图：根据题干细节信息，确定写作对象和写作意图。明确文章的写作对象和写作意图，可以在写作时选择恰当的语言，使内容更真实。初中阶段书面表达常见目标读者有：同龄人（同学、朋友、外国朋友等)、老师、家长、学校、社会大众等；常见写作意图有：寻求建议、号召做某事等
第二步---列框架扩要点
列框架
类别1---说明介绍类
说明介绍类主要涉及学生熟悉的人或物，通常要求从“介绍人物”和“介绍事物”两个角度出发，进行书面表达。
介绍 人物 写作要素 与人物相关的信息---基本资料、主要特征、经典事例、个人评价等
写作框架 开头：介绍人物的基本信息，如姓名、与作者的关系等
正文：从外貌、性格、爱好等方面详细描写人物
结尾：表达对该人物的感情或评价。
介绍 事物 写作要素 与事物相关的信息---概念、特征、用途等。
写作框架 三段式 总-分-总 开头：说明介绍的主体，给出其基本信息，如概念、用途等。
正文：从事物特征、用途、优缺点等方面具体介绍。
结尾：评价并表达对该事物的感情。
类别2---做法建议类
做法建议类主要要求学生对于某事提供建议或分享经验。
做法 建议 写作要素 事件（文体）、看法（观点）、建议等。
写作框架 开头：交代事件或提出问题，陈述看法（观点）。
正文：阐述理由，给出建议。 1.阐述理由：可结合自身/他人经历阐述理由。需要注意以下两点：①分点讲述，每个要点需要给出支撑信息，即具体细节；②要选取典型的事件进行叙述，有话可写，情境创设真实； 2.给出建议：运用提建议的常用句型，给出合理的建议及理由。需要注意以下三点：①给出的建议要合理，导向正确，可操作性强；②句型要多样，避免重复；③给出每条建议后要给出对应的理由，即这条建议的好处、积极作用等。
结尾：重申观点，强调带来的积极影响，表达自己的期望或感受。
类别3---观点看法类
观点看法类主要涉及就某事，如学生学习、生活现象、社会热点事件等发表看法，通常要求学生从“提建议”和“个人看法/喜好”两个角度出发，进行书面表达。
观点 看法 写作要素 议论主题一文章所谈论的话题；论点---针对该话题，提出自己的观点；论据---可用于支持自己观点的事例或道理。
写作框架 开头：说明谈论的主题，表明自己的观点。
正文：利用论据论述自己的观点。
结尾：再次表明观点，并总结全文。
类别4---经历及感受类
经历及感受类多涉及已发生的事件，主要涉及中学生在生活、学习中经历的事情及其感受，通常要求从“写人叙事”的角度出发，进行书面表达。
写人 叙事 写作要素 5W1H---when(时间)；where((地点)；who(人物)；what(事件)；why(原因)；how(方式)。
写作框架 开头：引出并阐述主题。 审清题干后，明确写作主题，结合自身经历，确定写作角度。确定写作角度可以从以下几点考虑： ①确定事件发生的人物关系，如“我”与朋友； ②选取自己的经历，让自己有话可说，且具备真实感： ③该事件有教育意义，即可以从中汲取知识、收获感动、体现积极的价值观。
正文：陈述事件的时间、地点、人物、起因、经过和结果等。 ①选取典型事件进行叙述，选取的事件能符合书面表达的主题和立意； ②叙述事件发展时要布局合理、详略得当、重点突出。
结尾：再次点明主题，并表达自己的感受、思考、收获或启发等。表达自己的感受、思考、收获或启发时要紧扣主题，升华全文。可以从以下两个方面考虑： ①人物精神或事迹的积极作用，对个人、社会的影响； ②人物或个人事迹对自己的启发及影响。
扩要点
在扩要点时，考生可遵循以下步骤：译要点→扩词块/句子→变句式，即先把所给中文要点翻译成英文，再对英文要点围绕主题进行合理化的扩充，使得文章内容丰富起来，最后再对句式进行升格。升格时，可将简单句转化为复合句，主要可以通过以下几种方式：
方法1扩写原因
用来表示原因的词汇有：because, since, as, for等。
1.我喜欢学习英语。译：I love learning English. 扩：I love learning English because/since/as/for it helps me communicate with foreigners. 我喜欢学习英语，因为它可以帮助我与外国人交流。
2.小心火和电。译：Be careful with the fire and electricity. 扩：Be careful with the fire and electricity because/since/as/for they can cause terrible accidents. 小心火和电，因为它们会造成可怕的事故。
方法2扩写具体表现/方法
用来列举具体表现、方法的短语有：such as, for example等。
3.了解很多关于我的家乡的事情。译：Know a lot about my hometown. 扩：I know a lot about my hometown,such as its history, culture and food. 我对我的家乡了解很多，比如它的历史、文化和美食。
4.擅长弹钢琴。译：Be good at playing the piano. 扩：I'm good at playing the piano. For example, I can play the piano for the old because it makes me feel happy. 我擅长弹钢琴。例如，我可以为老人弹钢琴，因为这让我感到快乐。
方法3扩写条件
用来表示条件的词或短语有：if, unless, as long as等。
