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语法填空核心考点知识梳理
制作：吴明科
语法填空命题严谨科学，规律性强，是高考英语试卷中最容易得分的部分，也是我们在平时学习时最容易突破的部分。现总结语法填空核心考点，帮助同学们夯实语法基础，理顺答题思路。
有提示词（名代动形数）
一、名词
★考点1：名词变复数
规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches, dish-dishes
3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves,thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves
加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties,family-families,story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays
6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
一些加-s piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos
两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months, path-paths
9 oo变ee foot-feet, goose-geese,tooth-teeth
10 a变e man-men,woman-women, policeman-policemen
11 单复同形 fish-fish,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
★考点2：名词词性转换
1.转换为形容词
(1)n.＋-able
honor→honorable　　可敬的
(2)n.＋-al
nature→natural 自然的；天生的 music→musical 音乐的；悦耳的
(3)n.＋-ful
colour→colourful 颜色鲜艳的 meaning→meaningful有意义的
(4)n.＋-en：wood→wooden 木质的
(5)n.＋-y：wealth→wealthy 富有的
2.空前有助动词、情态动词、动词不定式符号to时，转换为动词
3.转化为另一个名词
【小结】常考名词后缀：
1.以-al结尾的名词: arrival到达，approval 批准，proposal 提议，survival 幸存
2.以-ure结尾的名词: failure失败，mixture混合，pressure压力，pleasure愉快
3.以-age结尾的名词:
(1)直接加或去e加-age:
package包，盒; postage邮资，邮费; storage贮存; shortage不足，短缺; coverage覆盖范围; percentage百分比; passage 通道
(2)变y为i加-age:
marry→marriage婚姻; carry→→carriage 客车厢，运输
4.以-er结尾表事物的名词:
washer 洗衣机，cutter 刀具，lighter打火机，cooker 炉具，hanger 衣架，container容器，heater 加热器，cooler冷却器，cleaner吸尘器，清洁剂，清洁工
5.表示"人"的名词:
①加-or，如translator 翻译家 ②加-ar，如beggar乞丐 ③加-er，如 stranger陌生人
④加-ee，如 trainee实习生 ⑤加-ess，如 waitress女服务员 ⑥加-ist,journalist记者
⑦加-ian，如 civilian平民 ⑧加-ant，如 assistant 助手 ⑨加-( at ) ive，如representative代表
6.无规律可循的特殊变形:
applaud→applause, believe→belief,choose→choice,enthusiastic→enthusiasm,high→height, proud→ pride, tour → tourism, weigh→ weight,vary→→variety, lose→loss, poor→poverty, behave→behavio(u)r
★考点3：名词变所有格（’s）
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。现详细归纳’s 所有格：
规则 举例
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo
复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother
不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
二、 代词
★考点：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表
人称 类别　　　　　　　 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he/she/it we you they
宾格 me you him/her/it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself/ herself/ itself ourselves yourselves themselves
【注意】
提示词为代词，分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语，且和主语是同一人时，应考虑反身代词。另外，反身代词也可以通过固定搭配考查。现总结反身代词常见的固定搭配：
all by oneself独自地 to oneself独自享有地 for oneself为自己，独自一人
think to oneself心想 seat oneself坐下 teach oneself自学
dress oneself给自己穿衣 devote oneself to致力于 express oneself表达自己的想法
enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 come to oneself苏醒 help oneself 随便吃，随便享用
amuse oneself自娱自乐 behave oneself 规矩行事
speak to oneself自言自语 make oneself understood使自己被理解
三、 动词
★考点1：谓语动词（三步走：时态、语态、主谓一致）
【注意】时态是表示事情发生的“时间”和”状态”。四种时间：过去、现在、将来、过去将来；四种状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。四种时间×四种状态=16种时态
动词的时态和语态的形式
时间 \ 状态 一般态 进行态 完成态 完成进行态
现在 主动 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing
被动 am/is/are done am/is/are being done have/has been done /
过去 主动 did was/were doing had done had been doing
被动 was/were done was/were being done had been done /
将来 主动 will do will be doing will have done will have been doing
被动 will be done will be being done will have been done /
过去将来 主动 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing
被动 would be done would be being done would have been done /
【技法指导一】动词时态4大招
1.时间标志法
认清常考时态的时间状语标志词（最常考现在完成时，必须牢记时间状语标志词）
(1)现在完成时：recently；recent years; these days/years; lately;since引导时间状语从句；for+一段时间；in the past/last+一段时间; ever since; up to now; since then; so far; ever;never; already;before,just等；
(2)一般现在时：always、 often、 sometimes、 usually、 occasionally、 seldom、 every time、 now and then等；
(3)一般过去时：yesterday、 last year、 in 2023、 the other day、 two days ago等；
(4)一般将来时：tomorrow、 next year、 in a week、 in the future、 soon等；
(5)现在进行时：all the time、 at this moment、 at present、 always、 constantly等；
(6)过去完成时：by then、 by the end of +过去时间、 by that time等。　
2.语境暗示法
从近几年高考来看，时态主要是通过语境暗示解题。通过正确理解语境， 尤其是上下文的时态对照，是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
3.并列谓语法
同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。常见的并列连词有and, but, or, rather than, neither...nor...，not only...but also...等。
