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初升高衔接-主谓一致与倒装

专题八主谓一致与倒装句


初中知识回顾
一、主谓一致
主谓一致就是句子的谓语动词形式在人称和数上必 须和句子的主语保持一致。这种关系一般要遵循三个原 则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
(一)语法一致原则
语法一致指谓语和主语通常从语法形式上保持一致。主 语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形 式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
The boy is clever enough to study maths well.
这个男孩足够聪明，可以把数学学好。
Everybody in my class tries to do well in English. 我们班每个人都努力学好英语。
1.下列情况谓语动词只能用单数
(1)不可数名词或可数名词单数作主语，谓语动词用单 数形式。
Water is very important to the trees.
水对树来说非常重要。
(2)动词不定式或者动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用 单数形式。
To improve your English is the most important work. 提高你的英语是最重要的工作。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes
看电视太多对你的眼睛有害。
( 3 ) 不 定 代 词 cach,one,another,somcthing, somebody,nothing,nobody,everyone,everything,
anyone,anything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Somebody is waiting for you at the gate.
有人在大门口等你。
Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事只怕有心人。
(4)如果句子的主语是单数，尽管后面有 with, together with,as well as,like,but,except等引起的 短语，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。
My mother with her students often has a picnic in a
park. 我的妈妈经常和她的学生们在公园里野餐。
(5)“one of+名词的复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用 单数形式。
One of the boys in our class goes to school by car.


我们班一个男孩坐小汽车上学。
(6)“the number of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单 数形式。
The number of students in our school ismore than two thousand.我们学校学生的数量超过两千。
2.下面的情况谓语动词只能用复数
(1)and 或 both...and... 连接并列名词或代词作主语 时，谓语动词用复数形式。
He and his brother are both teachers.
他和他的哥哥都是老师。
(2)both,all,few,several,many 等修饰可数名词复 数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
All his friends have come.他的朋友们都来了。
Many girls are fond of dancing.
许多女孩子都喜欢跳舞。
(3)表示总称意义的名词，如people,cattle,police 作
主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are asking them questions.
警察正在询问他们一些问题。
Your clothes are very dirty.你的衣服非常脏。
(4)“the十形容词(或由分词演变而来的形容词)”作主 语，表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The rich are not always happy.富人也不总是幸福的。 The wounded are still in hospital.
所有受伤者都在住院。
(5)“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复 数形式。
A number of students come from Sichuan.
许多学生来自四川。
(6)主语是表示两个相同的部分构成的物体的名词，如 clothes,trousers,shoes,boots,glasses ( 眼 镜 ) , socks,gloves,compasses 等作主语时，谓语动词用复 数形式，但这些名词被 this/a pair of修饰时，谓语动词 用单数形式。
Her shoes are green.她的鞋子是绿色的。
This pair of shoes is very expensive.
这双鞋子非常昂贵。
3.下列情况谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式
(1)数词作主语且表“加减乘除”时，谓语动词通常用单 数形式，但是也可用复数形式。
Nine and one is/are ten.九加一等于十。

Two times three is/are six.二乘以三等于六。
(2)“none/neither of+代词/复数名词”作主语时，谓语 动词通常用单数形式，但在口语中也可用复数形式。
None of us knows/know how to work out this problem.我们中没有人知道如何解这个题。
Neither of you like/likes playing football
你们两个都不喜欢踢足球。
(3)一些集合名词，如family,class,group,team 等作 主语时，表示整体意义时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它 们强调指个体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。
His family isn't large.他的家庭不大。(指家庭的整体) His family were watching TV when I arrived.当我到 时，他一家人正在看电视。(指具体的家庭成员)
(二)意义一致原则
意义一致指从意义上着眼处理主谓关系。
1.表示时间、距离、重量、长度和价值的名词，尽管是复数 形式，但是作为一个整体来看待，谓语动词通常用单数 形式。
Three weeks is already enough for you to finish the work.三个星期对你们完成这项工作已经足够了。
Do you think three dollars is enough?
你认为三美元够吗?
2.不定代词all,most,some 等作主语时，谓语动词的单 复数形式取决于它们所指代名词的数。
Most of the apples were bad.大部分苹果是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a mouse
这个苹果的大半被老鼠吃掉了。
3.用and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体， bread and butter(黄油抹面包),knife and fork(刀叉) 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Whisky and soda is always his favorite drink.
威士忌酒加苏打水总是他最喜欢的饮料。
4.不定数量的词组作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于 量词后面名词的数，如part of,a lot of,lots of,one of,plenty of等。
A part of the textbooks have arrived.
一小部分教科书已运到。
(三)就近一致原则
就近一致是谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的 主语。
1.由连词either...or...,neither...nor...,not only... but also...及or 连接的并列主语，谓语动词通常与离 它最近的主语保持一致。
Neither you nor your father is able to help me. 你和你爸爸都不能帮助我。
Either you or I go swimming with our father.
我或者你可以和爸爸一起去游泳。
2.there be句型中，谓语动词be 往往和后面的第一个主 语的单复数形式一致。


