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9年级Unit 5 What are the shirts made of
Grammar 被动语态
I. 概念：主语和谓语之间的关系
（1）主动关系（主语为动作执行者）：主动语态（The active voice）
（2）被动关系（主语为动作承受者）：被动语态（The passive voice）
II．结构：主动句—— A do B He eats an apple every day.
被动句——B be done (by A) An apple is eaten by him every day.
III．主动变被动方法: 1. 把句子中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2. 把主动句中的谓语变成被动句的be done形式，注意时态保持一致
3. 把主句中的主语变成by的宾语，如果不强调动作执行者by sb.可省略
e.g. He often ask me questions. I am often asked questions by him.
She sang mang songs last night. → Mang songs were sung by her.
Who broke the window Who/ Whom was the window broken by
= By whom was the window broken
Such books are written for children.
English is spoken as an international language around the world.
My computer was stolen last night.
IV．各个时态的被动语态
时态 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am is → done are am is → being done are has → been done have
过去 was → done were was → being done were had been done
将来 shall will → be done be going to
过去将来 should would → be done was/were going to
e.g. 1. 一般现在时的被动语态
Our classroon ______ ______ (clean) every day.
I _____ ______ ( ask) to study hard by my mother.
Knives ______ ______ (use) for cuttig things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态
A new shop ______ ______ (build) last year.
Those Dinosuar eggs ______ ______ (lay) long time ago.
3. 一般过去时的被动语态
A new hospital ______ ______ ______( build) in our city.
Many more trees are going to ______ ______ (plant) next year.
4. 现在进行时的被动语态
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. → __________________________________________________.
They are planting trees over there. → __________________________________________________.
5. 现在完成时的被动语态
This book ________ ________ ________ (translate) into many languages.
Many man-made satellites ________ ________ ________ (send) up into space by many countries.
*6. 过去进行时的被动语态
A kite ________ ________ ________(make) by my brother when I came into his room.
*7. 过去完成式的被动语态
Many school ________ ________ ________ (build) by the end of last year.
*8. 过去将来时的被动语态
He said his homework ________ ________ _______ (finish) soon.
V. 情态动词的被动形式
can/may +be done, could/might +be done, needn’t/should/must +be done
e.g. Young trees must ________ ________ (water) often.
Your mistakes should ________ ________ (correct) right now.
The doctor may ________ ________ (lock) inside.
Your hometown can ________ ________ (hand) in tomorrow.
VI. 注意事项
1. 含有双宾语的动词
在间接宾语前用介词to的：bring/take/lend/pass/sell/show/teach/tell
在间接宾语前用介词for的：buy/cook/get/make/sing/fetch
e. g. He gave me a present yesterday. I was given a present by him yesterday.
A present was given to me by him yesterday.
Exercises:
I lent her me bike last week.
My mom made me a new sweater.
He writes her a letter every two weeks.
The old man told us a story yesterday.
My best friend brought me a book this morning.
My best friend bought me a book this morning.
2. 不及物动词作谓语的句子变被动语态时，介词或副词不能省。
e.g. Others often laugh at him. He is often laughed at by others.
Exercises: We should speak to the old politely.
we needn’t talk about the accident.
3. 含有复合宾语的句子
1）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
We always keep the classroom clean.
Someone found him smoking in the classroom.
He asked us to play with him.
2）主语+谓语+宾语+do sth. (make /see/ watch/hear/feel/notice/look at/listen to)
I often see him play soccer in the afternoon.
His mother made him stay at home.
4. 不用被动语态的情况
1）表示主语本身属性或性能的动词，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的动词有：write/read/clean/sell/wash/cook/burn/break等。
eg: ① The cloth washes easily. ② The new product sells well.
对比：① The books were sold out. ② The books sell well.
2）主系表结构，常见的动词有：look/sound/smell/taste/feel/get/become/turn/grow/go/come/fall/keep/stay/remain/seem/appear
eg: ① The desk feels smooth. ② The food tastes delicious.
3）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如：happen/take place/run out/break out/belong to/lose heart
4）宾语是反身代词，如：teach/dress/kill oneself
5）need/want/require doing = need/want/require to be done.
eg: ① The flowers need watering. ② The machine needs repairing.