4.固定句式法
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题快速且行之有效的方式，因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。
(1)was/were doing sth when＋一般过去时
(2)had (just) done sth when＋一般过去时
(3)This/It/That is the first/second...time that＋现在完成时
This/It/That was the first/second...time that＋过去完成时
【技法指导二】动词语态3步定
被动语态三牢记：
一牢记 明确主语和谓语动词之间的逻辑关系，判断是主动还是被动。
二牢记 掌握各种常考时态的被动语态结构以及动词的各种拼写形式，尤其是不规则动词的现在分词、过去式和过去分词形式。
三牢记 常考的无被动语态的动词和短语:
①系动词( appear、seem、become、keep等);
②不及物动词及短语happen、occur、take place、break out(爆发)、come along、run out(用完)、give out(用完)等；
③归属类动词及短语，如 belong to、have等;
④lack、 last、look like等动词及短语表示状态或情况，不表示动作时，不用于被动语态。
【技法指导三】主谓一致解题3原则
1.语法一致原则
(1) 可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数。
(2)就远原则：主语后跟有with，together with，along with，as well as，in addition to，like, but，except，rather than，including等引导的短语时，要考虑谓语动词的数与前面的主语保持一致。
(3)在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数一致。
2.就近一致原则
(1)分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语，看到主语由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...，not...but...等连接时，要考虑就近原则确定谓语动词的单复数。
(2)分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语，看到there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
3.意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
(2)动名词、动词不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
★考点2：非谓语动词
非谓语动词形式总结
主动态 被动态
不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词/现在分词 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 / done
【技法指导一】关键标志词法——瞄准4类词，快速判断非谓语形式
1.只跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
enjoy，consider，escape，include，avoid，miss，risk，appreciate，admit，mind，imagine，delay，allow，permit，finish，suggest，deny，practise，excuse，be worth，insist on，keep on，succeed in，give up，cannot help等
2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词
hope/wish/expect，agree/promise，demand/ask，refuse，manage，learn，decide/determine，pretend，choose/select，plan，offer，intend，apply，fail，afford，prepare，desire，happen，aim，wait，threaten等
3.只能跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词
tell，order，allow，permit，enable，persuade，force，warn，encourage，inspire，expect等。
4.介词后作宾语要用动名词，特别注意介词to后也要用动名词。
(1)介词后常跟动词－ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前面有实义动词do时，不定式就要省略to。
(2)关注介词to的固定短语
·look forward to...期待，盼望…… ·object to...反对…… ·be devoted to...致力于……
·be opposed to...反对…… ·adapt/adjust to...适应…… ·lead to...导致……
【技法指导二】逻辑关系法——利用逻辑关系，迅速判定分词形式
1.现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
＝The mobile phone which is lying on the desk belongs to me.
(the mobile phone 为 lie动作的发出者，即主动关系，故用现在分词)
＝The mobile phone which is laid on the desk belongs to me.
(the mobile phone 为 lay 动作的承受者，即被动关系，故用过去分词)
2.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别
在句首的分词相当于时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句；在句末的分词常作伴随状语、方式状语、结果状语、不能改成从句。
(the earth为see动作的承受者，故用过去分词)
＝When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.
(we为see动作的发出者，故用现在分词)
＝When we see the earth from space, we’ll find it blue.
3.现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语的区别
在make，have，see，observe，notice，watch，hear等动词后可用现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语。
(宾语somebody 为 sing 动作的发出者，故用现在分词)
(宾语this song为 sing 动作的承受者，故用过去分词)
【技法指导三】专项突破法——掌握基本用法，专项攻克不定式
从最近几年高考来看，对非谓语动词中的不定式考查较多，因此要熟记不定式的用法，专项突破不定式。
1.不定式作状语
(1)用作目的状语用不定式；
(2)only to do sth表示出乎意料的结果；
(3)某些形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作状语。常见形容词有：happy，delighted，pleased，proud，anxious，disappointed，lucky，fortunate等；
(4)牢记“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词easy，difficult，comfortable等)＋to do”句式，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
2.不定式作定语
(1)看到由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语。
(2)看到由the only，the last，the next等修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语。
(3)看到被修饰的名词(代词)是ability，attempt，chance，desire，eagerness，potential，reason，right，something，anything，time，way，wish等词时，常用不定式作定语。
【技法指导四】归类突破法——根据分类对比，判断非谓语的形式
1.with复合结构
(1)“with＋宾语＋to do”表示动作还未发生，其中to do不定式主动表被动；
(2)“with＋宾语＋doing”表示主动、动作正在进行；
(3)“with＋宾语＋done”表示被动、动作已完成。
with +宾语+宾补
He like to sleep with the windows open.
They left the classroom with all the lights on.
With a book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
He was lying on the grass, with a book covering his face.
He was lying on the grass, with his face covered by a book.
