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名词不规则变化汇总
第一类：无规律变化
　　1. foot → feet ， goose → geese， tooth---teeth，child → children， ox → oxen， louse → lice， woman → women， man → men， mouse → mice
　　注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
第二类：单复数同形
sheep, deer, fish, cattle, Chinese, Japanese，audienceli，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
第三类：以o结尾的单词
　　A、有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加"S"；
　　B、以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加"s"piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano.
　　如果以o结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。如：Hero，tomato，potato，Negro(黑人)[简记;黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
第四类：以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加"es"
如：family--families ， city--cities若y前面是元音字母只加"S"，如：key--keys boy--boys play--plays toy--toys
第五类：以f，fe结尾的名词，变f，fe为v 加es
如：calf--calves， knife--knives
　　A.下列名词直接加"S"
　　roof(房顶) reef(暗礁) chief(首领) cliff(悬崖) grief(悲痛) turf(草皮) belief(信仰) gulf(港湾) dwarf(侏儒) safe(保险箱) sheriff(长官) tariff(关税)
　　B. scarf(头巾) whart(码头) staff(全体职员) handkerchief(手帕) hoof(蹄)既可直接加"s"，又可变f为v加es。
第六类：复合名词复数形式
　　1、中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数;
　　bookshelf--bookshelves handful--handfuls
　　2、man和 woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
　　Man servant--men servants woman teacher--women teachers
　　3、中间有连字符的合成词，在主体词(中心意义的词)末尾变为复数。
　　Sister-in-law--sisters-in-law looker-on--lookers-on editor-in-chief--editors-in-chief
　　4、下列合成名词在后一个词上变化;
　　sit-in--sit-ins grown-up--grown-ups stand-by--stant-bys
　　touch-me-not--touch-me-nots go-between--go-betweens
第七类：集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数
　　如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle，the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
　　如：The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。01状态系动词
通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等 ，只有be一词，
例如：He is a famous scientist.
注意：主语不同，be的形式也不同，且有时态的变化。
02感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
The soup tastes good.这碗汤尝起来很美味。
要注意：
The chef is tasting the food.
The food is tasted by the chef .
03变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了
一般情况下，系动词没有进行时态， 但是这些表示变化类的系动词，是可以用进行时态的，例如
It was becoming cold, so we lit the fire.
天气变冷了，所以我们点起了火
另外
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。
Our life is becoming better and better.
04持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
05表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。
06终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
中学英语常考“系动词”13 个（重点中的重点）
在主系表结构的英文句子中，系动词（也叫连系动词） 作用就好像一条纽带，把主语和表语系在一起。表语的作用是描述主语的“样子”，常由形容词来担任，也可以是名词和介词短语。
中学常见的系动词：
1. be：在现在时中，有 am，is，are 三种形式，过去时中，am 和 is 变成 was，are 变成 were。be 有现在分词形式 being，还有过去分词 been 。例如：
He was busy. 他当时很忙。
The road is being under repair. 路正在修。
I have been very busy these days. 这些天我一直很忙。
2. look：看上去，如：You look ill. 你看上去病了。
3. feel：感觉起来，摸起来，如：Silk feels smooth. 丝绸摸起来很光滑。
4. sound：听起来，听上去，如：Sounds great. 听起来不错。此句省去了主语 It，所以 sound 后面+s。
5. smell：闻起来，如：The socks smell rerrible. 这袜子难闻死了。
6. taste：尝起来，吃起来，如：It tastes good. 很好吃。
7. seem【重要】：看起来，看上去，这个词是中学英语学习的重点，因为 seem 后面跟的花样比较多：
Damin seemed annoyed. 大明似乎生气了。（后跟形容词）
Damin seemed to be annoyed. 大明似乎生气了。（后跟不定式）
It seemed that Damin was annoyed. 大明似乎生气了。（It seems that 句型）
8. become：表示“开始变得”，往往强调一个新状态的开始，如：He became angry. 他变得生气了。（此前并不生气）
9. turn：性质、状态、形态或颜色等方面发生转变；变成，如：Lisa turned red. 丽莎脸红了。
10. grow：逐渐变得，慢慢变得（强调有个变化过程），如：He grew braver after this. 这之后，他变得更加勇敢。
11. get：形成某种状态，达到一个指明的状态；变得，如：It s getting dark. 天色越来越暗。
12. go：变成，往往表示变成不好的状态，如：She went mad. 她疯了。The food is going bad. 食物变质了。
13. fall：进入另一种状态；变成；成为：He fell asleep. 他睡着了。句型1：There + be + 主语 + 地点状语 / 时间状语
There's a boat in the river.河里有条船。
句型2：What's wrong with + sb / sth
What's wrong with your watch 你的手表有什么毛病
句型3：How do you like ...