VII. 中考聚焦
1. More and more people speak Chinese in the world. (改为被动语态)（重庆市2010年）
Chinese ________ ________ by more and more people in the world.
2. I’m glad to find that many trees ________ in our city last year. （重庆市2011年）
A. plant B. planted C. were planted D. are planted
3. Chinese ________ by more and more people from all over the world today. （重庆市2012年）
A. learn B. learned C. is learned D. was learned
4. A lot of trees ________ around here every year, and we can enjoy fresher air now. （重庆市2013年A卷）
A. were planted B. are planted C. will planted D. are planting
5. — Who is the little girl in the picture （重庆市2013年B卷）
— It’s me. The picture ________ 10 years ago.
A. took B. is taken C. has taken D. was taken
6. 短文填空：I believe the world is changed by small things. （重庆市2014年A卷）
7. Keep quiet, please! Talking ________ during the meeting. （重庆市2014年B卷）
A. is not allowed B. is allowed C. doesn’t allow D. allows
VIII. 句型练习
1. Susan took this photo ten years ago.
2. We will build a new railway in our city in 2012.
3. Nowadays our country sends more and more students to study abroad.
4. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
5. We should build lots of new roads if we want to develop our village.
6. Have you cleaned the window yet
7. Susan’s friends helped her with her homework last weekend.
8. We can find aliens in space.
9. Trees will cover all these mountains in a few years’ time.
10. Our school is preparing a modern library for the students.
11. A professor is going to give us a talk on Chinese history in the hall next week.
12. I have collected different kinds of shells so far.
13. Who wrote this book
14. Jack said that Mary had shown him her new computer.
15. I saw a monkey jump off the tree just now.
16. We should listen to the teachers carefully in class.
17. It was reported that the police had caught the murderer.
18. Do you think that they will complete the building in one year
19. Our teacher gave us ten minutes to read the story.
20. My uncle and aunt are planting some flowers in the garden at the moment.
21. Did you see that the fire had destroyed the house last year
22. We can’t see the stars in the daytime.
23. We use the keys to open the doors.
24. We are going to hold a sports meeting next term.
25. Sandy didn’t pass me the ball in the football match.
26. When I got home, my mother had cooked me a wonderful dinner.
27. I have to change my plan because of the terrible weather.
28. Language learners must play more attention to their pronunciation.
29. Is everybody looking at the UFOs
30. Your friend has to think it over.
答案：
IV. 各个时态的被动语态
1. is cleaned; am asked; are used 2. was built; were laid 3. will be built; be planted 4. My bike is being mended by Uncle Wang now.；Trees are being panted by them over there. 5. has been translated; have been sent 6. was being made 7. had been built 8. would be finished
V. 情态动词的被动形式
be watered; be corrected; be locked; be handed.
VI. 注意事项
Exercises1:
1. My bike was lent to her by me last week.
She was lent my bike by me last week.
2. A new sweater was made for me by my mom.
I was made a new sweater by my mom.
3. A letter is written to her by him every two weeks.
She is written a letter by him every two weeks.
4. A story was told to us by the old man yesterday.
We were told a story by the old man yesterday.
5. A book was brought to me by my best friend this morning.
I was brought a book by my best friend this morning.
6. A book was bought for me by my best friend this morning.
I was bought a book by my best friend this morning.
Exercises2:
1. The old should be spoken to politely by us.
2. The accident shouldn’t be talked about by us.
Exercises3:
1) The classroom is always kept clean by us.
He was found smoking (by someone) in the classroom.
We were asked to play with him by him.
2) He is often seen to play soccer in the afternoon (by me).
He was made to stay at home by his mother.
VII. 中考聚焦
1. is spoken 2-5 CCBD 7. A
VIII. 句型练习
1. This potato was taken by Susan ten years ago.
2. A new railway will be built by us in our city in 2012.
3. Nowadays more and more students are sent to study abroad by our country.
4. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
5. Lots of roads should be built by us if we want to develop our village.
6. Has the window been cleaned yet by you
7. Susan was helped with her homework by her friends last weekend.
8. Aliens can be found by us in space.
9. All these mountains will be covered by trees in a few years’ time.
10. A modern library is being prepared by our school for the students.
11. A talk on Chinese history is going to be given to us by a professor in the hall next week.
12. Different kinds of shells have been collected by me so far.
13. Who was this book written by /By whom was this book written
14. Jack said that he had been shown her new computer by Mary.
Jack said that her new computer had been shown to him by Mary.