There is a dictionary and some books on the desk. 桌上有一本词典和一些书。
二、倒装句
(一)部分倒装
部分倒装指的是只将be 动词、助动词或情态动词提到主 语前面，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面。
1.表示否定意义的词或短语置于句首时句子用部分倒 装。常见的这类词或短语有 not,never,hardly,
seldom,rarely,by no means,in no way,in no case,at no time等。
Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person. 在我的生活中，我很少遇到如此有决心的人。
At no time should you touch it or get it hurt. 任何时候都不要碰它或弄伤它。
2.not only...but(also)...连接两个分句，not only...
置于句首时，前一个分句用部分倒装。
Not only do I enjoy less spare time,but I find myself even busier than before.我不仅享受更少的空闲时间， 而且我发现自己比以前更忙了。
3.在no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when... 结构中，no sooner/hardly/scarcely置于句首时，主句部 分用部分倒装，且用过去完成时，than/when 后的句子 用一般过去时。
Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.他刚一开口，他父亲就把他拦住了。
No sooner had she seenhim than she smiled. 她一看见他就笑了。
4.在not...until... 结构中，当not until...置于句首时，
主句/句子用部分倒装。
Not until then did he know he lost his way.
直到那时他才知道他迷路了。
Not until he failed did he realize what mistakes he had
made. 直到失败了他才明白他所犯的错误是什么性质。 5.only 强调状语置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有这样我们才能学好英语。
Only when he returned did wefind out the truth. 只有到他回来，我们才发现真相。
6.so,neither,nor 置于句首，表示前面的情况也适用于 另一人或物时。
He has been to Beijing.So have L.
他去过北京，我也去过。
He saw the snake,and so did I.
他看见那条蛇了，我也看到了。
The first one isn't good,and neither is the second. 第一个不好，第二个也不好。
They didn't come last night.Nor did I.
他们昨天晚上没有来，我也没有来。

注意：第二句中前句谓语动词是行为动词，所以后句中 要加助动词did。就像行为动词变疑问句一样，句子如 果有be、助动词(have,will 等)和情态动词(can,must 等),就把这些词放在另一个主语前；如果没有，就要加 do,does 或 did。
辨析：so 十主语+be/ 助动词/情态动词
此句型不是倒装句，只是单纯地重复前面一句的意思， 表示“的确如此，就是这样”。
—My little brother can swim in the sea.
我的小弟弟能在大海里游泳。
—So he can.的确如此。
—He gets up very early.他起得真早。
—So he does.确实很早。
7.在so/such...that... 句型中，so/such... 置于句首时，
主句用部分倒装。
So moved was she that she could not say a word. 她感动得一句话也说不出来了。
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.
爆炸的威力如此之大，以致所有的窗户都被震碎了。
8.neither...nor... 连接并列的句子，前后两个分句都要
倒装。
Neither do I know what has happened,nor do I care about it.我既不知道发生了什么事，也不关心它。
(二)完全倒装
完全倒装指的是将谓语部分全部放在主语前面。 1.in,out,up,down,away,off,back,there,here,
now,then 等置于句首作状语，谓语动词是come,go, rush,run 等，且主语是名词时，用完全倒装结构。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
In came our teacher.我们老师进来了。
Out rushed the boys.男孩子们冲了出去。
2.表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是be,stand, sit,lie 等时，用完全倒装结构。
Under a big tree sat a fat man,half asleep.
大树下坐着一个胖男人，似乎睡着了。
3.such 置于句首时。
Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist.这就是阿尔伯特·爱因斯 坦， 一个简单的人，20世纪最伟大的科学家。
4.在there,here 引导的句子中，谓语动词是be,exist,
appear,happen,live,lie,occur,remain,seem,stand 等时。
There stands a tree beside the river.河边有一棵树。 5.主系表结构中的表语置于句首时。
Present at the meeting were Professor Zhang and many other guests.出席会议的有张教授和其他许多客人。
6.直接引语的一部分位于句首时，可完全倒装，也可以不 倒装。