With so many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
2.have后加宾补的常见用法
(1)have sb/sth doing让某人/某物一直做；
(2)have sth done让某事被做；
(3)have sb do sth让某人做某事。
注意：在“have sth to do(有某事要做)”结构中，不定式作定语。
【技法指导五】新考向应对法——根据逻辑与时间关系，突破非谓语的时态语态
分析2022年之前的高考试卷可知，非谓语动词主要考查其一般式，但2023年新高考Ⅰ卷和全国乙卷中，分别考查了不定式一般式的被动语态和现在分词的完成式。对于这一新考向要引起考生的格外关注。
1.不定式的时态和语态
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing 无
完成式 to have done to have been done
注意：
(1)to be doing表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
(2)to have done表示在谓语动作之前发出的动作。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
(3)to have been done表示在谓语动作之前发出的动作，且与逻辑主语是被动关系。
He is said to have been punished by his father yesterday.
2.v.－ing形式的时态和语态
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
注意：
(1)当一个v.－ing形式逻辑上的主语是该v.－ing形式的承受者，这个v.－ing形式要用被动形式。
He entered the room without being seen.
(2)如v.－ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，这个v.－ing形式要用完成形式。
Tom regretted not having been invited to the party.
★考点3：动词词性转换
如果所给动词既不作谓语，也不作非谓语，要考虑是否为动词的词性转换。根据修饰语和所作句子成分，结合句意，迅速判定其形式。
1.动词变名词的后缀
1 －ment (1)直接加－ment：develop→development (2)以e结尾的不去e，直接加－ment： amaze→amazement 例外：argue→argument
2 －ion attract→attraction
3 －ation expect→expectation
4 －(s)sion －de/d/t→(s)sion： conclude→conclusion， admit→admission
5 －ance guide→guidance
6 －ence exist→existence
7 －al arrive→arrival
8 －ure/－ture press→pressure
9 －y discover→discovery
10 －age marry→marriage
2.动词变形容词的后缀
1 －able suit→suitable，admire→admirable，rely→reliable，comfort→comfortable，accept→acceptable
2 －ful doubt→doubtful，harm→harmful
3 －ive attract→attractive，impress→impressive，create→creative
4 －ary imagine→imaginary
5 －ing/ed amaze→amazing/amazed
四、 形容词
★考点1：形容词变副词
(1)一般形况下ly,如：
quick--quickly; sad--sadly;immediate--immediately
(2)少数以e结尾的形容词，要去掉e再加ly, 如：
true--truly; due--duly
(3)绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加ly,如：
polite--politely;extreme--extremely;wide--widely;wise--wisely
(4)以y结尾的，且读音为[i]，改y为i,再加ly,如：
happy--happily;heavy--heavily;angry--angrily;busy--busily
但是如果读音为[ai]，直接加ly,如：dry--dryly; sly--slyly; shy--shyly
(5)以ic结尾的词，加ally,如：
economic--economically; basic--basically;scientific--scientifically; automatic--automatically
但是public--publicly例外。
(6)以辅音字母加le结尾时，去e加y,如：
simple--simply;considerable--considerably;terrible--terribly;gentle--gently;possible--possibly;probable--probably;incredible--incredibly
(7)元音字母加le直接加ly,如：sole(唯一的;专有的)--solely.
但是whole--wholly例外。
(8)以ll结尾时，只须加y;如：dull--dully;shrill(尖锐的;刺耳的)--shrilly
注意：有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词，如：
friendly; motherly(慈母般的); lovely; monthly;heavenly(天空的;神圣的)
★考点2：形容词变比较级或者最高级
(1)一般加-er或-est
fast - faster - fastest tall - taller - tallest
(2)以e结尾加-r或-st
nice - nicer - nicest large - larger - largest
(3)重读闭音节,要双写辅音字母,再加er/est
hot - hotter - hottest big - bigger - biggest
(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变 “y”为“i”, 再加-er或-est
lazy - lazier - laziest lucky - luckier - luckiest
(5)多音节形容词，前加more或most
important - more important - most important
(6)特殊变化
good/well-better-best bad/badly/ill- worse- worst
many/much-more-most little-less-least
far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)
old-older(elder)-oldest(eldest)
【技法指导】巧解形容词比较级与最高级
1.比较级的标志词
（1）空后有than，用比较级。如果有as，则用原级。
（2）空前有even、much、still 、far、rather、a little/bit及倍数( twice、three、times)等，用比较级。
2.最高级的标志词
（1）空前有定冠词the且空后有of all/among...等表范围，用最高级。
（2）空前有one of the，用最高级。
3.固定表达
（1）"比较级+and +比较级"表示"越来越……" （2）否定词+比较级=最高级
（3）"(倍数)+ as ＋原级+as"结构 （4）" more than + adj. "表示"非常……"
（5）" the+比较级...，the +比较级..."表示"越……，越……"
4.利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较，也需要用比较级或最高级。