5.使用图画、图片或肢体语言。译：Use drawings,pictures or body language. 扩：If you find it really hard to express yourself in Chinese, you can use drawings, pictures or body language. 如果你觉得用中文表达自己真的很难，你可以使用图画、图片或肢体语言。
6.关上门窗。译：Shut the doors and windows. 扩：We should make sure the doors and windows are shut if we plan to go out. 如果我们打算出去，我们应该确保门窗都关好了。
方法4扩写结果或目的
用来表示结果的词或短语有：so, therefore, as a result等；用来表示目的的短语有：in order to/that, so that等。
7.坚持做眼保健操。译：Keep on doing eye exercises. 扩：I keep on doing eye exercises to/in order to make my tired eyes relaxed/relax my tired eyes. 为了让我疲惫的眼睛放松/放松我疲惫的眼睛，我坚持在做眼保健操。
方法5扩写感受或想法
8.尽量避免使用电子产品。译：Try hard to avoid using electronic products. 扩：I try hard to avoid using electronic products like mobile phones or computers. I think the light they give off is harmful to my eyes.我尽量避免使用手机或电脑等电子产品。我认为它们发出的光对我的眼睛有害。
第三步巧衔接成佳作
巧用衔接词&过渡词
类别 单词/短语 示例
表原因 because/because of/since/as/for因为; now that既然; thanks to多亏；幸亏; due to由于; as the result of由于 First of all, remember to wear a smile because this can help you feel better about yourself. 首先，记得保持微笑，因为这可以帮助你对自己感觉更好
表结果 so所以; thus/therefore因此; as a result结果; so that以至于 I know you are interested in ceramic so I'd like to invite you to take part in our ceramic exhibition. 我知道您对陶 瓷感兴趣，所以我想邀请您参加我们的陶瓷展览。
in order to为了; so that/so as to以便于; for this purpose出于这个目的 I make it a rule to write a few good sentences in my notebook every day so that I can improve my writing gradually. 我习惯每天在笔记本上写几个好句子，这样我就可以逐渐提高我的写作水平。
表并列 and和；又；而；both...and...两者都；either...or...或者…或者…；not only...but also...不但…而且…；on the one hand...on the other hand...方面…另一方面… Doing sports regularly helps me keep fit as well as stay energetic. 定期做运动有助于我保持健康并保持精力充沛。 Both parents and teachers are sometimes strict, but they do that to help us. 父母和老师有时是严厉的，但是他们那么做是为了帮助我们。
表递进 also也；besides而且；此外；in addition此外；moreover此外；above all首先；更重要的是；what's more更重要的是；more importantly更重要的是 What's more, learning history can improve my understanding of the world. 更重要的是，学习历史可以促进我对世界的理解。
表转折 but但是；however然而；yet但是；然而；while然而；instead反而；却otherwise否则；不然；unlike不像；on the contrary相反；different from与…不同 Some people think that taking after-school classes can help students learn better and get into a better senior high school. However, others think students need time to rest and relax. 一些人认为参加课外班可以帮助学生学得更好，并且进入更好的高中。然而，其他人认 为学生需要时间休息和放松。
