资源简介 (共48张PPT)高一英语期末 必修一至必修三语法知识复习必修一单元 语法知识welcome unit 八种句子成分和八大基本句型B1U1 名词短语,形容词短语和副词短语B1U2 现在进行时表将来B1U3 附加疑问句/反义疑问句B1U4 定语从句(关系代词用法)B1U5 定语从句(关系副词用法)必修二单元 语法知识B2U1 定语从句(介词+关系代词、关系词的可省&不可省情况、非限制定从的拓展)B2U2 现在进行时的被动语态B2U3 现在完成时的被动语态B2U4 (非谓语)过去分词做定语 & 宾语补足语B2U5 过去分词作状语 & 表语必修三单元 语法知识B3U1 v-ing(现在分词和动名词)作表语 & 定语B3U2 v-ing(现在分词和动名词)作状语 & 宾补B3U3 省略B3U4 动词不定式 to do 作定语和状语B3U5 情态动词 & 过去将来时语法脉图八种句子成分和八大基本句型短语类型 组成 功能 例子名词短语 (Noun Phrase) 1. 名词+名词 2. 限定词+名词 3. 形容词+名词 4. 单个v-ing形式+名词 5. 单个v-ed形式+名词 6. 名词+介词短语 7. 名词+不定式短语 8. 名词+分词短语 主语 宾语 表语 宾语补足语 1. a bus stop2. my book3. a beautiful campus4. a swimming pool5. fallen leaves6. a campus of my school7. a question to answer8. students reading in the classroom三种短语类型短语类型 组成 功能 例子形容词 短语(Adjective Phrase) 1. adj.+ and/but/or +adj. 2. adv. + adj. 3. adj. + prep.(介词)+宾语: 4. adj. +to do : 5. adj.+ enough 修饰名词或代词, 作表语、 定语、 宾语补足语、 状语等1.large and beautiful2.extremely cold3.good for nothing4.anxious to know5.strong enough短语类型 组成 功能 例子副词短语 (Adverb Phrase) 1. adv.+ and/but/or + adv. 2. adv.(程度副词)+ adv. (very/so/quite/much/a lot/a little...) 3.adv.+ enough 可修饰动词/形容词/副词等 作状语, 表语, 补足语 1.again and again2.extremely fastquite well3.clearly enough注意:enough通常放在所修饰的形容词或副词后面。现在进行时特殊用法——Be doing表将来1.用位移动词(短语)表将来 常见位移动词现在进行时表示将来主要用于按计划或安排将要发生的动作或事件,多用于表示位置转移的动词(短语)即位移动词(短语)。arrive、come、go、leave、return、start、fly、take off、see off (送行送别)、set off、take、bring2.用非位移动词(短语)表将来 常见非位移动词也可使用某些非位移动词(短语),句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。 do、buy、meet、have、spend、play、finish、stay、publish结构:陈述部分,+ 疑问部分?基本用法:1.对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定,需要向对方加以证实2.用于祈使句,表示请求或者建议。口诀:前肯后否,前否后肯前后时态要一致,人称和数要相符实际情况来回答,再把yes和no练His sister didn't attend the meeting, did she —Yes, she did. 不,她参加了。 (she attended the meeting).—No, she didn't.是的,她没参加。(she didn’t attend the meeting).Tag Question 附加疑问句/反义疑问句语法脉图Attributive clause 定语从句定语从句定语:相当于形容词,修饰 。名词或代词构成:名词或代词 + + 从句关系词分类:限制性定从: ;非限制性定从: ;说明正在谈论的人、物或事给出额外的补充信息关系代词: :指人,作主语或宾语;:指人,作宾语;:指事、物,作主语或宾语;:指人或事、物,作主语或宾语;:与所修饰的名词为所属关系,作定语;:作地点状语;:作时间状语;:作原因状语;whowhomwhichthatwhosewherewhenwhy关系副词:特殊:as关系词(先行词)介词+关系代词(which / whom)引导的定从=介词 + which关系代词的用法关系代词 先行词 subject (主语) object (宾语) attribute(定语)指人 指物whomwhowhichthatwhose√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√何时可以省略?做宾语时可以省略as√√√√关系副词的用法(1) 在介词后面。I'm looking for a box in which I can put all these eggs.我在寻找一个能放下所有这些鸡蛋的箱子。This is the ring __________ she spent 1000 dollars.1、指物时只用which不用that的情况(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。Football, ______ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.on whichwhich(1) 先行词为不定代词或被不定代词修饰时:anything,nothing, all, everything, something, little, much, all,few,any等(2) 先行词有the only,the very,the last修饰时(3) 先行词为序数词、形容词最高级修饰时(4) 先行词既有人,又有物时(5) 在以which, who, whom引起的问句中,为避免重复,常用that。(6) 在there be 句型中, 先行词指物时(7) 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时2、指物时只用that不用which的情况① 当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略。定从中关系词可以省略的情况② 当先行词是way且在定语从句中作方式状语时,定语从句中相应的关系词that/in which可以省略。③ 当由and、but、or等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时,第一个关系词可以省略,第二个及以后的关系词一般不可以省略。(1)关系代词前有介词时,该关系代词不能省略。(2)非限制性定语从句中,无论关系词作何成分,都不能省略。定从中关系词不可省略的情况“介词 + which”引导的定语从句修饰指物的先行词,“介词 + whom”引导的定语从句修饰指人的先行词。“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定从介词的选择原则:1.介词和定语从句中先行词的习惯搭配;2.