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初中语法合集
1. 动词时态详细讲解及练习
本章要点
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时
过去 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
将来 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时
过去将来 过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时
时态语法点分述
一、一般现在时 Simple Present Tense
结构公式：am/is/are/do/does
常见时间状语：
sometimes, usually, never, always, often; every day / week / month / year / ... ; on Sunday (s) / Monday (s) /...
经常性或习惯性的动作，如日常行为，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
常用频度副词：
Life rarely turns out the way that we plan.
--Beverly Hills 90210
（是电视剧名）
表示按计划将会发生的事情，主语常常是物。
这列高速列车（高铁）早上9点出发去北京。（high-speed train）
表示真理或不变的事实。
树叶在秋季从绿变黄。
在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时，简称为“主将从现”。
如果我在纽约时有时间去购物，我会帮你去苹果店买个iPad 10。
★真题试炼★
Aunt Lucy will tell us something about her trip to Australia when she___back.
A. came B. comes C. would come D. will come
--Could you tell me when Mr. Li______in Wuhan
--Sure. When he ________, I'll call you.
A. arrives, will arrive B. will arrive, arrives
C. arrives, arrives D. will arrive, will arrive
特别结构
结构公式一：It is +一段时间+since +从句
结构公式二：It has been+一段时间+since +从句
Attention
第一种句型更常见。如：
As for myself, it is many, many years since I first began to think of him in a very different manner.
--Pride and Prejudice
至于说到我自己对他印象转坏，那已经是好多好多年的事了。
好久不见。
二、现在进行时 Present Continuous Tense
结构公式：am/is/are+doing
时间状语：Now,at present,at the moment, look, listen
表示说话时正在进行的动作。
嘘，孩子们正在睡觉呢。
表示最近一段时间内正在进行的动作。
Jack’s having a hard time at the office at the moment and he’s smoking about fifty cigarettes a day.
与频率副词连用，表示作者的一种感情态度。(如always, forever,constantly, continually)
你老是像我妈一样唠叨我。(nag sb.)
表达某种情感，表示关切，礼貌，赞美等。
I’m telling you the truth. Cf I tell you the truth.
表示将来即将发生的动作，给人一种期待感，常伴有表示将来的时间状语。
They are getting married next month.
Attention
此用法常用于：
arrive, return, land, leave, come, go, drive, fly, travel, move, die, stay等位移动词。
I'm going home tonight. 我今晚回家。
以下词汇在特定语境中也可进行时表将来：
I you soon after class.
--What are you doing this evening
--I’m at home with my families.
不能使用进行时的动词
fear（害怕）, love（爱）, hate（讨厌）, mind（介意）,like（喜欢）, please（喜爱）, prefer（更喜爱）
think（认为）, believe（相信）, doubt（怀疑）, remember（记起了）, realize（认识）, suppose（怀疑）
see, hear, find…
become, return. buy, join, get to(know), hear from…特例：*He’s jumping with joy. (少数瞬间动词用于进行，表 ) 这个老人已奄奄一息。(此处进行时表示逐渐、即将)
★小试身手★
请用一般现在时或现在进行时完成下面题目：
--Can I help you
--I bought this watch here yesterday, but it (do) work.
I don’t really work here, I (help)until the new secretary arrives.
There (go) the bell. /Here (come) Mr.Wang.
You don't believe it. You know I (tell) the truth.
三、一般过去时 Simple Past Tense
结构公式：was / were / did（初中不规则动词表见附录一）
时间状语：
yesterday, last week, the day before yesterday, the week before last,in July, in 2006,just now, three days ago,
表示过去某个时间一连串的行为。
结构公式：did A, did B,… and did N
史瑞克给了公主一个丑陋的微笑，拉起她绿色的胖手，然后温柔的吻了她一下。
表示过去某行为或某状态已发生，不强调进行。
当我1990年代在上海时，我每周末都去美术馆。
★小试身手★
A report has just come in that the Southgate warehouse (仓库) ____ into last Friday night.
A. broke B. was broken
C. had broken D. had been broken
used to do sth.过去常常做某事
On Sunday evenings we used to be permitted to play, if we did not make much noise; now a mere titter is sufficient to send us into corners!