★考点3：形容词词性转换
1.形容词变名词常考词汇汇总
（1）-age结尾的名词
short→shortage 不足；短缺
（2）-cy结尾的名词
fluent →fluency 流利；流畅 accurate →accuracy 准确(性)
private →privacy 隐私 efficient →efficiency 效率
urgent→urgency 紧急
（3）-dom结尾的名词
free →freedom 自由 wise →wisdom 智慧
（4）-ness结尾的名词
dark→darkness 黑暗 weak→weakness 虚弱
kind →kindness 善良 cold→coldness 冷淡；冷漠
aware→awareness 知道；意识 ill → illness 疾病
sad→sadness 悲伤
（5）-th结尾的名词
warm→warmth 温暖 true→truth 真相
deep→depth 深度 strong →strength 力量
long →length 长度 wide→width 宽度
grow→growth 成长
（6）-y/-ty/-ity结尾的名词
difficult →difficulty 困难 honest→honesty 诚实
safe→safety 安全 cruel →cruelty 残忍
responsible→responsibility 责任 real→reality 真实
possible →possibility 可能性 able →ability 能力
（7） -ent变为-ence，- ant变为-ance, -nd变为-nse：
different →difference 不同 silent→silence 寂静
respond →response 响应 patient →patience 耐心
absent →absence 缺席 present →presence 出席
confident →confidence 信心 convenient →convenience 便利
important →importance 重要性 defend →defense/defence 防御；保护
2.表否定意义的形容词词缀小结
①常考的表示否定意义的形容词前缀:
（1）in-: inaccurate不精确的; incorrect不正确的;informal非正式的
（2）il-: illegal 非法的;illogical不合逻辑的
（3）im-: imperfect不完美的; impolite不礼貌的
（4）ir- : irresponsible不负责任的; irregular不规则的
（5）un- : unnecessary不必要的;unfair不公平的; unforgettable难忘的
（6）dis- : dishonest不诚实的; disabled无能力的
②常考的表示否定意义的形容词后缀:
-less : priceless无价的;useless无用的; careless粗心的; homeless无家可归的; hopeless没有希望的; endless无穷尽的; breathless 上气不接下气的，(令人）屏息的;countless数不尽的
五、 数词
★考点：基数词变序数词
one-first; two-second; three-third; four-fourth; five-fifth;
six-sixth; seven-seventh; eight-eighth; nine-ninth; ten-tenth.
twenty→twentieth,thirty→thirtieth...整十数先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。
twenty-one→twenty-first 两位数的只改个位数为序数词。
【知识拓展】倍数表达法（这个考点因为前两年高考已经考过了，但不排除再次考查的可能）
表示倍数时，一倍用once，两倍用twice/double，三倍以上用"基数词+times"。常见的表示倍数的句式有:
1.be +倍数+as many/much/ large/ . .. as ...，表示"是……的多少倍多/大/……"，如:
My room is twice as large as yours.我的房间是你的两倍大。
2.be+倍数＋the size/width/ . . . of ...，表示"是……的多少倍大/宽/……"，如:
Our playground is five times the size of theirs.我们的操场是他们的五倍大。
3.be＋倍数＋比较级( bigger/longer/ . . . ) + than...，表示"比……大/长/……多少倍"，如:
The girl is ten times cleverer than her brother.这个女孩比她哥哥聪明十倍。
4.be+倍数+ what +从句，表示"为……的多少倍"，如:
People's average income is almost five times what they earned ten years ago.人们的平均收入几乎是十年前的五倍。
第二部分 无提示词（冠代介连）
一、 冠词
冠词是语法填空的重要考查内容,考查题量不大，但考点涉及面广,主要集中在冠词表特指、泛指的基本用法和常见固定搭配中的冠词上,近几年偶有考查特殊用法。
★考点1：a/an/the的基本用法
锁定"_____+(形容词+)名词"模式，当"(形容词+)名词"前缺少限定词时,一般要考虑填冠词。注意:
1.使用定冠词的情况——特指上文已提及的事物；世上独无二，序数最高级。
2.使用不定冠词的情况——泛指一类人或物，与one同义表数量，只知有一不知谁，冠词就要用a/ an。
★考点2：固定搭配中的冠词
1.因冠词不同而意义不同的短语有:
the number of表示"……的数量" , a number of表示"一些,若干" ;
an average of"平均" , the average of "……的平均数" ;
a total of"共计,总计" , the total of" ……的总和" ;
at a cost of"花费……(钱)" , at the cost of"以……为代价"。
2.很多表示数量或程度的搭配都含有冠词，比如:
a variety of各种各样的; a great/good deal of许多的; a large amount of 大量的; a lot of 许多; a crowd of 一群; a mass of一堆，大量; a pack of 一包; a flood of 大批; a collection of一批。
3.常见的含定冠词的固定短语还有:
make the most/best of 充分利用; in the habit of有……的习惯; in the distance在远处; on the whole 大体上; at the same time同时; at the moment此时 ; for the time being 暂时; on the spot当场; to tell (you) the truth说实话; on the contrary相反; at the age of 在……岁时; to the full 充分。
二、 代词
代词的考查可以是有提示词，也可以是无提示词。无提示词时一般填it，用来作形式主语或形式宾语；偶尔填those，用来指代上文出现的复数名词。
【技法指导】it作形式主语或形式宾语的常考句型
1. It is ＋过去分词( said/ reported/believed/suggested/ advised acknowledged/ recommended)+that 从句.
2. It is/was + adj. + for sb. to do sth.(作表语的形容词多是表示事物性质的，如difficult、 heavy、important、possible 等。)
3.It is/was + adj. + of sb. to do sth.(作表语的形容词多是表示人物特征的，如 honest、careless、foolish、clever等。)
4.It+不及物动词(happens/seems/appears) + that 从句.
