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（4）阅读理解-科教科普类——2024年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编
一、【2024年新高考Ⅰ卷，阅读D】
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable "
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
"Quite a lot," Daru explained. "Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image."
1．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
2．What does Daru's study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
3．What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
4．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
二、【2024年湖南长沙一模，阅读C】
Most birds, in particular, exhibit some degree of patterns and colours. Australia's zebra finch（斑胸草雀）, for example, was so named because of the zebra-like black and white bars on its tail. But it also has many other colours and patterns, from a bright orange bill to fine white spots along its reddish-brown sides. It's not uncommon to spot the bird in the drier parts of Australia.
We tend to suppose all individuals of that species have their spots and bars in the same places. Look closer yet we'll see that the quantity and design of these patterns vary between individuals. And somehow a bird exhibits a more obvious feather variation. Occasionally, we see one that has larger than usual pale areas of feathers or, more rarely, has lost its normal patterning altogether.
Colouration and patterning in all animals are caused by a range of pigments（色素）. Melanin（黑色素） is responsible for blacks and browns, and a lack of this pigment can cause a partial or total loss of an individual's dark patterning. The two main terms that describe these abnormalities are albinism and leucism. Both conditions are genetic and both can lead to a very similar physical appearance. Leucism, however, causes a lack of the pigment cells that produce melanin. But albinism causes the production of melanin to be reduced or absent.
Can we distinguish between the two conditions without the help of a cellular biologist Yes. Albino animals have fully unpigmented red eyes. Leucistic animals, on the other hand, never completely lose pigment from the eye, although they can have blue eyes due to a partial loss of pigment.
Why don't we see more al bino or leucistic birds Because the lack of melanin reduces the strength and lastingness of the affected birds' feathers, making them more easily broken. Additionally, the birds' vision and hearing are negatively affected, making them less able to hunt. The brighter feathers and lack of patterning also make them easier for attackers to see.
1．What can we learn about Australia's zebra finch
A. It is one of the rarest birds in Australia.
B. It is mostly covered with bright orange feathers.
C. It acquires its name from its tail colours and patterns.
D. It has the same spots and bars in the same places.
2．How is the third paragraph developed
A. By giving explanations. B. By presenting opinions.
C. By setting assumptions. D. By drawing conclusions.
3．What can a lack of melanin lead to
A. Total loss of patterns. B. Genetically-born abnormalities.
C. Darkened feathers. D. Abnormal formation of wings.
4．Which of the following correctly describes albino or leucistic birds
A. They have quite good hearing. B. They have completely red eyes.
C. They have excellent hunting skills. D. They have easily broken feathers.
三、【2024年浙江绍兴模拟，阅读C】
Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture(捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. The study points out that protecting whales, normally viewed as a human good, also has a monetary motivation.
"The carbon capture potential of whales is truly incredible," said the report. "Our conservative estimates put the value of the average great whale at more than US $2 million, and easily over US $1 trillion for the current stock of great whales." Whales absorb carbon in their bodies during their long lives, some of which stretch to 200 years. When they die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean, taking the carbon with them. According to the study, each great whale traps around 33 tons of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3percent of the carbon absorption of the whale.
Whale populations are today a smidgen of what they once were. It is estimated that there are slightly more than 1.3 million whales in the ocean, a quarter of their pre-whaling number of 4 t o5 million. Some species in particular, like the blue whale, are only 3 percent of what they used to be. "We can create financial methods to promote the restoration of the world’s whale populations," said the report’s authors. "Rewards could help those who pay significant costs as a result of whale protection."
With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more widespread, we must prevent the harm to whales. Researchers analyzed that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. "Society and our own survival can’t afford to wait this long," they said.
1．What does the new study reveal about whales
A. They are money-makers for good. B. Their intelligence is unquestionable.
C. They are a natural climate solution. D. Their survival is threatened by carbon.
2．Why is a whale compared with a tree in paragraph 2
A. To indicate all matter regarding green efforts.
B. To illustrate whales are friendly to the oceans.
C. To highlight whales’ carbon capture potential.
D. To emphasize the importance of tree planting.
3．What can be inferred from what researchers said in paragraph 4
A. Climate change intensifies. B. Whale populations stay low.
C. Our survival is endangered. D. Whale protection is a priority.
4．What is the most suitable title for the article
A. Protect whales to protect the planet B. How to restore whale populations
C. Live in harmony with ocean giants D. Whales can guarantee our survival
四、【2024年辽宁朝阳二模，阅读D】
Parts of East Asia could see "rivers in the sky" form due to climate change, bringing record-breaking levels of rainfall with them, a new study has revealed.