从前一到星期天晚上，还准许我们玩玩，只要我们不太吵，现在我们只要偷偷一笑，就得罚站墙角啦！
--Wuthering Height
近义词辨析would do sth. VS used to do sth.
used to would
过去习惯动作
状态
过去和现在对比
偶尔
In such cases, we would go to the old workers for help.
Before 1949 he used to work twelve hours a day.
He used to live in the countryside.
近形词辨析
be/get used to doing sth/sth 习惯于做某事
be used to do 被用来做某事
城里人习惯把狗当宠物，而在农村狗狗通常用来看家(guard).
★小试身手★
Tony used to _______ to school, but he is used to _______ to school now.
A. walk; taking a bus B. walked; took a bus
C. walk; take a bus D. walked; taking a bus
He used to ____ in a small village, but now he has been used to ___ in the big city.
A. live; living B.live; live C. living; living D. living; live
Mrs Green _______ go to hospital, but now she is in good health.
A. has to B.need to C.used to D.ought to
★真题试炼★
Unlike Chinese, Americans __________ their meals with knives and forks.
A. used to taking B. are used to taking
C. used to take D. are used to take
We have ________ up early in order to catch the early bus.
A. used to get B. been used to get
C. used for getting D. been used to getting
四、过去进行时 Past Continuous Tense
结构公式：was / were+doing
时间状语：this time yesterday, at that time, at the moment（这个词组也可以用在现在 进行时），all morning等。
强调过去某时间段或某个时间点正在发生的事。
, Kobe was playing football.
★真题试炼★
He was still working on his project while other people ______ ___a rest.
A. were having B. are having C. will have D. have
Susan and Lily tomatoes and other vegetables on the farm this time yesterday.
A. pick B. are picking C. will pick D. were picking
强调动作的持续性，比一般过去时更生动。（用一般过去时和过去进行时填空）
It heavily last night. （昨天下雨了这个事实）
It heavily last night. （昨晚下雨持续时间长）
与always, constantly, continually, forever 等连用表达某种感彩。
My brother was always losing his keys.
★小试身手★
请用一般过去时或过去进行时填空：
While Tom (read)_________, Emily (watch) _________ a documentary on TV.
The thief (sneak) _________ into the house, (steal) _________ the jewels and (leave) _________ without a trace.
While we (do) _________ a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie) _________ on the beach.
I (write)_____ a book last year but I haven’t finished it yet.
--What (do / you) __________ yesterday at 8 pm
--I (sit) __________ in the pub with Sam. Why
五、一般将来时 Simple Future Tense
结构公式一：sb. will / shall do
结构公式二：am / is / are going to do
结构公式三：am/ is / are to do
结构公式四：am/ is / are about to do
结构 含义 例句
be going to do sb: 有计划 sth: 有迹象 ______ get married next month, so I’m preparing for my wedding.The day is getting dark. It’s going to rain.
will/shall sb:没有计划，随时想到并且马上会做的，意愿和决心,sth:随机，不确定性 Shall we go to the library （shall用于第一人称）Will you help me with my homework （所有人称）
be doing 位移动词进行时表示将来 She is arriving at the port tonight
do/does 主将从现；2) 按计划 The meeting begins at 3.
be to 正式，按计划 The annual meeting is to be held next week.
be about 马上 Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats. The performance is about to start.
will be doing 早已安排好或预计发生的事，难以改变，表承诺。 I will be having a meeting at 3 p.m. tomorrow.
时间状语：next…, tomorrow, in+时间, soon, this evening等
★小试身手★
1) The football match will be put off if it ________.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
2) --I won’t go if it ________ tomorrow.
--I don’t know if it ________ tomorrow.
A. rains B. will rain C. is raining D. has rained
Attention
注意分清：由when和if引导的从句是状语从句还是宾语从句
★检验真知★
请从一般将来时的其中形式中选择，完成下列句子：
I ________________ (probably, go) back to England tomorrow.
Hurry up! The conference ________________ (begin) in 20 minutes.
Look at these big black clouds! It ________________ (rain).
Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow________________ (be) dry and sunny.
What does a blonde say when she sees a banana skin lying just a few metres in front of her - Oh dear! I ________________ (slip)!