表顺序 first(ly)/at first/first of all/to begin with/to；start with首先；second(ly)/hen/after that/next其次；meanwhile/at the same time同时；finally/in the end/at last最后；last but not least最后但同样重要的是 First of all,make sure to plan your time properly to make full use of it.Secondly,do everything carefully and do not waste time on some meaningless things. 首先，确保合理规划时间以便充分利用它。其次，认真做每件事，不要把时间浪费在一些没意义的事情上。
表总结 in a word/in short/to sum up总而言之；in general通常；after all毕竟；finally/at last最后；generally speaking总体来说；in conclusion/in summary总结 In a word,good study methods can make you get twice the result with half the effort. 总之，好的学习方法可以让你事半功倍。
表观点 in my opinion/view/eyes/as for me/from my point of view/as far as I’m concerned在我看来; personally speaking就个人来说;to be honest坦诚说 As for me, students should spend some time in developing some hobbies. 在我看来，学生应该花些时间培养一些爱好。
表时间 when/while当…的时候；after在…之后; before在…之前; now现在; as soon as一…就...; soon/lately/recently不久；最近; at the same time同时presently目前; from now on/at present现在；目前;at that moment在那一刻 At that moment, I was truly touched by the power of nature. 在那一刻，我真的被大自然的力量触动了。 When you are ill, see the doctor as soon as possible. 病了要尽快看医生。
表强调 certainly当然；obviously明显地；indeed确实；surely肯定；truly真正; no doubt/without doubt毫无疑问 Without doubt, everyone has their greatest things in their eyes. So do I. 毫无疑问，每个人眼中都有自己最伟大的东西。我也一样。干出两
表事实 in fact/actually/.as a matter of fact事实上；to tell(you)the truth实话说 In fact,if parents can always discover the best in their children and often encourage them, they will make greater progress. 事实上，如果父母总是能发现孩子最好的一面，经常鼓励他们，他们会取得更大的进步。
表方式 in other words/that is to say/to put it another way换句话说 Three days from now, that is to say on Friday this week. 三天之后，也就是说在本周星期五。
巧用升华词汇
1.多用具体的高级词，少用普通的笼统词
笼统词 具体词
good好的 perfect完美的，excellent优秀的，enjoyable令人愉快的，fantastic极好的
beautiful漂亮的 pretty俊俏的；标致的，attractive有吸引力的，fascinating迷人的
happy高兴的 pleased满意的，cheerful令人愉快的，joyful高兴的；令人愉快的
grow增长 raise提升；提高，improve改进；改善，increase增加；增长
sad难过的 depressed沮丧的，upset难过的，painful令人痛苦的
very很；非常 great山y极大地，highly很；非常，extremely极其，particularly特别；尤其
have有 hold怀有信念、意见等，keep保有，enjoy享有，own拥有
go去；走 climb爬，jump跳跃，slip溜，move移动，wander游荡，struggle艰难地行进，rush冲，
give给 head朝某方向行进，peed快速移动，hurry匆忙；赶快
say说 provide提供，offer提供，suppl山y供给，donate捐赠，contribute贡献
2.优先选同义短语、尽量表达多样化
释义 普通表达 多样表达
使用 use take advantage of, make good full use of, put sth.into good use
努力 try do/try one's best to do, make every effort to do
坚持 keep insist on, stick to
喜欢 like be fond of, be interested in,be crazy about, fall in love with
导致 cause lead to, result in, contribute to
记得 remember keep sth.in mind
帮助 help do sb.a favor, lend a helping hand to sb.