The team, from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, have already seen clear signs of global warming hitting parts of the country, so they wanted to see how bad things could get. "It’s been becoming more and more clear that global warming means more than just warmer temperatures," they wrote.
One particularly-damaging extreme weather event is an increase in rainfall to unexpected and unprecedented (前所未有的) levels, which can result in flooding. To help predict rainfall events, researchers looked to one of the causes — the interaction of atmospheric rivers with mountain ranges.
"As the name suggests, atmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of concentrated water vapour flowing through the atmosphere," the team explained. "When one of these bands meets a barrier, such as a mountain range, it can produce extreme levels of rainfall or snowfall."
Parts of East Asia have been subjected to (遭受) an increasing number of damaging, extreme weather events over the past decade.
To understand the impact, the team used high-resolution global atmospheric circulations model simulations (模拟) that virtually re-create the conditions in the atmosphere. They then looked at other regional climate models, comparing simulations based on real, meteorological data (气象数据) from 1951 to 2010 to predictions for 2090.
Authors used the climate scenario that would result in 4℃ of warming, compared to preindustrial levels — which is significantly more than 2℃ target set as part of Paris Climate Agreement.
First author, Professor Yoichi Kamae, said that their simulations predict strengthened water vapour transport, as well as increased rainfall at unprecedented levels. In simulations the greatest amounts of atmospheric river-related rainfall occurred on the southern and western slopes of mountains in East Asia, including in Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and northeastern China. They had to limit the study to East Asia due to computer time and processing limitations, but predict it would apply to other regions around the world.
1．What’s the possible consequence of the global warming
A. It contributes to polluted air.
B. It leads to hot and rainy climate.
C. It only results in the rise of temperature.
D. It causes the destruction of more species.
2．The author wrote Paragraph 4 to ________.
A. describe the new study B. introduce atmospheric rivers
C. analyze the cause of rainfall D. warn people of global warming
3．How is the research carried to know the effect
A. By comparison. B. By discussion. C. By examples. D. By explanation
4．What’s the attitude of Professor Yoichi Kamae toward their simulations
A. They are risky. B. They are valueless.
C. They are perfect. D. They are convincing.
五、【2024年重庆模拟，阅读D】
Researchers have discovered the oldest black hole ever observed, dating from the dawn of the universe, and found that it is "eating" its host galaxy to death.
The international team, led by the University of Cambridge, used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to detect the black hole, which dates from 400 million years after the big bang. The results, which lead author Professor Roberto Maiolino says are "a giant leap forward", are reported in the journal Nature.
This surprisingly massive black hole even exists so early in the universe challenges our assumptions about how black holes form and grow. The size of this newly-discovered black hole suggests that they might form in other ways: they might be 'born big' or they can eat matter at a rate that's five times higher than had been thought possible. Like all black holes, this young black hole devours material from its host galaxy to fuel its growth.
According to standard models, supermassive black holes form from the remains of dead stars, which collapse and may form a black hole about a hundred times the mass of the Sun. If it grew in an expected way, this newly-detected black hole would take about a billion years to grow to its observed size. However, the universe was not yet a billion years old when this black hole was detected.
The young host galaxy, called GN-z11, is a compact galaxy, about one hundred times smaller than the Milky Way, but the black hole is likely harming its development. When black holes consume too much gas, it pushes the gas away like an ultra-fast wind. This "wind" could stop the process of star formation, slowly killing the galaxy, but it will also kill the black hole itself, as it would cut off the black hole's source of "food".
Maiolino says that the gigantic leap forward provided by JWST makes this the most exciting time in his career. "It's a new era: the giant leap is like upgrading from Galileo's telescope to a modern telescope overnight," he said. "The universe has been quite generous in what it's showing us, and this is just the beginning."
1．What does the underlined word "devours" mean in Paragraph 3
A. Changes. B. Swallows. C. Observes. D. Forms.
2．According to Paragraph 5, why is GN-z11 likely to be harmed
A .Because the host galaxy is too small.
B. Because the black hole is killing itself.
C. Because the "wind" ceases star formation.
D. Because black holes produce too much gas.
3．What is Maiolino's attitude to the new discovery about the black hole
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Ambiguous.