15. A monkey was seen to jump off the tree by me just now.
16. The teachers should be listened to carefully by us in class.
17. It was reported that the murderer had been caught by the police.
18. Do you think that the building will be completed by them in one year
19. Ten minutes was given to us to read the story by our teacher.
20. Some flowers are being planted by my uncle and aunt in the garden at the moment.
21. Did you see that the house had been destroyed by the fire last year
22. The stars can’t be seen by us in the daytime.
23. The keys are used to open the doors by us.
24.A sports meeting is going to be held by us next term.
25. The ball wasn’t passed to me by Sandy in the football match./I wasn’t passed the ball by Sandy in the football match.
26. When I got home, a wonderful dinner had been cooked for me by my mother.
27. My plan has to be changed by me because of the terrible weather.
28. Their pronunciation must be paid more attention to by language learners.
29. Are the UFOs being looked at by everybody
30. It has to be thought over by your friend.
二、Words and expressions
1. chopstick n. 筷子 a pair of chopsticks
2. coin n. 硬币 Every coin has two sides.
3. blouse n. （女士）短上衣，衬衫 She showed me her nice blouse yesterday.
4. glass
1) 杯子 C. He was very thirsty and drank two glasses of water.
2) 玻璃 U. We can see everything though glass.
Glass is easy to break. Glass breaks easily.
a piece of glass/ two pieces of glass
3) 眼镜 (pl.) a pair of glasses wear glasses
This pair of sun glasses is cheap and fashionable. I’d like to take them.(人称代词代人代物不代量)
5. fair
1) n. 交易会，展览会 a world trade fair / an art fair / a science fair
There will be an art fair in Three Gorges Museum.
2) adj. 公平的，公正的 ←→ unfair
be fair to sb. We have to be fair to both players.
It’s fair / unfair to do … It’s fair that …
3) adv. fairly 相当地；公平地 n. fairness
6. grass n. 草，草地 U.
cut the grass Horses feed on grass. Keep off the grass. 禁止进入草坪。
7. leaf n.树叶 → leaves（复数） lettuce / cabbage leaves dead leaves
名词变复数相同方式的有：half – halves, wife – wives, knife – knives, self – selves, wolf- wolves, shelf – shelves, thief – thieves, life – lives
8. produce v. 生产/制造（产品，可与make换），生产（粮食，蔬菜）→ production n.
What does the factory produce / make The factory produces / makes cars.
These farmers produce wheat and rice.
Where is tea produced in China
9. widely
adv. 广泛地，普遍地 He has travelled widely in Asia. Her books are widely read. The writer is widely known.
★wide adj. 宽的 width n. 宽度
a wide river / street
How wide is the river = What’s the width of the river
This garden is 4 meters wide. = This garden is 4 meters in width.
★widen v. widen/broaden my horizon
10. known for
be well known for = be (very) famous for Chongqing is known for the hot pot.
be well known as = be (very) famous as Chongqing is known as a mountain city.
be well known to = be (very) famous to Chongqing is known to people all over the world.
（也可写作 well- known be well- known / better- known / best- known for/ as/ to)
For example, Anxi and Hangzhou are widely known for their tea.
11. process
v. 加工，处理 The fish are processed by freezing.
n. 过程 The reforming of the education system is a long process.
12. pack
v. 包装 Have you packed all your things
pack sth. up / pack up sth pack it up 打包，整理
n. package 包，包裹
13. no matter 无论
1) whatever, whoever 引导名词性从句（不可与no matter…转换）
You can wear whatever you like to school. 宾语从句
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 主语从句
2) whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however 引导状语从句时，可与no matter what / who / where / when / how 转换
No matter what / Whatever you say, I can’t agree with you.
No matter who / Whoever you are, you should follow the rules.
No matter what you may buy, you might think those products were made in those countries.