How do you like China 你觉得中国怎么样
句型4：What do you like about ...
What do you like about China 你喜欢中国的什么
句型5：had better (not) + 动词原形
You'd better ask that policeman over there.你最好去问问那边的那个警察。
句型6：How + adj / adv + 主语 + 谓语!
What a / an + adj +n +主语 + 谓语!
How cold it is today!今天多冷啊!
What a fine picture it is!多美的一幅图画呀!
句型7：Thank + sb + for (doing) sth
Thank you for coming to see me.感谢你来看我。
句型8：So + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语
He is a student. So am I.他是一个学生，我也是。
句型9：... not ... until ...
He didn't have supper until his parents came back.
直到他的父母回来他才吃饭。
句型10：比较级 + and + 比较级
The baby cried harder and harder.那孩子哭得越来越厉害。
句型11：the + 比较级，the + 比较级
The more one has, the more one wants.越有越贪。
句型12：... as + adj / adv + as ... not as (so) + adj / adv + as ...
Do you think that art is as important as music
你认为艺术和音乐一样重要吗
Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today.
上个星期天的天气不如今天的天气潮湿。
句型13：more / less + adj + than ...
I think art is less important than music.
我认为艺术不如音乐重要。
句型14：stop … from doing sth
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
绿色长城将阻挡风吹走土壤。
句型15：both ... and ...
Both you and I are students.我和你都是学生。
句型16：either ... or ...
Either you or he is wrong .不是你错就是他错。
句型17：neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student.我和他都不是学生。
句型18：... as soon as ...
As soon as I see him, I'll give him the message.
我一见到他，我就把你的消息告诉他。
句型19：... so + adj / adv + that ...
I was so tired that I didn't want to speak.我累得连话也不想说了。
句型20：Though ... + 主句
Though I like writing to my pen-friend, it takes a lot of time.
虽然我喜欢给笔友写信，但它要耗费我大量时间。
句型21：be going to
This afternoon I'm going to buy a English book.今天下午我要去买本英语书。
句型22：be different from
I think this is different from Chinese names.我认为这与汉语名字不同。
句型23：Welcome (back) to ...
Welcome back to school!欢迎回到学校!
句型24：have fun doing
We're going to have fun learning and speaking English this term.
这学期我们将兴味盎然地学习和讲英语。
句型25：... because ... / ..., so ...
I don't know all your names because this is our first lesson.
因为这是我们的第一节课，所以我并不知道你们所有人的名字。
句型26：Why don't you ... / Why not ...
Why don't you come to school a little earlier 为什么不早点到校呢
句型27：make it
Let's make it half past nine.让我们定在九点半吧!
句型28：have nothing to do
They have nothing to do every day.他们每天无所事事。
句型29：be sure / be sure of / about sth / be sure to do sb
I think so, but I'm not sure.我想是这样，但不敢确定。
I was not sure of / about the way, so I asked someone.
我对于怎么走没有把握，所以我问别人了。
句型30：between ... and ...
There is a shop between the hospital and the school.