4．What can we learn from this passage
A. The black hole took a billion years to achieve its size.
B. Supermassive black holes are assumed to form overnight.
C. The new discovery of the host galaxy is a giant leap forward.
D. The host galaxy and the black hole can be destroyed by the "wind".
六、【2024年山西吕梁模拟，阅读D】
Animals have developed a circadian clock—an internal body clock that runs in 24-hour cycles. It is regulated by cues (提示) from their environment. But they may suffer from a "jet lag（时差反应）" when the cues animals are exposed to do not match the ones of their natural environment.
Kristine Gandia, a PhD student at the University of Stirling in Scotland, and a team of observers set out to understand how the "jet lag" of living in latitudes (纬度) that animals were not used to can affect them. Giant pandas were chosen as the focus for the study partly because they live highly seasonal lives."
"Giant pandas are very good animals to focus on," Gandia said. "They are very popular in zoos and there are a lot that have cameras so we can see how their behavior changes across different latitudes. These cameras enabled us to monitor the giant pandas’ behavior across a 24-hour period."
Gandia explained that the latitudinal range for giant pandas is between 26 and 42 degrees north. Matching latitudes could also be considered between 26 and 42 degrees south, as these mirror the temperature and lighting conditions.
The team monitored 11 giant pandas in six different zoos. Some zoos were within the animals’ natural latitudes but in other countries and the others were outside that range.
Gandia explained, "We recorded giant panda behavior, trying to account for behaviors that are positive, neutral (中性的) and negative indicators for welfare. So, this would include behaviors like play and grooming as positive behaviors, drinking and defecating as neutral maintenance behaviors, and several abnormal behaviors as negative behaviors, with pacing being the most common."
Those living in zoos outside of their home latitude were found to be less active and display more negative behaviors.
"Giant pandas living in zoos could be suffering from a ‘jet lag’ if their body clocks don’t match their environments," Gandia said.
1．What does Gandia and her team’s study focus on
A. Animal behavior. B. Animal body clock.
C. Animal popularity. D. Animal distribution.
2．What is a reason why pandas were chosen for the study
A. Wide latitude of their natural habitat. B. Their strong adaptability.
C. The existing findings about them. D. The convenience of observation.
3．How was the study carried out
A. By analyzing reasons. B. By comparing recordings.
C. By conducting interviews. D. By listing examples.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Will "Jet Lag" Be Able to Be Avoided
B. Could Animals Suffer from a "Jet Lag"
C. Is Panda a Proper Subject to Study "Jet Lag"
D. Does Season Have Anything to Do with "Jet Lag"
七、【2024年江苏苏州模拟，阅读D】
New research shows that removing black rhinos' horns(犀牛角) to make them less attractive to illegal hunters is reducing their territory (领地) sizes and making them less sociable with each other.
The study, published in the journal PNAS, found that de-homed South African rhinos have home ranges that are 45 per cent smaller than those of complete animals, and that they were 37 percent less likely to engage in social interactions.
"The big, dominant bulls that used to have very large territories that overlapped with a lot of females may now have much less territory and much less reproductive (繁殖的) success, " says Vanessa Duthé, who led the work at Switzerland's University of Neuch tel.
"It's really hard to predict the effects of this," she says. "It doesn't mean that population success will necessarily decline, because it might open up gaps for younger males that would not have had the space or the means before. " Indeed, a University of Bristol study published last year showed that de-horning(去角) does not negatively affect populations overall.
But such unintended behavioral consequences necessarily feed into judgments about whether this highly invasive procedure is worthwhile. Remarkably, perhaps, there is little hard evidence either way. "No one's put all the data together to say whether it's a really effective measure," says Duthé.
"What is clear is that the introduction of de-horning and a decline in illegal hunting has occurred at the same time, "she adds." But de-horning has been accompanied by other conservation measures that may be more effective. "
"It's incredibly complicated," says Lucy Chimes, a member of the Bristol team. "There are so many other factors involved. You have to consider what other security measures are being carried out -fencing, patrols, staff numbers -and poverty levels surrounding parks, their nearness to national borders and whether there is community engagement." Chimes is currently planning a project that aims to separate these and other factors. In the meantime, Duthé believes that de-horning is a worthwhile tool of last course of action. "A rhino that is behaving a little bit strangely is better than a dead rhino."
