资源简介 名词一、 名词的定义名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词:二、名词的分类1. 专有名词:主要是指人名、地名、江河湖海名称、书名、歌名、机构名、月份、星期、节日或某一事物特有的名称。2. 普通名词:是指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名词。可分为四类:个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。3.个体名词是指单个人或单个事物的名词,通常是可数名词,有名词的复数。host ;kid; book 等。4.集体名词是指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。这些名词通常形式上是单数意义上是复数,做主语的时候谓语动词要用复数。people ;family; police ;cattle 等。The police _______(be) catching this murderer. 警察正在追这个谋杀犯。5.物质名词是指无法分为个体的物质、材料、食品、饮料、液体、气体等名称的词。wood; bread; water; air等。6.抽象名词是指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作的等抽象概念及学科、疾病等名称的词。honesty; love; hunger;celebration等。物质名词和抽象名词通常是不可数名词。三、名词的数 1. 名词复数的构成方法规则变化的复数名词遵循以下原则:(1) 在一般情况下,加词尾 -s:desk→desks 书桌 tree→trees 树 face→faces 脸(2) 以 s, x, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es:bus→buses 公共汽车 box→boxes 盒子 dish→dishes 盘子(3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s:city→cities 城市 boy→boys 男孩 key→keys 钥匙(4) 以o结尾的名词,有生命的+es,无生命的直接+spiano→pianos 钢琴 tomato→tomatoes 西红柿 zero→zero(e)s【说明】有生命加词尾-es的有tomato(西红柿),potato(土豆),hero(英雄),Negro(黑人)。(5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,一般将 f / fe 改为 ves:knife→knives 小刀 thief→thieves 贼 life→lives 生命【说明】初中英语中这类名词主要的有wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。!!!!!2. 单数与复数同形的名词初中英语中主要的有:sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿 Chinese 中国人 Japanese 日本人 Swiss 瑞士人 等【说明】fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其表示种类时。3. 不规则的复数名词有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则:man→men 男人 woman→women 女人 child→children 小孩tooth→teeth 牙齿 foot→feet 脚 mouse→mice 老鼠【说明】一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,构成复数时与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:policeman→policemen 警察 Englishwoman→Englishwomen (女)英国人但是 human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能仿 man 的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即用 humans, Germans。!!!!另外,man nurse→men nurses 男护士 woman doctor→women doctors 女医生【即学活用】1. Would you like some__________ (tomato) for dinner 2. We should do something to stop people from killing animals for fur, __________(tooth) and meat.3. Please finish your food. There are many hungry__________ (baby) in the world, you know.4. The_________(radio)in the shop are cheap. You can buy one.5. A group of_____________(Frenchman)are talking with two_________(Chinese).4. 可数与不可数名词的修饰语(1) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等:these students 这些学生 a few friends 几个朋友a great many letters 许多信件 many factories 许多工厂【说明】a good [great] many 后直接跟名词,没有介词 of。(2) 修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this, that, little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of 等:this paper 这种纸 much money 许多钱a little milk 一点点牛奶 a great deal of time 许多时间(3) 有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,如all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等:some books 一些书 some time 一些时间a lot of workers 许多工人 a lot of water 许多水6. 单位词piece与pair(1) 一般说来,不可数名词不可以用数目来计数,若要计数,则要借助单位词,其中用于对不可数名词计数的最常用的单位词就是piece,其意为“张”、“块”、“条”等:a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议(advice是不可数名词,advise是动词形式,suggestion是可数名词,变成复数后面加s)a piece of news一条消息 a piece of chalk 一支粉笔a piece of bread 一块面包 a piece of work 一件工作a piece of meat 一块肉 a piece of ice 一块冰a piece of wood 一块木头 a piece of furniture 一件家具【说明】不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词,如“一张邮票”只能说 a stamp,而不能说 a piece of stamp。另外,除piece外,以下表达也值得注意:a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 a cup of tea 一杯茶a bowl of rice 一碗米饭 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒a drop of water 一滴水 a grain of sand 一粒沙(2) pair 主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”,或由两半合成的“一条”、“一副”、“一把”等:a pair of shoes 一双鞋子 a pair of glasses 一副眼镜a pair of wings 一对翅膀 a pair of trousers 一条裤子a pair of balances 一副天平 a pair of gloves 一副手套a huge pair of eyes 一双大眼睛 a beautiful pair of legs 一双美丽的大腿【说明】“a pair of+名词”之类的结构作主语时,其谓语通常与pair的数保持一致:This pair of trousers is very cheap. 这条裤子子很便宜。These pairs of trousers are very cheap. 这几条裤子很便宜。7. 几组集合名词的用法特点(1) family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:This class has 40 pupils. 这个班有40个学生。This class are playing football now. 这个班的学生现正在踢足球。(2) cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用。如:People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。The police were after him. 警察正在追捕他。For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。(3) goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。To whom do these goods belong 这些书是谁的?(4) baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝)等, 其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词,没有复数形式。如:Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。(5) hair(头发,毛发)的用法特点:指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。