5.lt is +名词(no use/no good/a waste of time)/形容词( useless) doing sth.6. It takes sb.＋时间+ to do sth.
7.动词( make/keep/find/think) + it＋宾补+ to do sth./ that从句
8.主语＋表示好恶的动词(like/dislike/hate/ appreciate)+ it + that 从句.
三、 介词
★考点1：介词的基本用法
1.时间介词
（1）in, on,at: at表示时间的某一点、某一时刻等; in泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间; on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间，具体到某日或特定的上午、下午或晚上要用on。
（2）for, since,over:for后接表示时间段的词组; since"从……开始"后接时间点;over常接时间段，如: for 20 years、since 1997、over the last decade。
（3）by，before，after，until/till，during，within，through: by"在(某时)前，不迟于"; before ”在……之前"; after"在……之后"; until/till "直到……为止" ; during"在……期间"; within"在……之内"; through"一直到(所指时间包括在内)"
2.地点、方位介词
（1）in,to,on: in表示在某范围之内; to表示在某范围之外的地方; on表示与某地相邻或接壤。
（2）after ,behind:两者都表示"在……之后"。after意为"在……后面"; behind表示"在（或向)……的后面，在（或向)……的背面"。
（3）by，beside，near: by 和 beside均表示"在……旁边"，常可换用; near表示"在……附近"，但不一定意味着在旁边，也可能是在上边、下边等。
（4）over，above，on,under， below, beneath ; over表示在正上方，恰好垂直的位置关系，其反义词为under; above"高于，在……上方"，多指在相对较高的位置，反义词是below ; on"在……上"，强调与表面接触，其反义词为beneath。
（5）through，across,over: across"横过"，指从物体的一边到另一边; through"穿过，贯穿"，指从内部穿过; over"越过，跨过"，指从物体的上面过，如across the river、through the forest、over the mountains。
3.方式介词
（1）with
1) write with a pen, cut with a knife, lock with a key…
2) see with our eyes, do with our hands, smell with our noses, eat with our mouths…
归纳：with+工具/ 人体部位
（2）in
1) in English, in French, in your own words, in three languages…
2) in a loud voice, in a low voice…
3) in this way, in these ways
归纳：in + 语言/声音/方法way
（3）by
1) by bike, by bus, by train, by plane, by ship, by car, by land, by road 陆路, by sea 水路，by air 空运
2) by this means…
归纳：by + 交通工具/方法means
（4）on
1) on TV, on the radio, on the phone...
2) on the bike, on the plane, on the ship
归纳：on +媒介/the+交通工具
4.其他介词
（1）except, besides
expect:“除了”，表不包含 Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.
besides:“除了...还”，表包含 Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.
（2）against
表示 “与......方向相反”；逆着；顶着；靠着。 He is standing against the wall.
表示 “违反，违背”。 What he did was against the law.
表示 “以......为竞争对手”。 It was a real race against time to get the project done.
表示 “不同意，反对”。（反义词是for） I’m sorry, but I’m really against your proposal.
（3）beyond
表示“在...... 另一边” The house is beyond the bridge.
表示 “迟于；晚于” Don’t stay here beyond midnight.
表示 “超出......(范围), 对......来说太难” Math is beyond me. I can never get high grades.
★考点2：固定搭配中的介词
高考对介词固定搭配的考查以介词与名词、动词的搭配为主,偶有考查介词与介词、介词与形容词等搭配。介词的搭配重在积累。近5年考查情况如下:
1.介词与名词搭配:on earth 在世界上;by hand 用手; a pack of 一群; various types of各种类型的; method of/ for ……的办法
2.介词与动词搭配: serve as充当; compete for sth. with sb.为……与……竞争; take responsibility for对……负责
3.介词与介词搭配:from. . . to...从……到……
4.介词与形容词搭配:be associated with与……有关
5.其他:more than不仅仅
【知识拓展】容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型 举 例
差一冠词，大相径庭 in front of（在……前面)——in the front of（在……前部） in charge of（负责）——in the charge of（由……负责） out of question（毫无疑问）——out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——at the table（在桌子旁边）
有无介词，意义不同 know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击 search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格 benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足，误加介词 serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for） enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into） follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with） go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to） live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）
母语思维，误用介词 be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by） leave for some place动身去某地（不用to） set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for） in the direction朝着……方向（不用to） do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to） different from和……不同（不用with） with the help of在……的帮助下（不用under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of） read sth. to sb.给某人读……（不用for）
四、 连词
对连词的考查就是考并列连词和三大从句的引导词。三大从句即定语从句、名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、状语从句。
★考点1：并列连词
常见并列连词用法归纳如下：
1.and表示递进、几者兼有、顺承等并列关系
表示选择关系,意为"或者"
2.or 在否定句中表示并列关系,意为"也不"
用于引出解释性内容,意为"即,也就是,或者说"
用于警告或忠告,意为"否则,要不然"
3.so表示因果关系,引出结果
4. for表示因果关系,引出原因
5.but表示转折关系,意为"但是"
意为"正在这时(突然)",相当于and then
was/ were doing. . . when. . .