有帮助的 helpful be of great help/value, be beneficial to
事实上 actually in fact, as a matter of fact, in reality
立即 immediately without delay, at once, right now
同时 meanwhile in the meantime, at the same time
重要的 important be of great importance
增加句式多样性
1.巧用基本/高级/特殊句式
(1)巧用基本句式
句型 示例
there be句型 More useful inventions will appear in the future as long as everyone thinks actively. ---There will be more useful inventions in the future as long as everyone thinks actively. 只要大家积极思考将来会出现更多有用的发明。
感叹句 You have made a wise decision. →What a wise decision you have made！ 你做了一个多么明智 的决定啊！ Our world is beautiful. →How beautiful our world is！我们的世界多么美丽！
(2)巧用高级句式
句型 示例
It takes/took (sb.some time to do sth.（某人)花多长时间做某事 You can take some time to understand and appreciate it,but once you do it, it really just clicks. ---It takes some time to understand and appreciate it, but once you do it, it really just clicks. 虽然理解和欣赏它可能会花些时间，可一旦你经历过这一阶段，你就会豁然开朗。
It is/was +adj./(a/an)n.+(for sb.)to do sth.做某事（对某人来说)是… Eating enough fruit and vegetables is important for us. ---It is important for us to eat enough fruit and vegetables.对我们来说，吃足够的水果和蔬菜是很重要的。
It is clear/obvious that...显而易见的是… Obviously, the students should get well prepared for their future. ---It is clear/obvious that the students should get well prepared for their future. 很明显，学生们应该为他们的未来做好准备。
There is no doubt that...毫无疑问的是... Without doubt, English is important to us. ---There is no doubt that English is important to us. 毫无疑问的是英语对我们是重要的。
Nothing is more important than...没有什么比…更重要 Receiving education is the most important thing. ---Nothing is more important important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
表建议的句型had better not)...; Why not...; Let's... We had better ride bikes or walk there instead of driving a car. 我们最好骑自行车或步行去那儿，而不是开车。
(3)巧用倒装句
句型 示例
Only引导的倒装句 By developing healthy eating habits and exercising more, we can have a strong body. ---Only by developing healthy eating habits and exercising more can we have a strong body. 只有养成健康的饮食习惯并多锻炼，我们才能有一个强壮的身体。
Not until引导的倒装句 He didn't realize the great changes in recent China until he came to China. ---Not until he came to China did he realize the great changes in recent China. 直到他来到中国，他才意识到中国近年来的巨大变化。
Not only放在句首时，要部分倒装 You can not only visit the places of interest, but also enjoy eating traditional Chinese food. ---Not only can you visit the places of interest, but also enjoy eating traditional Chinese food. 以参观名胜古迹，还可以吃到传统的中国食物。
(4)巧用比较等级
句型 示例
同级比较 Wu Li studies as hard as his brother. 吴立学习和他哥哥一样努力。
比较级 The more we know each other, the better we'll understand each other. 我们越了解对方，就越能理解对方。
最高级 Not only in China but also in England, tea is the most popular drink. 不仅在中国，在英国，茶也是最受欢迎的饮品。
2.巧用复合句
句型 示例
并列 复合句 表并列常用and, not only.…but also...; both...and....; neither...nor... Always be kind to others. Always be polite to others. →Always be kind and polite to others.永远善待他人，礼貌待人。
表转折常用but, while On weekends, I want to stay at home. My sister wants to play outside. ---On weekends, I want to stay at home but/while my sister wants to play outside. 周末，我想待在家里，但我妹妹想在外面玩
并列 复合句 表选择常用or, either...or... I often read magazines in my spare time. I often listen to music in my spare time. ---I often read magazines or listen to music in my spare time. 我经常在业余时间看杂志或听音乐。
表因果常用so Li Hua sets a good example for us. All of us speak highly of him. →Li Hua sets a good example for us, so all of us speak highly of him. 李华为我们树立了一个好榜样，所以我们都对他评价很高。
宾语从句 / “I plan to go to the Children's Home to cheer up the children there this weekend,” Mike said. ---Mike said (that)he planned to go to the Children's Home to cheer up the children there this weekend. 迈克说他计划这个周末去儿童之家给那里的孩子们带去快乐。
状语从句 时间状语从句常用while, when, since, as, before, after, until/till, as soon as I feel nervous before an exam. I will listen to some relaxing music. ---When I feel nervous before an exam, I will listen to some relaxing music. 当我考试前感到紧张时，我会听一些令人放松的音乐。
让步状语从句常用though/although, even if/though We argue at times.We are still good friends. ---Although/Though we argue at times,we are still good friends. 虽然我们有时吵架，但我们仍然是好朋友。
