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作文升级：外刊文章分析对比：How the chilli pepper has set fire to the internet in China
《经济学人》文化—World in a dish 板块
中国人越来越追求辛辣的滋味。如今，在不兴吃辣的地区，辣椒已经融入街头小吃、精致餐饮和小零食之中。一位美食作家认为，辣椒有一部分魅力来自它的社交功能。“如果我们一起吃过辛辣的食物，那么我们就一起忍受过痛苦。”他说。
你写的
Chinese people are increasingly seeking spicy flavours. Today,chillies are merged into street food, fine dining and snacks in areas where spic y food is not popular. A food writer believes that part of chilli's charm comes from its social function."If we've had spicy food together, we will have endured pain together," He says.
外刊的
Increasingly the Chinese palate is craving spice. Chillies are now incorporated into street food, fine dining and snacks in regions with little tradition of heat. A food writer argues that part of the chilli's charm comes from its social function. "If we've had spicy food together, we've endured pain together," he says.
外刊解析
句型部分
中国人越来越追求辛辣的滋味。
An increasing number of Chinese people are seeking spicy flavours.
→Increasingly the Chinese palate is craving spice.
(1)副词的位置
在这里， 外刊作者将Increasingly置于句首。副词置于句首的例子我们并不陌生，先对比以下例子：
.You're not answering my questions honestly
(你并没有老实地回答我。*honestly修饰answer)
.Honestly, what are you going to do about it
(老实说，你打算如何处置呢 *Honestly修饰整个句子；可理解为说话人希望对方把“what are you going to do about it”这个问题老实地回答)
. She disappointingly got fourth place.
(*disappointingly修饰got, 理解为获得第四名她很失望)
.Disappointingly, she got fourth place.
(*disappointingly修饰整个句子, 理解为“她获得第四名”这件事令观众粉丝等人失望。)
这种副词前置常用于表示观点/评论的副词，例如Obviously, Personally, Scientifically, Fortunately, Luckily……等等。值得注意的是， 它们后边会加上逗号。
再来看外刊原文， increasingly后边没有逗号， 所以它并不是上述用法。它修饰的依然是句子的谓语动词：
Increasingly the Chinese palate is craving spice.
= The Chinese palate is Increasingly craving spice. (*increasingly修饰crave)
副词前置的用法会出现在文学作品或文学性较强的文章中，作用是突出对动作的描述，达到一种特定的氛围感。
例如：
.Swiftly she ran through the forest, her heart pounding with fear.
(她迅速跑过森林，心惊肉跳。)
.Silently he crept up the stairs, careful not to make a sound.(他悄悄地爬上楼梯，小心翼翼地不发出一点声音。)
外刊原句中因为后边的the Chinese palate(中国人的味蕾)使用了借代的修辞，句子还是比较有文学性的，于是作者对副词位置进行了调整。
如今，在不兴吃辣的地区，辣椒已经融入街头小吃、精致餐饮和小零食之中。
Today, chillies are merged into street food, fine dining and snacks in regions where spicy food is not popular.
→ Chillies are now incorporated into street food, fine dining andsnacks in regions with little tradition of heat.
(2)with短语作后置定语
介词短语作后置定语的例子非常常见: a bird in the tree(在树上的鸟), an answer to the question(问题的答案), gifts for you(给你的礼物)等等。
外刊原文中的regions with little tradition of heat(没有吃辣传统的地区)也是同样的结构。由于with自带中文动词“有”的意思，所以在表达“有”，“存在”时它很方便，省掉从句的使用。
例：
(一些学校会提供缺乏监管的膳食。)
Some schools provided meals that were lack of cooking . supervision.
→ Some schools provided meals with little cooking supervision.
(这本小说描述了一位看似高尚，实际非常复杂矛盾的人物。)
The novel illustrated a seemingly loft y figure who actually had contradictory characteristics.
→The novel illustrated a seemingly lofty figure, yet, with
contradictory characteristics.
也可以用without:
她云淡风轻。不带有色眼镜看人，也不执着于喜好。
She is quite a Buddha-like person who doesn't judge much and is not obsessed with preferences.
→She is quite a Buddha-like person without prejudice andpreferences.
*注意与with短语作状语的情况区分：
.I saw the whole accident with my own eyes.
(我亲眼看见了整个事故过程。*with my own eyes修饰saw)
.A man is shooting at the crowds with a gun.
(有一男子持枪向人群射击。*with a gun 修饰shoot )
“如果我们一起吃过辛辣的食物，那么我们就一起忍受过痛苦。”他说。
."If we've had spicy food together, we would have endured paintogether," He says.
→ "If we've had spicy food together, we've endured pain together,"he says.
(3)条件句
我们学过If条件句，下面是最常见的三种类型：
. If it rains tomorrow, we will do our homework at home.
(如果明天下雨，我们就在家写作业。)
. If I had a map now, we could easily get out of the forest.
(如果现在我有张地图，我们就能很轻易地走出森林。)
. If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed thefinal examination.
(如果你当初努力的话，你本应可以轻松通过期末考试的。
例句1是初中语法，叫做第一条件句。它表示有概率发生的事(明天可能下雨，也可能不下)，它的结构是现在时+将来时。
例句2和3分别叫做第二条件句和第三条件句，也就是所谓的“虚拟语气”，它们表示几乎不可能发生的事。它们的结构是：用过去时表幻想 (例句2)，用完成时表后悔(例句3)。
外刊原文里，If条件句用的是现在(完成)时+现在(完成)时，上述没有这样全都使用现在时的例子。这种主句从句都使用现在时的条件句叫做“零条件句”，它阐述一种客观事实:
. If you leave ice cream in the sun, it melts.
(如果你把冰激凌放在太阳下，它就会融化。)
.If you eat a lot, you put on weight.