(6) fruit(水果):作为集合名词,它通常是不可数;但若表示种类,则可用作可数名词。如:He doesn't not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。8. 几个常考易错点(1) 根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如:汉语中的“面包”,一般认为是可数的,可以说“一个面包”、“两个面包”等,但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的,不能相应地用 a bread,two breads 表示以上意思。(2) 想当然地判断名词的可数性。如有 news(消息)和 paper(纸)都不可数, newspaper 却是可数名词;又或许认为 tear(眼泪)即“泪水”,并将其与 water(水)相联系,认为 tear 是不可数的,但事实上,tear 却是可数的。四、名词的格1. -’s所有格的构成方法(1) 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -’s:the child's bag 这个孩子的书包 children's books 儿童图书 (2) 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’):girls’ school 女子学校 the Smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽车【说明】带词尾s的单数名词,通常仍加’s:the boss’s new car 老板的新车(3) 带词尾s的人名,可加’s 或只加省字撇(’):Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说 Charles’s job 查理斯的工作不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者,一律加’s:Marx's works 马克思的著作(4) 用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s:Jim’s and Jack’s rooms 吉姆和杰克(各自)的房间Jim and Jack's rooms 吉姆和杰克(共同)的房间3. -’s所有格的用法-’s 所有格主要用于有生命的东西:my mother's bag 我妈妈的包 the horse's tail 马尾巴【说明】(1) 有时可省略所有格后的名词:at the doctor’s 在医务室 at my sister’s 在我姐姐家(2) 有时也可用于无生命的东西,这主要用于表示时间、国家、城市等的名词后:today’s paper 今天的报纸 two hours’ rest 两小时的休息America’s policy 美国的政策 the city’s population 这个城市的人口4. -’s 所有格与of 所有格的用法比较(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-’s 所有格互换。如:Mr Smith’s daughter = the daughter of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的女儿(2) 当-’s 所有格表示类别或来源时,通常不能换成of所有格:women’s shoes 女鞋 Mary’s telegram 玛丽的电报(3) 当用于无生命的事物或表示同位关系,通常只用of 所有格:the cover of the book 书的封面 the City of Beijing 北京市5. 双重所有格即将-’s所有格与of所有格结合使用的一种形式:a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片使用双重所有格应注意的几点:(1) 当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格,有时带有感彩:I don’t like that big nose of David’s. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。That little daughter of your cousin's is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)That daughter of your cousin's is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)(2) 比较以下两种表达在含义上的区别:a photo of Mary's 玛丽收藏的一张照片a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片 一、将下列单词的单数形式改为复数形式。1.wolf 2.doctors 3.cicty 4.Chinese 5.piano 6.thief7.ear 8.churche 9.lady 10.leaf 11.tooth 12.zoo13.brushe 14.wives 15.rope 16.man 17.pear 18.monkeys二、单选题C1. ---What else do we need to make cold beef ---. A. Two spoons salt B. Two spoons of salts C. Two spoons of saltC2.Hurry up! Some _________ and _________ are on sale in the supermarket. A. tomato; egg B. tomatoes; egg C. tomatoes; eggs D. tomato; eggsA3.Look at the two _________over there. They are teaching the girls to play the guitar. A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. woman teacherB4.We should brush our _____ every day. A.tooth B.teeth C.handB5.Upstairs _________ are bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But _________ are in a mess.A. Lily’s and Lucy’s; our B. Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours C. Lily’s and Lucy; ours D. Lily and Lucy’s; ourA6. _____ room looks very clean.A. Bob and David’s B. Bob’s and David’s C. Bob’s and David7.June 1st is ________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.A.Women’s B.Fathers’ C.Teachers’ D.Children’sB8.—What can I do for you, Madam —I’d like two _____________.A. glass of milksB. glasses of milkC. glass of milkD. glasses of milksB9. How many _____________ can you see in the picture A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomatoC10._____________ dog likes running. They often take it to the zoo.A. Tom and Sam B. Tom’s and SamC. Tom and Sam’s D. Tom’s and Sam’s三、请从括号里选出正确的答案。1、Please give me (two/two cups of)coffee.2、There are a lot of(sheep/sheeps)on the farm.3、I'd like some (bread/breads)and(potato/potatoes).4、Look! There is a(mouse/mice)in the corner.5、He bought (a piece of/a piece)paper.6、“Where is (Woman's/Women's)Room ”asked Susan.7、(The girl's/The girls’)hobby is drawing.8、Aunt lucy sent(a chlid's/a children's)book to me.四、按要求填入单词的适当形式1.There are some___________in the box. (tomato)2.Look at those ___________. (picture)3.I can see a ___________standing near the door. (policeman)4.There are some ___________ on the table. (glass)5.Would you like some ___________ (bread)6.I have two___________. (sister)7.I like___________. (cat)8.Do you want some ____________for supper (potato)9.He cooks four___________. (dish)10.In autumn, you can see a lot of___________on the ground. (leaf)五.写出下列名词和词组的所有格1.a sister______________ 2.a boy______________3.today______________ 4.a baby______________5.a camel______________ 6.men_______________7.birds______________ 8.two days ______________9.Tom and John(两人共有的)_____________________________10.Tom and John (两人各自所有的)___________________________ 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览