6. when 固定结构 was/were about to do. . . when. . .
be on the point of doing. . . when. . .
had just done. . . when. . .
7.while表示对比关系,意为"而"
so不与because/ as/since连用, but不与although/ though/while连用，但yet可以
either. . . or.. .要么……要么……,或者……或者……
neither. . . nor.. .既不……也不……
8.其他 固定搭配 both. . . and. ..二者都
not only. . . but ( also)...不仅……而且…….
not. . . but...不是……而是……
祈使句/名词短语 +and/or ＋陈述句
★考点2：定语从句
1.定语从句引导词的确定
2.定语从句重难点归纳
（1）只用which不用that的情况：1.介词后2. 用于非限制定语从句中
This is the train by which we went to Beijing.
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
（2）只用who不用that的情况：在anyone, those, he/she/I / they作先行词时, 用“who” 代替 “that”.
Those who break the law should be punished.
He who plays with fire gets burnt.
the way 做先行词时引导词的确定：先看后面定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语:
缺少主语或宾语:引导词用that / which / 不填(缺宾语时)
主语宾语都不缺:引导词用that / in which / 不填
（4）as的用法
as\that\which
1. It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.
2. It is such a big stone that nobody can lift it.
3. As is known to all, he is the best student.
4. Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.
归纳：
1）as引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被such, the same, so, as 修饰，即构成such…as , the same …as, so…as, 结构。as在定语从句中应充当成分如：主语、宾语或表语。
2）as 与which引导非限制性定语从句都能指代整句内容，但定语从句位于句首时，只能用 as, 意为“正如、恰如”。常用于固定搭配中：as is often the case (这是常有的事), as we expected(不出所料); as is known to all (众所周知); as has been said before (如上所述); as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等等。
做题技巧：
a.当主句中出现such 或so 时,看后面从句是否缺主语或宾语:
(1)缺主语或宾语,从句前用as (2)不缺主语和宾语,从句前用that
b.当主句中出现the same时, 后面从句缺主语或宾语时与as搭配表同一类事物,与that搭配表同一个事物
...the same pen as I lost. ... the same pen that I lost.
（5）定语从句与强调句
强调句型是It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其它部分; 去掉 It is/was …that/who… ,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。
1)a. It is in this room that I lived last year.（强调句）
b. It is the room where I lived last year.（定语从句）
2)a. It was at seven o’clock that he went to school this morning.（强调句）
b. It was seven o’clock when he went to school this morning.（定语从句）
（6）定语从句与同位语从句
that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释，that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。
1) a. The news that our volleyball team won the match made us excited.（同位语从句）
　b. The news that/which he told me yesterday is exciting.（定语从句）
2) a. I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.（同位语从句）
b. The mother made a promise that/which pleased all her children.（定语从句）
★考点3：名词性从句
1.名词性从句解题2步走
第1步判断是否属于名词性从句;第2步判断名词性从句中的连接词;若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语, 用连接代词; 若缺少状语就用连接副词; 如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整, 是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。
2.名词性从句重难点归纳
【小结】名词性从句引导词基本用法
引导词类别 常见引导词 作用
连接代词 what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 有词义，在从句中担任主语、表语、宾语、或定语等成分
连接副词 how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever 有词义，在从句中担任状语成分
从属连词 that, whether, if 除that外均有词义，在从句中不担任成分，只起连接作用
（一）主语从句
a.引导词
在复合句中充当主句主语的从句叫作主语从句。主语从句的常见引导词有：
(1)从属连词： that, whether, if
(2)连接代词：what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
(3)连接副词：how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever
b.it作形式主语
在通常情况下，that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句尾。用it作形式主语通常有以下四种句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋从句：
It is necessary that... 有必要…… It is important that... 重要的是……
It is obvious that... 很明显……
(2)It＋be＋过去分词＋从句：
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It has been decided that... 已决定……
(3)It＋be＋名词(短语)＋从句：
It is common knowledge that... ……是常识 It is a surprise that... 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that... 事实是……
(4)It＋不及物动词/动词短语＋从句：
It appears that... 似乎…… It happens that... 碰巧……
It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想起…… It doesn’t matter whether... ……没有关系
（二）宾语从句
动词+宾语从句 I want to know what he has told you.
介词+wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句 His father is worried about whether he would lose his work.
besides/beyond/but/except/that (除了) Have you heard anything beyond that he is ill Criticism and self-criticism is necessary but that it helps us correct our mistakes.
find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等+it+宾语补足语+that引导的宾语从句 I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
hate,enjoy,like,love,dislike,see to等+it+宾语从句 I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
形容词+宾语从句 I’m sure that they can make it.