在那家医院和那所学校之间有一家商店。一、介词by的用法
1、 意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。Some are singing and dancing under a big tree。Some are drawing by the lake。有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。
2、意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。Your son will be all right by supper time。你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term？到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？
3、表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing。猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph。孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。
4、表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。One by one they went past the table in the dark。他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。
5、表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。What time is it by your watch？你的表几点了？
6、和take ， hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。I took him by the hand。我拉住了他的手。
7、用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。English is spoken by many people。英语被许多人说。（即“许多人讲英语。”）
二、动名词doing
动名词相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1、作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North。南方与北方开战了。
2、作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little， please？请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？
3、作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
4、做定语a washing machine 一台洗衣机
三、used to 的用法used to 意为过去常常做某事。
1、肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。否定句是didn’t use to…。When I was a child， I didn’t use to like apples。当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。疑问形式是Did you use to…？Where did you use to live before you came here？当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
2、含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t + 主语。——He used to smoke， didn’t he？——他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes， he did。/ No， he didn’t。是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
四、被动语态被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。
1、各种时态的被动语态结构如下：
一般现在时的被动语态：主语+am / is / are （not）+过去分词一般过去时的被动语态：主语+was / were +过去分词现在完成时的被动语态：主语+have / has +been +过去分词一般将来时的被动语态：主语+will +be +过去分词过去将来时的被动语态：主语+would / should + be +过去分词过去进行时的被动语态：主语+was / were + being +过去分词过去完成时的被动语态：主语+had + been +过去分词情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词
2、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by+动作执行者短语。Football is played widely all over the world。全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon。昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型。It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA。据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
3、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的步骤
（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语
（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词
（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面；如果没必要，可省略。
五、虚拟语气
如果我们所说的不是事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气；而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow ， we’ll go to the zoo。如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句，在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you ， I would go at once。如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示。虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反，从句用一般过时，主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。例如 ：If I had time， I would go for a walk。If I were invited， I would go to the dinner party。If I won a million dollars in the lottery， I would put it in the bank。If I were you ， I’d wear a shirt and tie。注意：在虚拟语气的句子中，be动词只能用were，不能用was。
六、must/might/could/can't
1、must
（1）must 表示主观看法，意为“必须”。如：You must stay here until I come back。Must I hand in my homework right now？对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to 。如：—Must I finish my homework？—No， you needn’t。
（2）must也可以表示有把握的推测，意为“ 一定，肯定”，用于肯定句。如：The light is on， so he must be at home now。其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”。如：You mustn’t play with fire。You mustn’t be late。
2、could
（1）can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10。
（2）could在疑问句中，表示委婉请求的语气，此时could没有过去式的意思。如：Could you do me a favour？—Could I use your pen？—Yes， you can。（注意回答）
3、might
might为may的过去式。might表示推测时，表示可能性低于may（此时might没有过去式的意思），当请求讲时，比may的语气更委婉。He is away from school。He might be sick。Might I use your dictionary？
4、can
（1）表示能力，一般译为“能、会”，尤其指生来具备的能力。如：She can swim fast， but I can’t 。
（2）表示许可，常在口语中。如：You can use my dictionary。
（3）表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时can’t译为“不可能”。如：　—Can the news be true？　—No， it can’t be our teacher。He is on a visit to the Great Wall。
七、定语从句
1、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
2、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
3、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
4、关系代词的用法（1）that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle。玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue。我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）（2）which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket。位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful。我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）（3）who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England。经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
5、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived。这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works。这是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school。没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。1.agree with 同意...的意见(想法)
I can’t agree with you about that.就那件事，我无法同意你的看法。
2.1isten to 听…
When she arrived,1 was listening to English.
她来的时候，我正在听英语。
3.get to 到达
I get to school at about 7：30 every day，and I get home at 5：00 in the afternoon.
我每天7：30到校，下午5：00到家。
4.fall off (从……) 掉下
The girl fell off the bike.女孩从自行车上摔了下来。
5.knock at/on 敲(门、窗)
There was a heavy knock at the door.有人在猛烈地敲门。
6.laugh at 嘲笑
It’s not good to laugh at a person who is in trouble.
讥笑一个陷于困境的人是不好的。
7.1earn(…)from… 向…学习...
Bob,you should learn from your brother.He does well in his homework.
鲍勃，你应该向你哥哥学习。他的作业完成得很好。
8.1ive on 继续存在;靠…为生
People in my hometown live on rice.我家乡的人们靠大米为生。
9.1ook after 照顾，照看
I must look after my old grandma when my parents are not at home.
父母不在家时，我必须照顾我的老奶奶.
10.help…with 帮助…做…
My friend helps me with my English study.
我的朋友帮助我学习英语。
.at the end of 在…的结束时，在…末尾
We are given an examination at the end of each month.
我们每个月底都有一场考试。
12.be keen on 喜欢，热爱，醉心于…
I am keen on studying English.我热心于学习英语。
13.next to 挨着，在...旁边
Who’s the boy sitting next to you 坐在你边上的那个男孩是谁
14.in the middle of 在…中间
Don't put the sand in the middle of the path!
别把沙子倒在路中央。
15.work as 担任，从事
I will study science well and work as a scientist.
我要学好科学，将来做个科学家。
16.be responsible for 为…负责
He was responsible for making plans for the meeting.
他负责做会议计划。
17.pay(...)for 为…付钱，赔偿
We have to pay 345 yuan for the cost of the trip.
我们必须为这次旅行交345元。
18.for free 免费地，无偿地
The website provides English vocabulary to everyone for free.
