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非谓语动词作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式，为: ① Ving, ② being+过去分词，③ 过去分词。
当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时用Ving。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且正在进行时用being＋过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示完成时用过去分词。
Grammar 1 现在分词作定语
1. 位置
(1)单个动词-ing形式作定语,常放在被修饰词前作前置定语;
building materials = materials for building 建筑材料
drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水
a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室
a writing desk =a desk for writing 写字台
回顾：those, something, everything, nothing 等不定代词时，则-ing形式要放在其后。
① He is reading something interesting.
② There is nothing amazing.
(2)动词-ing短语作定语,常放在被修饰词后作后置定语，可以扩展成定语从句。
①They lived in a room facing the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。
=They lived in a room that faces the street.
②The man standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
=The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.
③Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。
=Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.
前置与后置的比较
(1)前置：说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途。
They set up an operating table in a small temple.
他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。
He may be in the reading room, for all I know.
据我所知, 他说不定在阅览室里。
(2)后置：与被修饰的词为主动关系, 且表示正在进行的动作。
There were about 200 children studying in the art school. 有大约两百个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。
Who is the girl talking to our English teacher
正在和我们英语老师谈话的那个女孩是谁
3. 形式
(1)doing：动词-ing形式与被修饰词是主动关系，表示“正在做”.
The man standing there is my brother.
(2)being done：动词-ing形式与被修饰词是被动关系，表示“正在被做”
The tall building being built now is our new school.
正在被建的高楼是我们的新学校。
The question being discussed now was presented by the headmaster. 正在被讨论的问题是校长提出来的。
有些动词-ing形式已经转化成形容词,常作定语,用来修饰物, 表示“令人……的”。
常用的此类词有：
exciting、amusing、amazing、astonishing、 shocking、puzzling、confusing、disappointing、discouraging、pleasing、striking、boring、tiring、touching、moving、interesting、satisfying、terrifying、frightening等。
That must have been a terrifying experience.
那一定是一段可怕的经历。
The experiment was an amazing success.
这项试验取得了惊人的成功。
Grammar 2 过去分词作定语
过去分词（短语）作定语
过去分词（短语）是什么？
在英语中，常用done或者V-ed来表示过去分词。过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，是由动词变化而来的，过去分词不能单独做句子的谓语。
但是，“be + 过去分词”以及“have/has/had + 过去分词”可以作句子的谓语。
过去分词(短语)作定语的基本情况
单个的过去分词通常放在名词的前面，作用是修饰该名词，做前置定语，译为“......的”
例句：The broken vase has been thrown outside. 那个打碎了的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The polluted water resulted in the spread of cholera. 被污染的水导致了霍乱的传播。
过去分词短语通常放在名词的后面，作用是修饰该名词，做后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例句：This is a letter written in black ink. 这是一封用黑色墨水写的信。
过去分词(短语)做定语时，有2种常见的情况
①表示和名词之间是被动、完成关系
the adopted son 被收养的儿子 （前置定语）
an advice supported by many people 一个被很多人支持的建议
the guests invited to the party 被邀请去派对的客人们
the river polluted by daily waste 被日常垃圾污染的河流
a great trip organised by our school 由我们学校组织的一次愉快的旅行 （旅行是被组织的）
a question discussed at the meeting yesterday(昨天在会议上被讨论的问题)
②仅表示动作已完成
the injured workers受伤的工人 the broken window破碎了的窗户
the risen sun 升起的太阳 the boiled water 已经烧开(过的)水
the faded flowers 凋谢了的花 the retired workers 退休工人
过去分词(短语)做定语时，位置可以前置或后置。
前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The book written by Liucixin is worth reading. (＝that was written).
这本刘慈欣写的书值得一看。
Who were the guests invited (＝who had been invited) to your party last night？
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些客人是谁呀？
过去分词(短语)做定语时，也有一些特殊情况。
过去分词化的形容词
用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
He spoke with a frightened look. 他说话时显得非常恐惧。
be+不及物动词的过去分词，一般是系表结构，而不是被动语态。这些搭配作定语时常常将其省略be动词后直接跟在被修饰的名词后。
The girl dressed in white is my daughter.
Grammar 3 不定式做定语
不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作,时间上指向将来。
I can't go out with you because I have lots of homework to do.
The car to be bought is for his sister.
当中心词被形容词最高级序数词或or any know only等限定词修饰时，其后常接不定式作定语。
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.
中国成为首个将探测器在月球背面着陆的国家。
He is the only person to know the truth.
他是唯一知道真相的人。
常用在抽象名词attempt ability believe chance decision desire offered determination means plan way promise right time 或不定代词something, nothing等词语之后做后置定语。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。
Women have no right to vote and to be voted in the country.
在那个国家，女性没有选举权和被选举权。
Mr. Brown has something important to deal with at present.
目前布朗先生有重要的事情要处理。
不定式里的动词与被修饰的词之间有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时该不定式通常用主动形式表被动意义，若是不及物动词，其后还要加上适当的介词。
He is particular about the paper to write on.
他对写字的纸很挑剔。
1. The brave firefighter ran into the __________ (burn) building and saved the frightened child.
2. The _______ (sing) girl is my classmate.
3. She is the first woman in the world ____________(award) the prize.
4. We are impressed with the _________ (move) film.
5. She found herself in an_______________ (embarrass) situation.
6. Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path ____________ (lead) up to the house.