1．What is the purpose of removing the horns of black rhinos
A. To make them less sociable. B. To protect them from being hunted.
C. To reduce their home ranges. D. To affect their reproductive success.
2．What does the underlined phrase "invasive procedure" in paragraph 5 refer to
A. The removal of rhino horns. B. The loss of rhino territories.
C. The impact on rhino population. D. The change of rhino behavior.
3．What is Chimes' attitude toward the de-horning of black rhinos
A. Supportive. B. Opposed. C. Unconcerned. D. Uncertain.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. De-horning rhinos shows satisfying effects.
B. Various factors lead to the decline in illegal hunting.
C. De-horning is the last action researchers will take.
D. Rhinos are supposed to behave a little bit strangely.
八、【2024年江西九江三模，阅读D】
Psychologists have defined nostalgia（怀旧） as self-conscious, socially emotional, bittersweet but mainly positive. It develops out of happy memories mixed with a longing for the past and the close relationships we had back then. Often, nostalgia involves five senses. For example, the smell of autumn leaves might spark an intense longing for your childhood home.
Almost everyone experiences nostalgia, although its object tends to vary throughout life. One survey conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. I came of age in the 1980s, and even songs I found hopelessly annoying back then can fill me with nostalgic emotions.
As my colleague Julie Beck has written, nostalgia was originally viewed as an emotional disorder when it was first defined in the late 17th century. And, crucially, it often occurs when people are experiencing negative moods or having bad experiences. Loneliness can be a trigger, as researchers found in 2008. Another is bad weather.
However, despite its association with negative emotions, nostalgia does not cause or increase unhappiness. Rather, nostalgia is a defense response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Psychologists writing in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2006 found that stirring nostalgia in experiments strengthened people’s social bonds, boosted their positive feelings about themselves, and improved their mood. Similar research has shown that when people feel nostalgia, it can fire their sense of life’s meaning, lower an existential（存在主义的） reaction to the idea of death, increase spirituality, and raise optimism.
Scholars aren’t sure exactly why nostalgia works; some have inferred that recalling happy memories strengthens "valued aspects of the self" in situations when we might otherwise feel lonely or unworthy. Either way, its emotional intensity allows the joy of the past to overpower the unpleasantness of the present, a little escapism that helps get us through the bad times.
1．What do the psychologists think of nostalgia
A. Always painful. B. Primarily positive.
C. Seldom intense. D. Usually unconscious.
2．Why is the author’s experience mentioned in paragraph 2
A. To show the objects of nostalgia change with age.
B. To illustrate annoying music often leads to nostalgia.
C. To highlight the young are more likely to be nostalgic.
D. To demonstrate nostalgia has an impact on emotions.
3．In which situation may people easily feel nostalgia
A. Attending a lively class. B. Engaging in a family reunion.
C. Staying alone in an empty room. D. Joining in a joyful birthday party.
4．What may be a benefit of nostalgia
A. Maintaining self-respect. B. Shaping personal insights.
C. Escaping from daily chaos. D. Enhancing one’s self-worth.
答案以及解析
一、
1．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.(今天,大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。)故正确答案为B。
2．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们有用吗 )和第四段"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Daru.(Daru说:"我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。")可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故正确答案为C。