（三）表语从句
a.引导词
在复合句中充当表语的从句叫作表语从句，可接表语从句的连系动词有be, seem, look, sound, taste, feel, remain, appear等。表语从句的常见引导词有：
(1)从属连词： that, whether
(2)连接代词： what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
(3)连接副词： how, when, where, why
b.几种特殊的表语从句
(1) as if/though 引导的表语从句
此类表语从句常出现在seem, look, sound, taste, feel, appear等连系动词后，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。
It sounds as if you are from Canada.
It seemed as if she had heard the news.
(2) because和why引导的表语从句
此类表语从句常用于以下句型：
this/that is why... 这/那是……的原因
this/that is because... 这/那是因为……
注意：主句主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用because或why。
The accident that happened yesterday was because the driver had been drunk.
The reason for yesterday’s accident is that the driver was drunk.
同位语从句
同位语可以由：词语、词组、句子构成。当同位语由句子构成时，就叫同位语从句。
同位语从句的位置：名词、代词之后, 作用：解释说明。
常见的能接同位语从句 的名词 belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,conclusion,suggestion,problem,order,answer,decision,explanation,information,thought,word
例句 The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn’t been decided.
引导词
同位语从句注意点：
（1）同位语从句的虚拟语气：
在 一坚持 insist，二命令 order, command，三建议 advise, suggest, propose，四要求 require, request, demand, desire后面的同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略
e.g:I made a proposal that we should get up early tomorrow.
I proposed that we should get up early tomorrow.
（2）区分同位语从句与定语从句（详见定语从句部分）
★考点4：状语从句
1.状语从句的引导词
a.时间状语从句:
(1) when , while , as, before, after , whenever
(2) until ,till
(3) as soon as , instantly/ directly/immediately, the moment/the minute/the instant（一……就……）
(4) the first time , the last time , every time ,each time
b.地点状语从句:where , wherever
c.原因状语从句:because, as ,since ,now that
d.让步状语从句:although, though, while, as, even if/ though, no matter when/what/where/ . . . , whether. . . or. . .
e.条件状语从句: if, unless, once, as/ so long as, only if, on condition that, given that, supposing that
f.方式状语从句:as , as if , as though
g.比较状语从句:than , as
h.结果状语从句:( so... ) that ,so that
i.目的状语从句:so that, in order that
【以上便为语法填空核心考点，希望同学们烂熟于心，每次考试之前可以看一看！下面将总结英语词根词缀。】
英语词根词缀总结
English words are often made up of a prefix, a word root, and a suffix. The knowledge of the meaning of word parts and the ability to use that knowledge to figure out unknown words is another reading tool you can use. The more tools you can use, the more efficient a reader you will be. Using word parts to understand the meaning of a word is a skill that you use along with context clues to figure out the meaning of unknown words. Knowing the meaning of different parts of the word moves you close to the meaning of the word. Then that close meaning is made more precise by the context of the sentence in which the word appears.
Examples:
1. Our seats at the concert were so far from the stage that the music was almost inaudible.
Prefix: _________________ = not
Word root: ______________ =hear
Suffix: _________________ =able
2. Many people find stories of alien life forms visiting earth incredible.
Prefix: _________________ = not
Word root: ______________ =believe
Suffix: _________________ =able
【掌握词根词缀对增大词汇量十分有用，请同学们理解词根词缀的意义，并记住例词，该部分必须背熟！！！】
Prefixes
A prefix is a word part that is added to the beginning of a base word or root.
No. Prefix Meaning Example words
1 anti- against, opposed to antiwar, antiaircraft, antibody
2 auto- self autobiography, autograph
3 mono- one/single monosyllable, monocycle, monotone
4 bi- two bicycle, bilingual, bilateral
5 tri- three tricycle, triangle, tricar
6 co/com, col, con, cor- together/with cooperate, correlation, coexistence
7 contra-/count er against contrary, contradiction
8 de- down degrade, devalue, descend
9 dis- not/opposite of dislike, disappear, disagree, disobey
10 en- cause to be/make into enrich, enlarge, enjoy
11 ex- former ex-president, ex-husband, ex-wife
out (of), outwards export, extend, extract
12 extra-/extro- over; beyond; outside extraordinary, extra-special, extracurricular activities
13 fore- before/front /in advance forehead, foretell, foresight
14 in/im, il, ir- not insignificant, impossible, illegal, irregular
in, into, inside, inward indoor, inland, import, inside
15 inter- between/among international, interact, interview, interchangeable
16 mal- bad/wrong mal-administration, malfunction, malnourished, malnutrition, malpractice
17 micro- small microbus, microwave, Microsoft
18 mis- wrong/bad/not misspell, misunderstand, mislead, misquote
19 multi- many multistate, multipolar, multiple choice
20 non- not nonviolent, nonhuman, nonsense
21 poly- many polysyllable, polycrystal, polygene
22 pre- before (in time) prewar, preview, prehistory, predict
23 post- after (in time) postwar, postgraduate
24 pro- forward progress, prolong, proceed
in favor of pro-American, pro-attitude
25 pseudo- false pseudoscience, pseudobravery, pseudonym
26 re- again;back to previous condition rebuild, recall, reorganize
27 sub- under subconscious, subcontinent, subdivide sub-zero, subway, submarine, subtitle
28 suc- come next or after succeed, successive, succession, successor
29 super- above/more or greater than superman, supermarket
30 tele- far/distance television, telescope, telephone
31 trans- across/over transplant, transport, transship
32 un- not unimportant, unnecessary
33 uni- one unicycle, unify, uniform
Word Roots
A word root is a core part of a word, which contains the basic meaning of the word. Prefixes and suffixes can be added on to the root. Word roots can be the simple and basic words that you know, but sometimes they are the combining forms coming from Greek and Latin Languages, which you are probably unfamiliar with.