(如果你吃得多，你就会发胖。)
外刊原文中“共同吃辣等于共苦”是作者所认为的一个事实，所以也使用前后都是现在时的结构(只是多了完成)。
*如何快速记忆四种条件句
首先把四种条件句分为两组：非虚拟语气和虚拟语气非虚拟语气中，再通过主句有没有will区分零条件句和第一条件句。虚拟语气中，通过有没有“完成时”区分第三条件句(表幻想)和第四条件句(表后悔)。
If you leave ice cream in the sun, it melts. If I had a map now, we could easily get out of the forest.If it rains tomorrow, we will do our homework at home. If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the final examination
在这个框架上，再完善细节处的记忆。
措辞部分
1.中国人越来越追求辛辣的滋味。
Chinese people are increasingly seeking spicy flavours.
→ Increasingly the Chinese palate is craving spice.
中国人 Chinese people → the Chinese palate
palate是味蕾的意思。外刊作者在这里使用了借代(Synecdoche) 的修辞手法。
借代一般分为两种：①以某事物的局部代整体②以整体代局部。先看局部代整体的例子：
.More hands are needed at the moment.
(目前需要更多的人手。*more hands = working men)
.We had dinner at ten dollars a head.
(我们的晚餐每人十美元。*a head=each person)
外刊原文也是局部代整体的例子(中国人的味蕾代觅食的中国人)。再来看整体代局部的例子：
.Australia beat Canada at cricket.
(澳大利亚在板球赛上战胜了加拿大。*Australia/Canada=sportsmen from Australia/Canada)
.Tokyo said preparations for the Olympics were going smoothly.
(东京先前表示奥运会筹备工作进展顺利。*Tokyo = the Japanese government)
使用修辞法的好处是，即便使用简单的词汇和句式，也能写出丰富有趣的表达。另外，借代这种修辞在许多英文谚语中也常常可见：
Great minds think alike. (英雄所见略同。)
Many hands make light work. (人多好办事。)
Hard words break no bones.(笑骂由人。)
Bread is the staff of life.(民以食为天。)
追求 seek→crave
crave v.渴求(甚至有点失控感)它的名词形式是craving, 形容词形式是craved。这个词常出现在与吃货相关的句子：
.I am always craving something sweet.
(我馋甜的东西。)
.Prepare a list of things to do when a craving hits.
(准备一份to do清单以应对你嘴馋发作。)
.The most craved food by women in the United States is chocolate.
(美国女孩最想吃的食物是巧克力。)
这个词也可以表示渴求食物以外的东西，可理解为“梦寐以求”:
.When he was young, he craved a college education.
(他在年轻的时候渴望接受大学教育。)
.Oh, howl cr ave appreciation and recognition!
(我是多么期望得到别人的赞赏和认可！)
2.如今，在不兴吃辣的地区，辣椒已经融入街头小吃、精致餐饮和小零食之中。
Today, chillies are merged into street food, fine dining and snacks in areas where spicy food is not popular.
→ Chillies are now incorporated into street food, fine dining andsnacks in regions with little tradition of heat.
融入 merge → incorporate
两个词都是将两种事物合并的意思。merge侧重于同级别的事物的混合, 接近“combine”, 例如:
.The banks are set to merge next year.
(这几家银行准备明年合并。*banks是同级别事物。)
.The hills merged into the dark sky behind them.
(山峦渐渐隐入漆黑的夜空之中。*hills和sky是同级别事物。)
而incorporate侧重有主有次的事物的融合， 接近于“add”, 例如:
.TV and movie producers often incorporate an element of badbehaviour.
(电视和电影制作人通常会融入不良行为的元素。*TV andmovies是主要的, an element of bad behaviour是次要的。)
.The new car design incorporates all the latest safetyfeatures.
(新的汽车设计包括了所有最新的安全配备。*car是主要的latest safety features是附属的。)
外刊原文中food, fine dining and snacks是主要事物,chillies是次要事物, 所以作者选用incorporate。
3.一位美食作家认为，辣椒有一部分魅力来自它的社交功能。
A food writer believes that part of chilli's charm comes from its social function.
→ A food writer argues that part of the chilli's charm comes from its social function.
认为 believe → argue
这种用来提出观点的动词叫做reporting verb， 它们有很多(后方附一个参考表格)。这里先讲讲believe和argue的区别。believe表示一种比较笃定、主流的观点， 例如：
.Many scholars believe that language emerged from the use of meaningful signs.
(许多学者认为，语言产生自运用有意义的符号。)
.Some scholars believe that the duration of the world is 7,000years.
(一些学者认为世界存在的时间为 7000年。)
而argue则表达一种比较新颖，与已存在的主流看法不一样的观点，例如：
.Galileo argued that the sun was the centre of the solarsystem.
(伽利略辩称太阳是太阳系的中心。)
.Scholars argue that the view of colourful food contributes tohunger.
(学者们认为，食物的色彩斑斓观助长了饥饿。)
外刊原文也一样，由于美食作家提出了一个关于“辣椒魅力来源”比较新的观点——社交功能， 所以采用argue。
常用reporting verb列表
acknowledge admit agree allege (= claim) argue assert assume believe claim conclude consider decide demonstrate deny determine discover doubt emphasize explain findhypothesize imply indicate infer note object observe point out prove reveal say show state suggest think
需要与as搭配的reporting verb
appraise(= assess) assess(= evaluate) characterize class classify define depict describe evaluate identify interpret portray present refer view
词汇
palate['p l t] n.味蕾
merge[m rd ] v.融入, 合并
incorporate [ n'k rp re t] v. 融入, 合并
street food街头小吃
fine dining精致餐饮
endure[ n'dj r] v. 忍受

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