介词与定语从句中谓语动词/形容词的习惯搭配;3.根据句意判断。4.表示“整体中的部分”或“所有关系”时,用介词of。He is the person on whom you can depend.Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上意义上作用上关系词翻译时不用逗号用逗号去掉后句意不完整去掉后,句意完整修饰限定只可修饰先行词补充说明可修饰先行词或主句译为“......”的可译为并列句1.可以用that引导2.作宾语时关系词可省略限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别1.不可以用that引导2.关系词不可省略He has two sons,who work in the same company. (他只有两个儿子)He has two sons who work in the same company.(可能他不止两个儿子)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别which和as都可以引导非限定性定语从句时,用以指代前面整个主句的内容,区别如下:She married again,which was unexpected.She married again,as we expected.定语从句解题四步骤:1. 找出先行词2. 把先行词代入从句中3. 分析先行词在定语从句中的成分(做主语、宾语、定语或状语?)4. 选择合适的关系词替换掉先行词。一找(先行词)二代(从句)三分析(成分)四替换(相应关系词)定语从句中的主谓一致问题关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词要和_______________保持一致。先行词的数1. I will never forget such a beautiful village ________ I spent my childhood with my grandparents.where2. He is the head of a three-star restaurant, Le Suquet, __________ is located in the center of Paris.3. This is the very film __________I want to see.4. The teenager____________has a good command of English is very grateful to his American friend.5. According to the plan, the high-speed railway will build two branchlines—one is to Yanqing Station and the other to Taizicheng of Chongli,__________ the Olympic village lies.6. The student__________ vocabulary is very large is our monitor.7. The reason ___________the local policeman explained was very simple.wherewhichthatwho/thatwhoseExercisethat/which8. The two sides have reached a point __________they can sit and talk peacefully.9. The person _____________I often disagree is my husband, who is a very stubborn person.10. Is that the reason __________you didn’t come to the party 11. I have sent an invitation to the American teacher_________________I met in the English corner last week.12. The result of the experiment was very good, __________we hadn’t expected.13. The film brought back the good hours__________ I played happily with my playmates.14. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.15. She brought her three friends with her, none of __________ I had ever met before.wherewith whomwhywho/that/whomwhichwhenAswhom现在进行时的被动语态: am/is/are+being+done(过去分词)肯定句否定句一般疑问句特殊疑问句主语+have/has +been +过去分词 +其他主语+have/has +not + been +过去分词 +其他Have/has+主语+been +过去分词+其他特殊疑问词+主语+have/has+been +过去分词+其他Learn by yourselves II 导p82现在完成时的被动语态: have/has+been+done(过去分词)21判断非谓语动词的形式:→ 表目的和将来,用__________________→ 表主动和进行,用__________________→ 表被动和完成,用__________________确定谓语动词 or 非谓语动词 ?→填非谓语:句子中已有____________ 且无_______。逻辑主语谓语动词连词不定式to do现在分词doing过去分词done非谓语动词非谓语充当的 句子成分 宾语和表语 状语 定语 宾补逻辑主语判断非谓语动词的逻辑主语:3时态:若非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,用完成式,否则用一般式。语态:当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系,用主动式;是被动关系,用被动式。句子的主语所修饰的名词/代词句子的宾语1. 单个过去分词作前置定语,eg: a polluted river2. 过去分词短语作后置定语,其作用相当于定语从句。eg: a river polluted by plastic bags= a river which is polluted by plastic bags3. 注意个别单个的过去分词后置的特殊情况。V-ed作宾语补足语通常用于:1. 感官动词或表心理状态的动词: see, watch, hear...2. 使役动词: have, make, keep, get...3. 表“命令、愿望或者想法”意义的动词: wish, want, expect...4. with的复合结构。作定语作宾补过去分词用作定语&宾补特殊情况:单个的过去分词作定语,通常是前置的。但有些单个的过去分词,在习惯上或者因为受到某些限制,则放在被修饰词之后。过去分词表示的动作是被动的,或者是已经完成的。1. 被修饰词前有all, every等表“全部”概念修饰时;2. 被修饰词前有最高级;3. 被修饰语过长或有其他定语;4. 习惯上作后置定语的过去分词(如left“剩下的”)5. 