No. Root Meaning Example Words
1 agri/o land, field agriculture, agronomy
2 ann year annual, anniversary
3 audi hear audible, auditor, audio-visual
4 bio life biology, biography
5 cede/ceed/ce ss move, go, come precede, succeed, proceed, access
6 chron time chronic, chronicle, synchronic, diachronic
7 cred believe credible, incredible
8 cycle circle bicycle, recycle
9 dent tooth dental, dentist
10 dic speak, tell, say dictate, dictation, dictator
11 graph write, writing biography, photograph, pseudograph
12 gress go, walk, move Progress, congress
13 hydro water hydroplane, hydroelectric
14 leg law legal, illegal
15 mar sea marine, mariner, submarine
16 miss/mit send missile, transmit, transmission
17 mort death mortal, immortal
18 nov new novel, renovate, renovation
19 oper work operate, cooperate
20 phono sound phonograph, telephone, phonetics
21 photo light photograph, photoelectric
22 port carry import, export, porter, portable, transport
23 scend climb, move, go descend, descendent
24 spec look spectator, inspect, conspicuous
25 tend/tens stretch extend, tension
26 tract draw extract, distract, attract
27 urb city urban, suburb
28 vene/vent come intervene, convene, prevent
29 vers/vert turn reverse, reversible, irreversible, introvert, extrovert, conversion
30 vis/vid see vision, visit, video, audio-visual
Suffixes
A suffix is a word part that comes at the end of a word and it adds some meaning to the word root. Its purpose is either to form a new word or show the function of the word.
No. Noun Suffixes Example Words
People who (do something) / one who …
1 -er teacher, reader, employer
2 -or visitor, senator
3 -ar beggar, liar, scholar
4 -ant inhabitant, participant, assistant, accountant
5 -ist motorist, artist, dentist
6 -ee employee, referee
7 -eer engineer, racketeer, mountaineer
State of… / condition of… / quality of…
8 -ance acceptance, resistance, appearance, attendance, assistance
9 -ence existence, difference, insistence, dependence, occurrence
10 -ion/-sion/-tion selection, invention, discussion, inflation, action expansion, decision, conclusion, extension, division convention, production, reduction, description
11 -ment movement, improvement, government
12 -ness greatness, happiness
13 -ity/-ty reality, equality, popularity, specialty, safety, certainty
14 -age marriage, storage, shortage, postage, percentage
15 -al arrival, approval, refusal, proposal
16 -dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom, officialdom
17 -hood childhood, boyhood, brotherhood, likelihood
18 -ship friendship, membership, leadership
Theory, study or subject (of)
19 -logy biology, zoology, sociology, ideology, anthropology, archaeology
Contain or hold a quantity
20 -ful mouthful, handful, armful, cupful, spoonful
No. Adjective Suffixes Meaning
Having the quality or feature of / characteristic of / capable of
21 -able/ible eatable, responsible, interchangeable
22 -al natural, educational, national, personal, governmental
23 -ic horrific, specific, terrific
24 -ant, -ent assistant, resistant, existent, dependent
25 -ory satisfactory, sensory, advisory
26 -ish bookish, childish, foolish, womanish
27 -like steellike, childlike, manlike
28 -some tiresome, troublesome, lonesome
29 -ous dangerous, poisonous, mountainous, zealous, famous
30 -ious laborious, spacious, curious
31 -worthy trustworthy, praiseworthy
32 -ly lively, friendly, fatherly
33 -y windy, sunny, cloudy, foggy, rainy, sandy, salty
With, full of…
34 -ful useful, fruitful, peaceful, skillful, truthful, harmful, careful
Without
35 -less careless, painless, homeless, sleepless, useless, hopeless
No. Adverb Suffixes Meaning
Having the quality of being… / in a … manner
36 -ly slowly, quickly, quietly, bravely, greatly
No. Verb Suffixes Meaning
37 -en soften, sharpen, shorten, darken, deepen, quicken, richen, broaden, thicken, fasten, sweeten, strengthen
38 -fy/-ify purify, simplify, citify, beautify, uglify, classify, intensify
39 -ize modernize, realize, industrialize, normalize, organize, popularize, centralize, decentralize

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