“Exactly,”said my father,shaking the old man's
hand.
=”Exactly,"my father said,shaking the old man's
hand.
“正是，”父亲握着老人的手说。
巩固训练
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空
1.Tom and I (be)in the same class
2.The singer and writer (talk)with foreign
guests now.
3.Fish and chips (be)delicious.
4.Either you or I (be)mad.
5.Neither you nor he (be)right.
6.Not only the planets but also the earth (move)round the sun.
7.There (be)a car and three buses outside.
8.Mr.Turner together with his friends just (arrive)in Beijing.
9.To read English loud (be)very important.
10.Reading (be)a good way.
对接
高中对语言形式的考查，综合性和情景性日趋加强。 主谓一致和倒装是英语语言形式中的重点内容，我们在 了解和掌握了其相关基础知识后，还应学会相应的解题 技巧。
一、找寻关键词，考虑主谓一致
解决主谓一致问题的关键是要找准主语部分的中心 词，从而确定谓语动词的单复数形式。在此应特别注意
以下几个问题：
1.主语后带有 as well as,rather than,together with, along with,with,like,but,except,besides, including,in addition to等词或短语的成分时，谓语动 词的形式须由前面的名词的单复数来确定。
2.形单意复的集合名词作主语时，须根据所表达的意义 确定谓语动词的形式。
3.形复意单的名词，如学科名词、数词或时间段等作主语 时，谓语动词须用第三人称单数形式。
4.“the+adj.” 作主语时，若指人谓语动词须用复数形 式，若指物则用第三人称单数形式。
5.主语前有every,each,many a,more than one等修饰 时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；neither...nor...,
not only...but also...,either...or...等连接并列主 语时，谓语动词的形式按就近原则处理。
6.从句、非谓语动词(短语)作主语时， 一般用第三人称单 数形式，但是what 引导主语从句时，谓语动词形式需 从意义上判断。

7.在倒装句中，主语在谓语动词之后，因此其形式须由后 面的主语确定。
8.and 连接两个单数名词作主语时，如果两个名词表示 不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数；若表示同一个人或物 时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
二、积累标志词汇，判断是否倒装
考查倒装句的题目主要涉及部分倒装和完全倒装。 解题的关键是判断句中是否具备使用倒装的条件。如果 句首有表示否定意义的词、only 修饰的状语、so 修饰的 形容词或副词以及not until,not only等，此时则为部分 倒装；如果句首有表示方位或时间的词且主语是名词，或 者有时为了强调，将谓语部分的现在分词置于句首，则为 全部倒装。
提升 训练
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空
1.There (be)many things to enjoy about traveling,including the natural beauty and delicious food.
2.There (be)a lot of rain here every year.
3.The teacher with his students (be)proud of their performance after the School Music Festival.
4.He (try)to eat all kinds of fruit.
5.We each (play)WeChat nowadays,even the old people.
6.Look!The teacher,together with his students, (be)working in the lab now.
7.Everybody except Mike and Linda (be)there when the meeting began.
8.Three weeks (be)not enough for me to write the report
9.So far three-fourths of the homework (have) been finished.
10.Either he or I (be)to go to Shanghai on business.
11.Many a man (have)come to help us.
12.Tom is a doctor,and so (be)I.
13.Only after the teacher explained it to me a second time I understand the question.
14.Now,just in front of the house _(stand)a tall tree with a history of 100 years
15.A number of small inventions (be)on show at the fair.I think the number of them (be)
over 1.000.
16.Learning English (be)necessary and
important.
17.The rich (be)not always happy.
18.The Smiths (be)making dumplings in the


kitchen at this time yesterday
19.Physics _(seem)to be very difficult to many girl students.
20.Some agree with Jim,but the rest of us (agree)with Sam
二、单句改错
1.The class has 45 students.Now the class is having an English class in the classroom.

2.Three years in a strange country seem like a long time.

3.The old is taken good care of in this village.

4.Kate,like many other American girls,are nice and lovely.

5.There are an eraser,two pens and five pencils on the desk.

6.Hank as well as the other children who have no parents are being taken good care of in the center.

7.Among them was a soldier who were wounded in the stomach.

8.More than one worker have been fired

9.Not until Mr.White came to China didn't he know what kind of a country she is.

10.They love making friends,and so am I.

三、根据汉语提示完成句子
1.知识源于质疑。
Knowledge questioning.
2.飞机飞走了。
the plane.
3.莉莉不会说法语，迈克也不会。
Lily can't speak French. 4.许多学生来自南方。
A number of students the south
5.今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。
One or two friends this evening.
6.全班学生在打篮球。
The class basketball.

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