六、现在完成时 Present Perfect Tense
结构公式：sb. have/ has done
时间状语：already, yet, just, so far, never, ever, since +过去时间点,for +一段时间, in the past/last few years
现在完成时的简单定义：
过去发生的动作对现在产生一定的影响；
过去发生的动作一直延续到现在。
现在完成时有两个主要用法：
用法 含义 标志词 例句
已完成 动作发生在过去，但后果或影响至今仍然存在. justalready，yet Your letter has just been received.
未完成 动作开始在过去，一直持续到现在 for…, since… They have lived here for more than twenty years.
Attention
你还能列出现在完成时的一些时间状语吗？
since用法
结构公式：现在完成时+ since +一般过去式/过去的时间状语
I’ve known my best friend .
瞬间动词不能直接和for, since的完成时连用
★小试身手★
He has borrowed this book for four days (错误or正确？)
He has kept this book for four days. (错误or正确？)
The play has started for half an hour. (错误or正确？)
The play has been on for half an hour. (错误or正确？)
瞬间动词变成延续动词
borrow
buy
catch a cold
die
fall asleep
fall ill
join
leave
marry
start
end
★真题试炼★
I have been a League member since 2008.
I ________ a League member ________ 2008.
Old John died five years ago.
Old John has ____ ______ _____ 5 years.
My uncle came here an hour ago.
My uncle has ______ __________ for an hour.
_____ _______ an hour _______ my uncle came here.
have been VS have gone
★真题试炼★
--Where is Zhang
--Oh, don't you know he __________ to Beijing to see his parents and he will be back tomorrow.
A. has gone B. has been C. had gone D. had been
__________ you ever _________ to New York, my hometown
A. Have...been B. Did...go C. Have...gone D. Are...going
-He’s a native Shanghainese, isn’t he
-Yes, he this city for 60 years so far.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. has gone in D. has been in
总结：
have been to _____have gone to _____have been in _____
特别句型
It /This +is +序数词＋n + 现在完成时
It is the first time that I’ve seen such a wonderful performance.
It/this is + 最高级/the best/the worst /the most interesting/the only +n.+现在完成时
‘Get away!’ is the only words that she has ever said to me.
现在完成时和过去时区别
--Where __ __ (put) the book I can’t see it anywhere.
I ___(put) it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did put; put B. have; put; put
C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
When I was at college, I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
总结：
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响，不与具体过去时间状语连用；一般过去时说的是过去发生的或已经结束了的动作，它和现在没有直接关系，即使事实上和现在有关系，说话时也不强调这种关系，而只是指出那个动作发生在过去某一时间。到目前为止总次数用 ______强调某一次动作用 ______
★小试身手★
1. Fill in the blanks with the missing words.
How _______ have you been in the U.S How many times have you been to the US
I’ve known the teacher since I ______ at this college.
My wife and I _______ known each other since we ______ in elementary school.
I’m interested in art. I ______ interested in art since I was in high school.
Rewrite the following sentences with an adverb, pay attention to the position of the adverbs.
He has finished the job that you gave him.
I have been happy with life in the city.
Has he joined the other boys in their games
It looks as if that building has caught fire.
The train to West has not arrived.
Attention
Yet，so far常置于句末，already, just, ever, never等一般置于助动词have/has之后，过去 分词之前。
七、过去完成时Past Perfect Tense
结构公式：had done
时间状语：by+过去时间
The family of Dashwood had long been settled in Sussex. Their estate was large, and their residence was at Norland Park, in the centre of their property, where, for many generations, they had lived in so respectable a manner as to engage the general good opinion of their surrounding acquaintance.
达什伍德家在苏塞克斯定居，可有些年代了。家里置下一个偌大的田庄，府第就设在田 庄中心的诺兰庄园。祖祖辈辈以来，一家人一直过着体面日子，赢得了四近乡邻的交口 称誉。
Sense and Sensibility
过去完成时用以表示到过去某一时间动作已完成或延续到某一过去时间的动作或状态，也就是说发生在“过去的过去”。标志性时间状语为by+过去时间点。
His mother had gone to work by the time he arrived home.
如果两个动作发生在过去有明显的先后顺序，最先发生的用过去完成时。
He asked if Mr Gilbert's operation had been successful and the doctor told him that it had been.
★真题试炼★
The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office.
A. had written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
The girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous, for she _____ before.
