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阅读理解专项
--主旨大意题
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阅读理解之主旨大意考点的必备知识：
一、命题规律：
1．命题规律：主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题，概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。
2．考查趋势：主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中的必考点，每年必考，一般考查1--2题。
3．考查类型：主要考查文章标题、段落大意题、文章大意题、目的意图题。
4. 设问方式：
1. 大意类：文章大意&段落大意
What is the text mainly about
What is the first/second paragraph mainly about
What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
What is the main idea of the text
2.标题类
What is/can be/might be the best title for the text
Which of the following can/might be the best title for the text What/Which can be a suitable title for the text
3.作者意图类
What is the purpose of this text
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph1？
Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking
What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4
Example 1
Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working withher hands, and his hobby is gardening.
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二、 常用的解题方法
如何判断段落大意
思维导图
What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
Example 2
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
Example 3
The main issue is safe access. With sewage (污水) warnings for English and Welsh beaches this summer, water quality needs to be addressed urgently. Then, laws could be used to open up access and also free land owners from responsibility. After that, organizations like the National Trust might put in measures such as ladders and let people use their facilities.
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Solutions to safe access. B. Process of sewage treatment research.
C. Problems with safe access. D. Methods of sewage treatment research.
Example 4 (2021全国乙)
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying landline(座机)
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australa over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 5 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over aquarter(29%)rely on their smartphones according to a survey(调查). ...
What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones？
A. Their target users B. Their wide popularity.
C.Their maior functions D. Their complex design
Example 5
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
....
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
Example 6
....
Aristotle, a great thinker and educator, has pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily abandoned because such bonds are fragile. Deep friendship, by contrast, is when you care for your friend for his sake, not for any benefit you can get. This is selfless friendship. You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort. You must make sacrifices for each other.
What does the author mainly explain in Paragraph 3
A. Impact of selfish friendship. B. The meaning of deep friendship.
C. Selfless sacrifices in friendship. D. The formation of shallow friendship.
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2. 如何判断文章大意
思维导图
Example 1
Fathers can give their children an educational advantage at primary school by reading, drawing and playing with them, according to a newly published report. Research led by the University of Leeds has found that children do better at primary school if their fathers regularly spend time with them on interactive engagement activities like reading, playing, telling stories, drawing and singing.
Analysing primary school test scores for five- and seven-year-olds, the researchers used a representative sample of nearly 5,000 mother-father households in England from the Millenium Cohort Study.
.......
What is the main idea of the text
A. It’s crucial that fathers can have a lasting impact on children.
B. Young children can get brilliant childhood with father-engagement.
C. Fathers and mothers should share childcare in family early education.
D. Young children do better at school if their dads read and play with them.
Example2
Playing tennis regularly could help keep people off death, but football, rugby and running may not help people to live longer, a study suggests.
A study followed more than 80,000 people for an average of nine years to find out if certain sports protected them against early death. It found that people who played racket sports regularly were the least likely to die over the study period, reducing their individual risk by 47 per cent compared with people who did no exercise. Swimmers also reduced their chance of death by 28 per cent, aerobics(有氧运动) fans by 27 per cent and cyclists by 15 per cent. Yet running appeared to have no impact at all on dying early, and neither did playing football or rugby.
What is the main idea of the text
A. Thousands of people participated in a 9-year study.
B. Study finds playing tennis helps people live longer.
C. It is wrong to say running has no impact on heart disease.
D. There are differences between racket sports and team games.
Example 3 （2020全国I卷）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. ..
What is the recent study mainly about
A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership.
C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior.
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3. 如何判断文章大意
思维导图
Example 1
Microplastic pollution is increasing dramatically around the globe, according to a study of airbone( 空气传播的 ) plastic particles.
People are already...
What could be the best title for the text
A. Effects of microplastics on human health.
B. Plastic pollution rising rapidly in the air.
C. Possible solutions to plastic pollution.
D. Plastic pollution on the global scale.
Example 2
Swot satellite is scheduled to be launched Thursday morning to conduct a comprehensive survey of Earth’s vital resource. By using advanced microwave radar technology it will collect height-surface measurements of oceans, lakes and rivers in high-definition detail over 90% of the globe. It’s really the first time to observe nearly all water on the planet’s surface.
The major mission is to explore how oceans help ...
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. A Solution to Climate Change
B. A Breakthrough in Space Travel
C. First Global Water Survey from Space
D. The Successful Launch of Swot Satellite
Example 3
BEIJING — China’s education authority will tighten the widely criticized policy of “extra credits” for the national college entrance examination to ensure a fairer chance for all exam-takers.