7. There was a note ____________ (pin) to the door saying, “Wait a moment, please.”
8. Working parents usually don't have enough time ____________(stay) with your children.
9. In favor of the idea is an experiment ____________(conduct) recently by a University of California.
10. The students ____________ (benefit) most from college are those who take full advantage of the college’s chances and resources.
11. Aimed to deepen foreign people’s understanding of China, a class meeting ____________ (schedule) to be held in our school next week will be displayed on English websites.
12. Prices of daily goods _____________ (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.
13. The play _____________(produce) now aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
14. Today there are more airplanes ____________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
15. He is looking for a room ____________(live)in.
非谓语动词作宾补
感官动词和短语see，watch，observe，notice，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel后面的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调动作全过程）
see sb. doing sth 看见某人正在做某事（强调动作正在进行）
see sth. done 看见某事被做（强调动作已被完成）
I saw him come into the building.
我看见他进了楼。
I saw him coming into the building.
我看见他正在进楼。
I heard him singing a pop song.
我听见他正在唱一首流行歌。
I heard a pop song sung.
我听见有人唱了一首流行歌。
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事
find sb./sth. done 发现某人/某物已经...
find sb./sth. (to be)发现某人/某物...
Often I found her quietly weeping alone.
我经常发现他独自默默流泪。
He found his computer stolen.
他发现他的电脑被偷了。
We found him (to be) dishonest.
我们发现他不诚实。
使役动词
The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到他。
He had the fire burning all night.
他让火燃烧了一夜。
We have the machine repaired just now.
我们刚刚修好了机器。
He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
他试图使他的工作在医学界被认可。
leave sb/sth. doing sth. 让某人/某物一直处于某种状态
leave sth. undone 留下某事未做
leave sb. to do sth. 让某人去做某事
leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做
It is wrong to leave the machine running, 让机器一直运转着是不对的。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched because they didn't test delicious大部分的菜客人们动都没动，因为他们不可口。 We hurriedly ended our meeting leaving many problems to be settled down
我们匆匆忙忙的结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work他走了，留下我一个人去做业余的所有工作。
keep sb/sth doing sth 让某人某物一直做某事
keep sb/sth done.使某人某物被做
Keep the engine running, and I will be back a few minutes later.
别让发动机熄灭，我一会儿就回来。
You should keep me informed of where he went.
你应该让我了解他去了哪里。
with复合结构
with＋名词/代词＋doing/ done/ to do
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
没再说什么话，她离开了会议室。
The kids feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可以参观，小孩们很激动。
一部分动词只能跟不定式作补语的动词及动词词组，如：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, intend,
invite, order, prefer, remind, reqire, teach , tell, want, wish, call on, 等
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生警告他不要吃太多肉。
练习：
With more importance ________ (attach) to traditional culture these years, hanfu has become increasingly popular.
I suppose I can get a good mark which will enable me ________(enter) my ideal college.
After the ambulance arrived, they instantly had the injured ________ (send) to the hospital.
I found Janet ________ (sit) on a bench in the backyard alone, watching the bright moon.
The question kept me ______(wonder) for the rest of the night.
It is impolite to urge other people ________(drink) in the West.
When Snow White came to herself, she found herself_________ (surround) by seven dwarfs.
The foreigner tried to make himself ___________(understand), but failed.
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ________ (take) good care of at home.
With all the problems_________(solve), they went home happily.
When she looked around, she noticed a man ________ (put) his hand into a passenger’s pocket. She rushed to stop it in time.
Large factories were being built and people were made ________ (work) long hours.
Students are encouraged ________ (develop) critical thinking instead of accepting opinions without questioning them.
The plan is designed to motivate more people ___________(take) actions to protect the environment.
独立主格结构
独立结构可分为两部分，前一部分是名词或代词，起着逻辑主语的作用；后一部分由非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1. 名词/代词+形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry.
我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那。
2. 名词/代词+介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
3. 名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over, he left the house.
午饭结束，他离开了房屋。
4. 名词/代词+名词
He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
5. 名词/代词（主格）+不定式
不定式的独立主格结构强调的是一次具体性的动作，或表示还未发生的行为或状态。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
如果明天没有人来，我们将不得不把会议推迟到下周。
6. 名词/代词+现在分词
现在分词构成的独立主格结构：现在分词所表示的动作与逻辑主语是主动关系，在句中常作时间，条件，原因和方式状语。
The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
7. 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词构成的独立主格：逻辑主语与过去分词所表示的动作是被动关系，在句中常作时间原因伴随和条件状语等。
The problem solved, the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard。
由于眼镜摔坏了，他看不见黑板上的字。
注意：动词不定式表示主动和动作没有发生或即将发生；现在分词往往表示主动和动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动和动作已经结束。
独立主格结构的用法：表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 作时间状语
The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) .
他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) .
一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
New technologies _________ (apply) to the production process, the output has increased by 40%.
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __________(follow) in a year.
The party will be held in the garden, weather ________ (permit)．
The guide ________ (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
So many problems ________ (remain) to be settled, I’m in a tight corner.
There________(be)no further business to discuss, we all went home.
All things __________(take) into account, your article is of greater value than his.

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