A. didn't fly B. hasn't flown C. hadn't flown D. wasn't flying
She understood how to fix the computer problem yesterday because she _________ the same problem before. (have)
My cousin didn’t have to study English when he started college because he _____ it as a child. (learn)
八、过去将来时Past Future Tense
结构公式一：would do
结构公式二：was/were going to do
时间状语：soon, the next day, the next month, the next year等
表示过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态，即 “站在过去说将来”。
★真题试炼★
Jenny told me that she _____an English Speech Contest the next month.
A. takes part in B. is taking part in C. took part in D. would take part in
Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the house, for he _______ his key
at school.
A. had left B. would leave C. was leaving D. has left
★检验真知★
从以上学过的8种时态中选择完成填空：
It was eleven at night. I (write) at my desk. Suddenly, I (hear) a noise from downstairs. Someone (beat) the door of the lift. I (go) out and (shout).
--“What’s the matter ”
--“I (stay) in the lift for an hour! I can’t (go)out.”
--“Wait a moment. I (help) you.”
Then I returned to my room. My wife told me that she (call) the worker already and he (come) in no time.
Soon the worker (come) with a bag in his hand. Some modern tools (use) and the door of the lift opened.
九、现在完成进行时 Present Perfect Progressive Tense
结构公式：have/has been doing
时间状语：so far, since +现在时间,for +一段时间, all morning等
In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over（仔细考虑）in my mind ever since. “Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.”
The Great Gatsby
现在完成进行时是现在完成时态和进行时态的结合，既有现在完成时态的特点，也有进行时态的特点。主要表示一个持续到现在的动作；表示动作的重复；表示长时间做某事；表示感彩。
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:
现在完成时 ( http: / / www. / Article / tense / Index.html )可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作, 强调动作的持续性，因此有“未完成”的含义。试比较：
I have read this book. （ ）
I have been reading this book. （ ）
Attention
有少数动词(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持续性)。
How long here
你在这儿工作多久了？
自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
现在完成时 ( http: / / www. / Article / tense / Index.html )通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感彩。
我等了两小时。 （陈述事实）
我等了两个小时。 （等得望穿秋水）
不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时 ( http: / / www. / Article / tense / Index.html )。
我认识她刚刚两天。
他们结婚已二十年了。
现在完成进行时 ( http: / / www. / Article / tense / Index.html )不用于被动语态，但可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。
这房子已漆了一个月。
这个问题已被研究了五天。
现在完成时&现在完成进行时异同
现完 现完进
已完成
未完成
情感
被动语态
适用动词
★小试身手★
Correct the following sentences. （改错）
All these years they are contributing articles to our magazine.
I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.
What have you been doing before you left Oxford
It's a long time since you come to see me.
Alice didn't see much of Henry lately.
I'm glad to tell you that you passed the exam.
十、过去完成进行时Past Perfect Progressive Tense
结构公式：had been doing
时间状语：by+过去时间，before+过去时间
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到另外一个过去时间的动作，这个动作在当时仍在进行并可能继续延续下去。
去年他戒烟了。他抽烟已经30年。
十一、将来完成时 Future Perfect Tense
结构公式：will have done
时间状语：before+将来时间；by+将来时间，时间点若是从句，要用一般现在时
表示在将来某一时间点以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。
时态Summary
一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 work(s) is/am/areworking have/ has worked have/has been working
过去 worked was/were working had worked had been working
将来 will/ shall workis/am/are going to work… will be working will have worked will have been working
过去将来 would workwas/were going to work… would be working would have worked would have been working
根据“标志词”确定时态
短语 所对应时态 短语 所对应时态
now 一般现、现进 how often 一般现、一般过
at this time yesterday 过去进行 how long 现完、现完进
last year/month 一般过 since when 现完
by the end/time of +过去时间 过完 in the past three years 现完
by the end/time of +将来时间 讲完 Watch out！ 现在进行
根据语境确定时态
--Excuse me, sir. Smoking is not allowed here.
--Oh, sorry I __________.
A. don’t know B. didn’t know C. haven’t known D. can’t know
--Your phone number again I _______ quite catch it.
--It’s 7226109.
A. didn’t B. won't C. don’t D. can’t
--Alice. why didn’t you come yesterday
--I ________, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
--Mom, 4 plus 4 is 9, right
--Honey, I ________ you _________ wrong.
A. think // were B. thought//were C. think//are D. thought//are
----Darling, I am sorry. I ___ you ________coming tomorrow morning, so I didn't prepare dinner for you.