Under the policy, high school students who win awards in national Olympic competitions could get ‘‘extra credits”, up to 20 points for the national college entrance exam.
What might be the best title for the text
A. “Extra credits” policy in China to be adjusted
B. Promotion of national Olympic competitions
C. Advice on the national college entrance exam
D. Chinese government to push education reform
Example 4
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes...
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters
Example 5
I was visiting my parents in 2003 when my mom came out of their room with a puzzled look on her face. She’d been listening to the radio and heard an interview with a best-selling author of young adult fantasy novels. The woman’s name was Tamora Pierce, the same as a young student my mom had taught nearly four decades before.
The Internet should be able to tell us. I found the author’s website quickly. She was a popular writer of books. I clicked on the biography link to scan for references to Burlingame Junior High, where my mom had worked, and my heart began to excite when I spotted it at the bottom of the first section. Here was confirmation that my mother had taught a now-famous writer!
But my eyes came to a stop reading the next paragraph, in which Pierce described writing her first fiction as a sixth grader. “The next year, as I was still scribbling (乱写) my own stories, my English teacher, Mrs. Jacobson, introduced me to the Lord of the Rings trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien,” the biography read. “I got hooked on fantasy, and then on science fiction, and both made their way into my stories.” My mother’s name was Mary Jacobson.
...
What’s the suitable title of the passage
A. An Ordinary Teacher Shaping A Famous Writer
B. A Woman Writer with Gratitude for Her Teacher
C. Pierce: From a Student Writer to a Fantasy Queen
D. To Honor My Mother: A Creator of Famous Writers
Example 6
Visitors won’t find many straight rows in the organic garden at Martin Luther King Middle School in Berkeley, California. Sometimes the beds look like hearts, eyes, question marks or a rainbow. And then there’s the lovely drainage ditch (水沟), called the “Middle River,” which laughing, muddy students carved right down the center of their one-acre land.
As he looks around, Kelsey Siegel, the young teacher in charge of the garden, can’t help but smile. “So many of the youth we work with have grown up in front of TV and video games; they haven’t really had this experience of playing in the mud and water,” he notes. The schoolyard farm “fills in something that’s missing in their lives.”
...
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Field of dreams B. Garden of pleasure
C. Junk-free restaurant D. Cost-effective campus
意图推断法
文
体
推
断
法
说服作者接受某一观点或提倡某种做法
to prove /analyze/ show/ argue
议论文
介绍某一事物或解释某一现象
to introduce/ explain/ inform...
说明文
讲述故事或分享经历, 愉悦读者, 或表达作者之情感，感悟或启示
to tell a story or lesson/ to share an experience/...
记叙文
to attract visitors/ to sell a product/to promote(推销)...
推销产品或服务, 吸引顾客、游客、订户等；鼓励捐赠等
广告应用文
新闻报道类 to inform/report...
4. 如何判断作者的写作意图
思维导图
Example 1
Climate change is not only a human problem; animals have to adapt to it as well. Some “warm-blooded” animals are shapeshifting (变形) and getting larger legs, ears, and beaks to better control their body temperatures as the planet gets hotter. Bird researcher Sara Ryding of Deakin University in Australia describes these changes in a review.
......
What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A. To introduce a bird researcher.
B. To present a shapeshifting phenomenon.
C. To explain the cause of climate change.
D. To state the terrible influence of climate change.
Example 2
When we look at a lovely baby, a puppy or a really cute kitten, many of us want to squeeze(捏) it. Why is that
According to a study published in the journal Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience, it's a typical experience of “cute aggression”(萌系侵略性) . The experience results from the fight between the brain's “emotion system”, which impels(驱使) people to squeeze cute things, and its “reward system” which deals with feelings of “wanting”.
What is the author's purpose in writing this text
A. To persuade readers to protect cute animals.
B. To stress the significance of cute aggression.
C. To present research findings on cute aggression.
D. To share an interesting phenomenon with readers.
Example 3
In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan ....A few years later, still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, ....
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes.... As the author explains,this is neither a travel nor a history book or even a piece of reportage. ...
What is the purpose of this text
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer D. To recommend a travel destination
Example 4
......
Around the end of November, I received a text update that my package has cleared customs in the UK but I thought it had been returned to the company. Yesterday, my package arrived at my doorstep!
While it did take many months for the package to reach me, I felt incredibly grateful as I got what wanted! And for free! This showed me that the universe works in mysterious ways that we can never really understand but it is not our job to worry about how things will unfold.
What does the story intend to tell us
A. Good things come to those who wait. B. Time and tide wait for no man.
C. Where there is a will, there is a way. D. Chance only favors the prepared mind.

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