条件状语从句常用if, unless, as long as You study hard. I'm sure your grades will improve greatly. ---If/As long as you study hard, I'm sure your grades will improve greatly. 如果/只要你努力学习，我相信你的成绩会有很大的提高。
原因状语从句常用because, since, as I enjoy reading books very much. There are lots of interesting things in them ---I enjoy reading books very much because there are lots of interesting things in them. 我非常喜欢读书，因为书里有很多有趣的东西。
目的状语从句常用so that; in order that We should communicate more with our parents. We can know each other better. ---We should communicate more with our parents so that we can know each other better. 我们应该多和父母交流，这样我们才能更好地了解彼此。
结果状语从句常用so...that, such...that... This novel is interesting.Everyone wants to read it. ---This novel is so interesting that everyone wants to read it. 这本小说很有趣，每个人都想读它。
定语从句 先行词为人常用who/whom/that引导 Yuan Longping is a great scientist. He was regarded as "The Father of Hybrid Rice'”. ---Yuan Longping is a great scientist who/that was regarded as "The Father of Hybrid Rice”. 袁隆平是一位伟大的科学家，被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。
先行词为物常用which/that引导 We live in a wonderful world. It is full of beauty. →We live in a wonderful world that/which is full of beauty. 我们生话在一个充满美丽的美好世界。
3.巧用分词
现在分词 We kept moving forward to the top of the mountain. We smiled and talked. →We kept moving forward to the top of the mountain, smiling and talking. 我们一直往山顶走，边笑边聊。（作伴随状语）
过去分词 My deskmate gave me a dictionary. I value it a lot. →Given by my deskmate, the dictionary is valued a lot by me. 我的同桌给了我一本字典，我非常珍视它。（作原因状语）
4.巧用俗语谚语
(1)You can't judge a book by its cover.不以貌取人。
(2)An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
(3)Practice makes perfect..熟能生巧。
(4)East or west, home is best..金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。
(5)Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
(6)The early bird catches the worm.早起的鸟有虫吃。
(7)Every season brings its joy.春有百花秋有月，夏有凉风冬有雪。
(8)Life has seasons.人生有四季。
(9)Think today and speak tomorrow.三思而后言。
(l0)A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
(1l)No pleasure without pain.没有苦就没有乐。
(12)Less is more.少即是多。
(13)All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。
(14)Life is what you make it.生活是自已创造出来的。
(15)So said,so done.言出必行。
(16)Time flies.光阴似箭。
(17)Never do things by halves.切莫半途而废。
(18)Think twice before you do.三思而后行。
(19)Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.今日事，今日毕。
(20)All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
(21)Never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。
(22)Time is money.时间就是金钱。
(23)Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。
(24)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
(25)Love me,love my dog:爱屋及乌。
(26)Actions speak louder than words.行动比语言有力。
(27)Lost years are worse than lost dollars.光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。
(28)Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
(29)Many hands make light work.众人拾柴火焰高。/人多力量大。
(30)A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。
(31)A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。
(32)A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。
(33)A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。
(34)A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里。
(35)An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在于晨。
(36)A year's plan starts with spring.一年之计在于春。
(37)Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
(38)Do as you would be done by./Do not do to others what you don't want others to do to you.
所不欲，勿施于人。明量卧
(39)Life lies in movement/sports.生命在于运动。
(40)Sport is the spice of life meal.运动是人生大餐的调味品。
(41)Forgive others,but be strict with yourself.严于律己，宽以待人。
(42)Books are the source of knowledge.书籍是知识的源泉。
(43)Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
(44)A thousand-mile journey starts with a single step.千里之行，始于足下。
(45)Where there is a will,.there is a way.有志者事竟成。
(46)No pains,no gains.没有付出就没有收获。
(47)Success belongs to the persevering.坚持就是胜利。
(48)Everyone has his price.天生我材必有用。

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