A. think // were B. thought//were C. think//are D. thought//are
在英语里有些动词与时态 ( http: / / www. / )有着特定的对应关系，如:
see(看见)，hear(听见)，find(找到) 结果类动词 不能用进行时
work 表示机器不能正常运行、运转时 常用do/doesn’t work；
open, close, lock 表示门、窗等不能正常关、开、锁的意思时 常用won’t open /close /lock等，这时它们是以主动形式表示被动意义。
--Can I help you, sir
--Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
窗户打不开了，得找个人来修。
Review what you have learnt
选择题：
1. Look up! The kite _____ high in the sky.
A. flies B. flew C. has flown D. is flying
2. We all know that the earth _______ around the sun.
A. go B. goes C. went D. is going
Jenny _________ a novel from seven to eight last night.
A. read B. was reading C. is reading D. would read
A scarf ______ you warm as the temperature falls.
A. kept B. has kept C. will keep D. would keep
Finally, the big serious forest fire ___________ by the firemen yesterday.
A. puts out B. put out C. was put out D. has put out
Where ________ you ________ I looked for you everywhere.
A. have been B. do go C. have...gone D. are...going
She didn't go to see the dolphin show with us because she __________ it already.
A. sees B. saw C. has seen D. had seen
The teacher told the students that they _________ a school sports meeting the next week.
A. have B. had C. will have D. would have
9. --_____the flight MU823________
--No, not yet.
A. Has arrived A. Had arrived C. Will arrive D. Is arriving
10. --This is a no-right-turn area. Don't you see the sign
--Oh, sorry. I ________ it.
A. hadn't seen B. won't see C. didn't see D. doesn't see
11. --Did you notice the boy leaving the room
--No, I didn't, because I _______ TV.
A. am watching B. was watching C. have watched D. had watched
He asked me what I _______ during the winter holidays.
A. had done B. did C. will do D. have done
Nancy _______ lots of charity work in her free time since she entered college.
A. will do B. did C. has done D. had done
14. --Hello, this is Lily speaking, Could I speak to Mr. Black
--Sorry. He _______ London on business.
A. has been to B. went to C. will go to D. has gone to
When we got to the cinema, the film _______ already.
A. has begun B. has been begun C. had been begun D. had begun
请用我们学过的时态来填空：
I (learn) __________ English for seven years now.
But last year I (not/work) __________ hard enough for English, that's why my marks (not / be) __________ really that good then.
As I (pass/want) __________ my English exam successfully next year, I (study) __________ harder this term.
During my last summer holidays, my parents (send) __________ me on a language course to London.
He said he about 300 stamps from different countries. (collect)
Before I (go) __________ to London, I (not / enjoy) __________ learning English.
But while I (do) __________ the language course, I (meet) __________ lots of young people from all over the world.
There I (notice) __________ how important it (be) __________ to speak foreign languages nowadays.
Now I (have) __________ much more fun learning English than I (have) __________ before the course.
At the moment I (revise) __________ English grammar.
And I (begin / already) __________ to read the texts in my English textbooks again.
I (think) __________ I (do) __________ one unit every week.
My exam (be) __________ on 15 May, so there (not / be) __________ any time to be lost.
If I (pass) __________ my exams successfully, I (start) __________ an apprenticeship in September.
And after my apprenticeship, maybe I (go) __________ back to London to work there for a while.
As you (see / can) __________, I (become) __________ a real London fan already.
综合时态翻译：
最近我一直在想，人生中最重要的事情到底是什么？
我去年夏天戒了烟。之前，我抽了有14年烟了。
如果今晚我得加班，儿子会叫外卖吃的。不用担心他。
--我觉得这个名字有点怪怪的。
--我同意。我刚才就在考虑改一改这个计划的名称。
对不起，我之前没有注意到门不能锁上。
--你从什么时候起成为素食者啦？
--从我去年12月份去了一家养鸡场。我当时便意识到吃肉类很残酷。
他们已经约会了1年多了，对彼此感觉不错，准备明年就结婚了。
到明年的这个时候，我的女儿就将从大学毕业，开始人生的新阶段了。
这已经是你第三次犯下同样的愚蠢错误了！你就不能仔细点？
许多年以前，我从学校毕业，开始了我的第一份工作。但我从没想到，我会做同一份工作整整25年。

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