过去分词修饰不定代词something、 everything、 anything、 nothing、 somebody、 nobody 和指示代词 those 等时要放在这些词后面。过去分词用作表语1.置于系动词后作表语2.V-ed作表语,构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别3.V-ed与V-ing作表语的区别常见的系动词常见的作表语的V-edV-ed作表语:主语的性质,特征或状态被动语态:主语是动作的承受者过去分词作表语:表“感到…的”多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情V-ing作表语:“令人…的”多用来修饰物amused (愉快的); broken (碎了的);closed (关闭的); astonished (吃惊的);crowded (拥挤的); experienced (有经验的); delighted (高兴的); lost (丢失的);gone (遗失的); disappointed (失望的);worried (担忧的); interested (感兴趣的); tired (疲劳的); pleased (高兴的);satisfied (满意的); surprised (吃惊的); married (已婚的); known (著名的) 等等常见的作表语的V-ed有:Attention:很多做表语的过去分词已经具备了形容词性质,如tired、amused和pleased等过去分词用作状语用法1.作时间状语:= 时间状从,可加when, while, until2.作原因状语:= 原因状从3.作条件状语:= 条件状从,可加 if, once, unless4.作让步状语:= 让步状从,可加 though, although5.作方式/伴随状语:不能转换为状语从句,但可用并列分句代替注意1.过去分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致3.分词的否定:直接在分词前加not2.独立主格结构:n/pron(主格)+v-ed/v-ing, S+V+...4.有些过去分词(短语)源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动动作而表状态5.过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别6.只用V-ing 分词作状语:1.judging from/by2.generally/exactly/honestly/frankly/strictly speakingv-ing作表语1. 现在分词做表语2. 动名词做表语说明主语的状态、特征或性质,具有形容词的性质多由表示情感的动词变化而来一般说明主语的内容,即主语等同于表语,两者可互换。位置:用法:系动词后eg: This festival is interesting.eg: My job is teaching.v-ing作定语现在分词做定语动名词做定语单个v-ing作定语,常放在被修饰词前,作前置定语。v-ing形式短语作定语,放在被修饰词后,作后置定语。表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途。位置2. 和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系(主动)。相当于一个定语从句。1. 表示被修饰词正在进行的或主动的动作。3. 单个的现在分词修饰复合不定代词或指示代词those时,要放在这些词的后面。用法a reading room = a room for readingdeveloping countries= countries that are developingV-ing现在分词做状语做宾补表主动/正在进行逻辑主语:句子主语感官类动词使役类动词种类:时间;原因;让步;条件;方式/伴随/结果with的复合结构注意:动作先后肯定否定独立主格固定搭配doing和done作宾补的区别逻辑主语:宾语简单句的省略并列句的省略:复合句的省略其他特殊省略:虚拟语气的省略ellipsis省略1. 祈使句的省略。通常省略主语_____。2. there be 句型省略_________。3. 疑问句的答语省略。4. 在 what 和 how 引导的感叹句中常省略_____________。youthere be主语和be动词后面分句可以省略与前面分句中相同的成分动词不定式/介词/替代性/比较结构的省略1.一坚持 二命令 三建议 四要求等词的从句中,以及 It is strange / natural / necessary / important that ... 从句中常省略 should。2.虚拟条件句常省略 if,将 were, had, should 提前构成部分倒装。定从的省略宾从的省略状从的省略1. The girl (dance) in the classroom now looks very confident.2. I like reading the novels (write) by MoYan.3. The best way ____________ (improve) your English is to talk with native speaker.4. The girl _________(dress) in red is Kelly’s long-lost friend. 5. Our English teacher ordered our homework __________(hand) in on time.6. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision __________(make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.dancingwrittento improveto be madedressedhandedExercise7. You must get the report (prepare) before 7 o’clock.8. The look on her face suggested that she was , for the scene was . (frighten) 9. (move) by the heroic deeds, the children couldn’t help crying.10. _________(see) the cat, the mouse ran off. 11. They lived in a room _________(face) the street.12. With time__________(go) by, I show much interest in learning English.13. They hurried back only to find their house ________ (break) into.14. _______________(work) for three hours, he took a rest.preparedfrightenedfrightenedfrighteningMovedSeeingfacinggoingbrokenHaving workedEllipsis in clause 复合句的省略1.