这个网站免费向每一个人提供英语词汇。
19.try one’s best 竭尽所能;尽力，尽自己最大努力
Students ought to try their best to learn all subjects well.
学生应该尽力学好每一门功课。
20.believe in 信任
We do not believe in God.我们不相信上帝。
21.keep fit 保持健康
We must do sports to keep fit.我们必须参加体育锻炼，保持身体健康。
22.get on well 和睦相处
We all get on well with eachother here in the schoo1.
我们大家在学校里都和睦相处。
23.the same(…)as... 和…相同的(...)
I feel the same as you.
我与你有同样的感受。
24.no longer 不再
He has been a famous musician for a long time, but he plays no longer.
他成为有名的音乐家已很久了，但他现在不演奏了。
25.instead of 代替…，而不…
They must go out and play balls instead of staying at home.
他们必须走出去打打球，而不是呆在家里。
26.get away 走开，离开逃走
I hope to get away early in the morning.
我希望一早就动身离开。
27.break…down 打破/损坏...
The robbers broke the door down.
强盗们把门砸开了。
28.in addition to 除……之外(还)……
She can speak French and Japanese in addition to English.
除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。
29.be angry with 生(某人)的气
My teacher was angry with me because 1 was late for school.
我的老师对我很生气，因为我上学迟到了。
30.happen to 碰巧
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.
昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。
31.be unaware of 没有意识到
He seemed to be unaware of the trouble he was causing.
他似乎还没有意识到自己惹起的麻烦。
32.depend on 依靠，取决于
My success depends on myfriends’help.
我的成功是依靠我的朋友们的帮助。
33.for the time being 暂且
She’staying with her aunt for the time being.
她暂时住在她姨妈那里。
34.be pleased with 对…感到满意
We are sure you will be pleased with our products.
我们确信您会对我们的产品感到满意的。
35.take charge of 负责，掌管
My mother tries to take charge of everything in our shop.
母亲试图管理商店里的所有事务。
36.break into 闯入，强行进入，破门而入
We had to break into the house as we had lost the key.
因为我们弄丢了钥匙，所以不得不破门而入。
37.make mistakes 犯错误
A computer sometimes will make mistakes.
电脑有时候也会犯错误。
38.rush down 冲下来
When it rains heavily，water can rush down the sides of mountains.
如果雨下得很大，雨水就能顺着山冲下来。
39.make jokes about 开玩笑，取笑某人
They make jokes about my old hat.
他们就我的旧帽子取笑我。
40.along with 和…一起，随着，除…以外(还)
The boy came along with his parents and visited the museum.
那个男孩与父母一道参观了博物馆。
41.succeed in 在某方面取得成功
At last he succeeded in climbing up the difficult mountain.
他终于成功地登上了这座难以攀登的山峰。
42.be made of 由……制成(看得见原材料)
The desk is made of wood.
这张桌子是由木头制成的。
43.be made from 由…制成(看不见原材料)
Wine can be made from rice，sweet potato，wheat and grape
酒可以用大米、番薯、小麦、葡萄制成。
44.feel like 想要
She really feels like having a talk with him about his study at school.
她的确想和他谈一下他在学校的学习情况。
45.take care of 照顾，照料
P1ease take care of the baby for me for a while，will you
请替我照顾一下这孩子，好吗
46.trade in 做买卖
They traded in tea with Chinese.
他们同中国人做茶的生意。
47.in no time 很快
He’ll be back in no time.他很快就会回来。
48.sell out 卖完
He decided to sell out all the clothes in his shop cheaply.
他决定便宜卖掉店里的所有服装。
49.take pleasure in 从…中所获得乐趣
Mary takes pleasure in watching TV for one hour every day.
玛丽以每天看1小时电视为乐。
50.all one’s life 一辈子
He lived in the countryside all his life.他一辈子都生活在乡下。学英语的口诀
动词为纲滚雪球，难易编组抓循环
同类归纳印象深，图示介词最直观
混淆多因形音义，反义词语成对念
构词方法不可忘，习惯用语集中练
词不离句法最好，课外阅读莫间断
be的用法
我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；
单数名词用is，复数名词全用are.
变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃
变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记
疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑
时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行
遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in.
要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行
午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错
at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to，
说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，
莫让岁月空蹉跎
可数名词的复数变化规律 [1]
名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s;
辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，s,x,es;
f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，
es在后别忘记；
字母o来真神奇，
有生命来es,没有生命+s.