3．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Daru.(Daru说:"我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。")以及第五段 This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.(这是有道理的,因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家,他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)可知,导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故正确答案为C。
4．答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区,并将他们引导到样本不足的地方,甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)可知,Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故正确答案为D。
二、
1．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句"Australia's zebra finch（斑胸草雀）, for example, was so named because of the zebra-like black and white bars on its tail."可知，澳大利亚的斑胸草雀因其尾部颜色和图案而得名。
2．答案：A
解析：行文逻辑题。分析段落结构可知，第三段第一、二句是本段主旨句，之后展开论述two main terms—albinism （白化） and leucism（白色亚种），论述的方式根据原句可知是以解释概念为主。比如"Both conditions are...""Leucism, however, causes..."以及"But albinism causes..."。
3．答案：B
解析：细节推断题。根据第三段中的"Melanin（黑色素） is responsible for blacks and browns, and a lack of this pigment can cause a partial or total loss of an individual's dark patterning. The two main terms that describe these abnormalities are albinism and leucism. Both conditions are genetic and both can lead to a very similar physical appearance."可以转换信息得出 B 选项正确。
4．答案：D
解析：细节推断题。根据最后一段第二句"Because the lack of melanin reduces the strength and lastingness of the affected birds' feathers, making them more easily broken."可知，白化或白色亚种鸟类的羽毛很容易折断。
三、
1．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段"Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture (捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. (鲸鱼被认为是海洋中最大、最聪明的生物。根据国际货币基金组织发表的一项新研究,生物学家发现它们还从大气中捕获了数吨的碳,这一服务对所有大型鲸鱼来说都具有1万亿美元的经济价值)"可知,新的研究发现,鲸鱼能从大气中捕获碳,它们是一种自然的气候解决方案。故选 C。
2．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段"According to the study, each great whale traps around 33 tons of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3 percent of the carbon absorption of the whale. (根据这项研究,每头鲸鱼平均能捕获 33 吨二氧化碳。在同一时期,一棵树只贡献了鲸鱼碳吸收的 3%)"可推知,文章将鲸鱼捕获碳的能力与树木相比较,来强调鲸鱼的碳捕获巨大的潜力。故选C。
3．答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段Researchers analyzed that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. "Society and our own survival can't afford to wait this long," they said. (研究人员分析说,除非提出新的方法,否则将需要30多年的时间才能使目前的鲸鱼数量增加一倍,并需要几代人的时间才能使它们恢复到捕鲸前的数量。他们说: "社会和我们自己的生存等不起这么久。")可知,研究人员表示,需要使用新的方法使鲸鱼的数量尽快恢复,否则会威胁我们自身的生存。因此,保护鲸鱼是当务之急。故选 D。
4．答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture(捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. (鲸鱼被认为是海洋中最大、最聡明的生物。根据国际货币基金组织发表的一项新研究,生物学家发现它们还从大气中捕获了数吨的碳,这一服务对所有大型鲸鱼来说都具有1万亿美元的经济价值)及第四段"With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more widespread, we must prevent the harm to whales. (随着《巴黎协定》明年生效,气候变化的影响越来越广泛,我们必须防止对鲸鱼的伤害)"可知,鲸鱼有巨大的碳捕获能力,但是它们受到威胁,因此,我们必须保护鲸鱼,也就是保护地球和我们自己。A选项"保护鲸鱼就是保护地球"为最佳标题。故选A。
四、
1．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。由第二段中"It’s been becoming more and more clear that global warming means more than just warmer temperatures (越来越清楚的是，全球变暖不仅仅意味着气温升高)"和第三段中"One particularly-damaging extreme weather event is an increase in rainfall to unexpected and unprecedented (前所未有的) levels, which can result in flooding. (一个特别具有破坏性的极端天气事件是降雨量增加到前所未有的水平，这可能导致洪水)"可知，全球变暖的可能后果是气候炎热多雨。故选B项。
2．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。由第四段""As the name suggests, atmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of concentrated water vapour flowing through the atmosphere," the team explained. "When one of these bands meets a barrier, such as a mountain range, it can produce extreme levels of rainfall or snowfall."(该团队解释道："顾名思义，大气河流是流经大气的细长的浓缩水蒸气带。""当其中一条带遇到山脉等障碍物时，可能会产生极端程度的降雨或降雪。")"可知，第四段主要讲降雨产生的原因，可得出作者写第四段是为了分析降雨的原因。故选C项。