定语从句的省略1. Jeddy is the policeman (whom) you’ve been looking for.2. The cat (that) I raised at home has a cute head.3. I don’t like the way (that / in which) he talks in public.关系代词在定语从句中作 ______,则关系代词可以省略。当先行词是 way,且引导词在定语从句中做 ______ 时,关系词可以用 that、in which 或省略。宾语状语2.宾语从句的省略1. He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.3. He said (that) the book was very interesting and that (不省略) all thechildren liked to read it.2. I know (that) a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词_____一般可以省略,但如果及物动词后接两个或两个以上由_____引导的宾语从句时,那么只有第一个 that 可以省略。when, where, how 和 why 引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。thatthat3.状语从句的省略1. When (the novel is) published, the novel will become one of the best sellersof the year.2. Though (they were) tired, they went on with the work until it was finished.3. He put up his hand as if (he were) to say something at the meeting.4. If (it is) possible, I will go there with you for a dictionary.当when, while, if, as if, though, as, until, unless 等连接的时间、条件& 让步状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致,且状语从句中含有 be 动词或从句的主语为 it 时,省略状语从句中的 _________________。主语和 be 动词Ellipsis in subjunctive mood 虚拟语气的省略1. They insisted that we (should) finish the work beforehand.2. It is necessary that we (should) learn more English words by heart.3. Had you come here yesterday, you would have met her.4. Were I you, I would follow his advice and marry her.5. Should there be a letter for me, please keep it in the drawer.在一坚持 (insist),二命令 (order, command),三建议 (suggest, propose, advise),四要求 (demand, require, request, desire) 等后的宾语从句中,含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句,以及 It is strange / natural / necessary / important that ... 从句中常省略 __________。虚拟条件句常省略 ______,将 were, had, should 提前构成部分倒装。shouldifto do做定语1. 抽象名词后(ability, ambition, attempt, chance, courage, desire, decision等)2. 序数词、形容词最高级和the last/the only/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词后5. 用在 have … to do 和 there be 中4. 当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时位置:3. 代词one和不定代词后(nothing,something等)如果是不及物动词或者不定式动作代表地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。用法:注意:放在被修饰名词或代词后面目的状语:原因状语:结果状语:sb+be+adj. +to do ...(表情绪或心理活动的adj)to do, in order to do, so as to do (不放句首 )1. enough to do,2. too...to do...,3. so/such... as to do4. only/never to doAttention 1: 不定式only to do与doing作结果状语的区别:only to do: 意想不到的结果 v-ing: 顺理成章的结果Attention 2:“主语 + be + 形容词 + to do”这一结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。用于此结构的形容词有:easy, difficult, important, nice, pleasant,hard 等;且不定式和句子的主语是动宾关系。to do做状语常见情态动词 & 其缩略形式情态动词 否定缩略形式cancould couldn'tmay mayn’tmight mightn’tshallshould shouldn’tought to oughtn’t to情态动词 否定缩略形式had bettermust mustn’thave towillwould wouldn’tdare daren’tneed needn’tcan'tshan'thad better notwon'tdon’t/doesn’t have to功能&意义 情态动词表能力 “能;会”表请求 “可以”表义务/责任 “应该”表委婉建议表推测和 可能功能&意义 情态动词禁止必须; 不得不需要敢于打算;意愿can , couldshould ,ought to ,had betterwill, wouldneedThe functions of modal verbscan/could, may/mightwill/would(第二人称)shall(第一、三人称)should ,ought tomust(主观),have to(客观)daremustn’t 不准must 一定may >might 可能can’t 不可能should/ought to按道理应该定义:过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。过去将来时常用在主句谓语动词为过去时态的宾语从句中。基本结构:1) would/should +V原形2) was/were going to+V原形3) was/were to + V原形4) was/were about to + V原形5) was/were +V-ing过去将来时(The Past Future Tense) 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览