14. avoid v. 避免 avoid sb./sth.
Fortunately, we were able to avoid an accident.
He’s been avoiding me all week. I left early to acoid the rush hour.
★ avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
He realized that Americans can hardly avoid the buying products made in China.
He avoided answering my questions.
I tried to avoid meeting him because he always bored me.
avoidable adj. 可避免的 unavoidable adj. 不可避免的
15. everyday 每天的，日常的 everyday life / activities / English
every day 每天 I practice my spoken English every day. I walk my dog every day.
16. surface n. 表面，表层 C.
on a smooth surface He stepped onto the surface of the moon.
He always looks only at the surface of things.
17. traffic n. 交通 U.
traffic lights/ traffic accidents/ traffic jam/ rush-hour traffic
There’s heavy (a lot of) traffic on this road.
18. cap n. (尤指有帽舌的) 帽子 — hat（指带檐的帽子）
put on a cap/ take off a cap/ a bottle cap瓶盖
19. international adj. 国际的 — internationally
an international airport/ international cooperation
20. its 可复习its它的…/ its它的（某物）/ it’s它是的用法
21. form
n. 形式，类型 I like any form of exercise.
n. 表格 an application form fill in a form
What did the forms help Wan and Tang to know about 这些表格帮助了王和唐知道了些什么？(17年重庆中考任务型阅读)
v. 形成 构成 Do you know how to form the passive voice
22. lively adj. 生气勃勃的；（色彩）鲜艳的（lively- livelier- liveliest）
The pieces are usually cute children or lively character from a Chinese fairy tale or historical story. (p.38)
a lively child/ a lively discussion/ a lively city Paris is one of the liveliest cities in the world.
Lively “活泼，充满活力”前置定语 a lively young woman
Live “(动植物)活着的； 时光转播的”前置定语 a real live snake
Living “活着的”定语表语都可以，用法最广 a real living snake/ the living 活着的人
Alive “活着的”后置定语或表语 a real snake alive ※ We found the snake alive.(作补语，不用living）
23. historical adj. 有关历史的 a historical story/ document/ record/ research
history n. 历史 world history/ the history of ancient Rome/ a history teacher/ in history
24. heat
(1) n. 热，高温 the heat of the sun I can’t stand the heat.
(2) v. 加热 I heated the room. Can you heat some milk for me
*heated adj. 热的，激烈的 a heated argument
plete pletely
(1) v. 完成 It took two years to complete the bridge.
She has completed her novel recently. Complete the sentences below.
(2) adj. 完整的 a complete story/ two complete weeks
三、Key expressions
1. What are the shirts made of
be made of 由···制成（强调物理变化，能看出原材料）The kite is made of paper.
be made from 由···制成（强调化学变化，不能看出原材料）The wine is made from wheat.
be made in 在···制造 This bag is made in China.
be made by 由···制造 The chair is made by an old carpenter.
be made into 被制成···（后接成品）Some of the trees will be made into paper.
be made of 由…组成 Our class is made up of 60 students.
2. He found it interesting that so many products in the local ships were made in China.
(1) 复习it 作形式主语和形式宾语的用法
it 作形式主语
It’s easy for me to learn English well.
It’s convenient for me to go shopping.
it 作形式宾语
He found it interesting to dress up as ghosts.
= He found it was interesting to dress up as ghosts.
(2) so many/much/few/little (少) such little (小) sheep
3. Each different part of China has its own special forms of traditional art.
each的用法
Each of the students has a dictionary in our class.
Each student has a dictionary in our class.
Each of us has a dictionary in our class.
We each have a dictionary in our class.
4. The most things, from paper to clay to bamboo, are turned into objects of beauty. 最普遍的东西，从纸到黏土再到竹子，都变成了美丽的物品。
总结turn 的有关短语: turn on/ turn off/ turn up/ turn down/ turn to page 10/ turn over 翻转
5. The paper, usually red, is folded before it is cut with scissors.
表示“用”
with + 工具 He wrote the letter with a pen.
in + 语言，声音，材料 Can you tell the story in English
Could you please speak in a low voice
by + 方式 The girl makes a living by selling flowers.

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