3．答案：A
解析：细节理解题。由倒数第三段中"They then looked at other regional climate models, comparing simulations based on real, meteorological data (气象数据) from 1951 to 2010 to predictions for 2090. (然后，他们研究了其他区域气候模型，将1951年至2010年基于真实气象数据的模拟与2090年的预测进行了比较)"和倒数第二段"Authors used the climate scenario that would result in 4℃ of warming, compared to preindustrial levels — which is significantly more than 2℃ target set as part of Paris Climate Agreement. (研究发起人使用了与工业化前水平相比将导致4摄氏度变暖的气候情景——这大大高于《巴黎气候协定》设定的2摄氏度目标)"可知，研究通过比较来了解研究结果。故选A项。
4．答案：D
解析：推理判断题。由最后一段中"They had to limit the study to East Asia due to computer time and processing limitations, but predict it would apply to other regions around the world. (由于计算机时间和处理的限制，他们不得不将这项研究限制在东亚，但预测它将适用于世界其他地区)"可知，Kamae Yoichi教授认为他们的模拟将适用于世界其他地区，可得出Kamae Yoichi教授认为他们的模拟令人信服。故选D项。
五、
1．答案：B
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段"The size of this newly-discovered black hole suggests that they might form in other ways: they might be 'born big' or they can eat matter at a rate that's five times higher than had been thought possible.(这个新发现的黑洞的大小表明它们可能以其他方式形成:它们可能‘天生大’，或者它们可以以比人们想象 的高五倍的速度吃掉物质。) "以及第一段"Researchers have discovered the oldest black hole ever observed, dating from the dawn of the universe, and found that it is 'eating' its host galaxy to death.(研究人员发现了有史以来观 测到的最古老的黑洞，其历史可以追溯到宇宙的黎明，并发现它正在‘吃掉’它的宿主星系。) "可知，"devours"是"狼吞虎咽"的意思,等同于"swallow"故选B。
2．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第五段"When black holes consume too much gas, it pushes the gas away like an ultra-fast wind. This 'wind' could stop the process of star formation, slowly killing the galaxy, but it will also kill the black hole itself, as it would cut off the black hole's source of 'food'.(当黑洞消耗过多的气体时,它会像超快的风一样将 气体推开。这种‘风’可以阻止恒星形成的过程，慢慢杀死星系，但它也会杀死黑洞本身，因为它会切断黑洞 的‘食物’来源。)"可知,C选项的表述"Because the 'wind' ceases star formation."符合原文表意,故选C。
3．答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"Maiolino says that the gigantic leap forward provided by JWST makes this the most exciting time in his career. (Maiolino 说,JWST提供的巨大飞跃使这成为他职业生涯中最激动人心的时刻。)"和"The universe has been quite generous in what it's showing us, and this is just the beginning.(宇宙在它向我们展示的东西上非常慷慨，而这仅仅是个开始。) "可推断出 Maiolino对于黑洞新发现的态度是赞许、支持的，故选A。
4．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。选项A. The black hole took a billion years to achieve its size.中的took a billion years与文章 文义不符。选项B. Supermassive black holes are assumed to form overnight.中的form overnight有误。选项C. The new discovery of the host galaxy is a giant leap forward.中的 the host galaxy有误。故选D。
六、
1．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段"Animals have developed a circadian clock—an internal body clock that runs in 24-hour cycles. It is regulated by cues from their environment. But they may suffer from a "jet lag" when the cues animals are exposed to do not match the ones of their natural environment.（动物已经形成了生物钟——一种以24小时为周期运行的体内生物钟。它受环境的影响。但当动物接触到的线索与自然环境不匹配时，它们可能会受到"时差"的影响。）"和第二段的句子"Kristine Gandia, a PhD student at the University of Stirling in Scotland, and a team of observers set out to understand how the "jet lag" of living in latitudes that animals were not used to can affect them.（苏格兰斯特林大学的博士生克里斯汀·甘迪亚和一组观察人员开始了解生活在动物不习惯的纬度上的"时差"是如何影响它们的。）"可知，甘迪亚和她的团队的研究重点是环境对动物生物钟的影响。故选B项。
2．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段""Giant pandas are very good animals to focus on," Gandia said. "They are very popular in zoos and there are a lot that have cameras so we can see how their behavior changes across different latitudes. These cameras enabled us to monitor the giant pandas’ behavior across a 24-hour period."（"大熊猫是非常值得关注的动物，"甘迪亚说。"它们在动物园里很受欢迎，很多动物园都有摄像头，所以我们可以看到它们在不同纬度的行为是如何变化的。这些摄像机使我们能够在24小时内监控大熊猫的行为。"）"可知，选择熊猫作为研究对象是因为方便观察。故选D项。
3．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第六段"Gandia explained, "We recorded giant panda behavior, trying to account for behaviors that are positive, neutral and negative indicators for welfare. So, this would include behaviors like play and grooming as positive behaviors, drinking and defecating as neutral maintenance behaviors, and several abnormal behaviors as negative behaviors, with pacing being the most common."（甘迪亚解释说："我们记录了大熊猫的行为，试图解释积极、中性和消极的行为指标。因此，这将包括玩耍和梳理等行为作为积极行为，喝水和排便作为中性维持行为，以及一些异常行为作为消极行为，其中踱步是最常见的。"）"可知，研究人员是通过对比大熊猫的录像进行研究的。故选B项。
4．答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍如果大熊猫的生物钟与环境不匹配，它们可能会受到"时差反应"的影响。所以B项"Could Animals Suffer from a 'Jet Lag' "（动物会有"时差反应"吗？）作为本文的题目与文章主题相符合。故选B项。
七、
1．答案：B
解析：目的意图题。根据第一段New research shows that removing black rhinos' horns(犀牛角) to make them less attractive to illegal hunters is reducing their territory(领地) sizes and making them less sociable with each other.(新的研究表明, 去除黑犀牛的角色降低它们对非法猎人的吸引力, 会缩小它们的领地面积, 减少它们之间的社交能力。) 可知, 切除黑犀牛的角是为了降低它们对非法猎人的吸引力, 保护它们不被非法猎杀。故选B。
2．答案：A
解析：猜测词义题。根据划线短语invasive procedure前的this可知, 这里提到的invasive procedure (侵入性手术)指代作者上文中刚提到的事物, 结合上一段中的Indeed, a University of Bristol study published last year showed that dehorning (去角) does not negatively affect populations overall. (事实上, 布里斯托大学去年发表的一项研究表明, 去角不会对黑犀牛总体数量产生负面影响。)可知, 这里invasive procedure 指的是去掉黑犀牛的角。A.The removal of rhino horns黑犀牛角的摘除; B. The loss of rhino territories黑犀牛领地的丧失; C. The impact on rhino population对黑犀牛数量的影响; D. The change of rhino behavior黑犀牛行为的变化。故选A。
3．答案：D
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段中的"It's incredibly complicated, " says Lucy Chimes, a member of the Bristol team. "There are so many other factors involved. You have to consider what other security measures are being carried out—fencing, patrols, staff numbers—and poverty levels surrounding parks, their nearness to national borders and whether there is community engagement." ("这非常复杂, "布里斯托团队的成员Lucy Chimes说。"还包括很多其他因素。你必须考虑正在采取的其他安全措施—围栏、巡逻、工作人员数量—以及公园周围的贫困程度、公园与国家边界的接近度以及是否有社区参与。") 可知, Lucy Chimes没有正面回应切除黑犀牛的角这个问题, 而是说偷猎减少这个现象很复杂, 除了切除黑犀牛角这个因素外, 需要考虑到许多因素, 由此可推测, 她对切除黑犀牛角的态度不确定。故选D。
4．答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的There are so many other factors involved. You have to consider what other security measures are being carried out—fencing, patrols, staff numbers—and poverty levels surrounding parks, their nearness to national borders and whether there is community engagement. (还包括很多其他因素。你必须考虑正在采取的其他安全措施—围栏、巡逻、工作人员数量—以及公园周围的贫困程度、公园与国家边界的接近度以及是否有社区参与。)可知多种不同的因素导致非法偷猎减少。故选B。
八、
1．答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的"One survey conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. (心理学家Krystine Irene Batcho进行的一项调查发现，年轻人对宠物、玩具和节日的怀旧感比老年人更强烈，而老年人对音乐的怀旧感则更强烈。)"可知，一首老歌最有可能使老年人怀旧。故选B项。
2．答案：A
解析：词句猜测题。根据该词所在句的语
境"However, despite its association with negative emotions, nostalgia does not cause or increase unhappiness. Rather, nostalgia is a defense response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. (尽管怀旧与负面情绪有关，但它并不会引起或加剧不快乐。相反，怀旧具有独特的保护力量，能够抵御不快乐，并从消极情绪中带来缓解。)"可知，然而，尽管怀旧与负面情绪有关，但它并不会导致或加剧不快乐。相反，怀旧对不快乐有独一无二的防御作用。故选A项。
3．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的"Besides nostalgia's Either way, its emotional intensity allows the joy of the past to overpower the unpleasantness of the present, a little escapism that helps get us through the bad times. (此外怀旧的情感强度允许过去的喜悦压倒现在的不愉快，这有助于我们暂时忘记糟糕的时光。)"可知，怀旧情绪的强度使过去的快乐压倒现在的不愉快，这帮助我们暂时忘掉艰难时刻。故选C项。
4．答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段"Psychologists have defined nostalgia (怀旧) as a self-conscious and social emotion, bittersweet but mainly positive. It develops out of happy memories mixed with a desire for the past and the close relationships we had back then.(心理学家将怀旧定义为一种自我意识和社会情感它既苦又甜，但主要是积极的。它源于快乐的记忆，混合着对过去和我们当时亲密关系的渴望。"以及全文可知，文章首先提出怀旧的概念引发怀旧的条件，以及早期人们对怀旧的错误认识，接下来讲怀旧的积极影响。A项"怀旧：防御不快乐的力量"最能体现文章的核心思想。故选D项。

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