可数名词复数特殊变化规律[2]
中日好友来聚会，
绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。
男士、女士a变e；
牙（齿）、脚双o变双e;
孩子们想去天安门，
原形后面r、 e 、n;
老鼠本来爱大米，
mice,ice和rice.
注：中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people.
绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish （这些单词单复数一样）
man--men woman--women tooth--teeth foot--feet
child--children mouse--mice
一般现在时态
（一）
I、we、you、they作主语，
动词原形后面跟；
否定句，更容易，
动词前面加don't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Do，来帮你，
后面问号别忘记；
肯定回答用Yes,
I、we、you、they加上do;
否定回答要用No,
I、we、you、they加don't.
（二）
主语三单他、她、它，
动三形式后面压，
词尾一般s加；
辅音字母+y型，
变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，
s,x,es;
三个特殊那里去？
has、goes和does;
否定句，记住它，
动词前面doesn't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Does，来帮你;
肯定回答用Yes,
he、she、it加does;
否定回答要用No,
he、she、it、doesn't;
Does、doesn't来帮你，
后面动词定注意，
恢复原形要切记。
记住f（e）结尾的名词复数
妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；
躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光
九个以-f(e)结尾的名词：
wife（妻子）、knife（刀子）、wolf（狼）、thief（小偷）、shelf（架子）、self（自己）、 life（生命）、half（一半）、leaf（树叶）中点出了七个，即thief、wife、knife、leaf、wolf、half和 life。
这些名词以-f(e)结尾变复数时，将-f(e)变v再加es。还有以-self结尾的反身代词复数用法也同样，如:myself-ourselves. yourself-yourselves.
例外的有：
serf（农奴）、chief（首领）、belief（信仰）、safe（保险柜）、gulf（海湾），它们以直接加-s变为复数形式，另外handkerchief可用两种复数形式。handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.
巧记48个国际音标
单元音共十二，四二六前中后
双元音也好背，合口集中八个整
辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，
四个连对也包括有气无声清辅音，
有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握
巧记家庭成员
爹father 娘mother 哥哥弟弟brother 姐姐妹妹sister.
long before 和be forelong
long 在前（longbefore），很久前， long在后（before long），不久后
巧记lie和lay
躺 lie，lay，lain，lie in bed again；
撒谎 lie，lied，lied，dont be a liar；
产蛋 lay，laid，laid，a hen laid an egg；
放置 A loypicked it up，and laidit in the bag.
开闭音节歌
开音节，音节开，
一元字母在后排；
不怕一辅堵后门，
还有哑e在门外
(拍手念)a，e，o，u，i
就读【ei】【i:】【】【】【ai】
闭音节，音节闭，
一元字母生闷气；
辅音字母堵后门，
一元字母音短急
(拍手念) a，e，o，u，i
常用the的情况
特指、重现用定冠；独一无二把冠添。
党、政、机关开会议，组织农业帽在前。
江山河海和峡湾；沙岛有帽较安全。
阶级国家分朝代；厂矿造船要带衔。
节目奏乐衣冠严，习惯随俗记心间。
注：冠、帽、衔之类均指定冠词。
定冠词的习惯用法：
①某家人或某夫妇一般用the+复数。如：the Smiths
②表示整个民族或族人一般加the。如 the Chinese/English
③少数山脉群岛也不用the。如Mount Tai。如名词中有of短语则一般有the.如：the Mountain ofseven sighs.
④中国的湖泊一般加 the。如：the West Lake.
R>⑤the+adj表示类别。如：the rich.
⑥年代，年龄的约数前常用the。如：in the 1950s,in histeens.
⑦表计量单位用the含有“每”、“每一”
It sells at two dollars the pound.
It sells 16 dollars to the pound.
John is paid by the hour.
⑧下列结构中的冠词。
-have+the+抽象名词+to dosth = be so +adj+ as to do sth
如：He hasthe politeness/kindness to say hello to me.
=He is so polite/kind as to say hello to me.
不用冠词的场合
抽象、物质、专有名，代词基数用作限定；
泛指节假季节星期几，球棋、呼语与餐名；
刊物、公告与标题，普通名词并列紧相邻；
唯一职位，学科与语种，洲、国、省、市、县街路名。
上述口诀用心牢记，并结合下列说明予以理解
①抽象、物质名词和专有名词一般无冠词，但物质名词、抽象名词具体化，或专有名词泛指时，常用不定冠词，例：
a Mr Wang/a climb/a swim.
for a while/in a hurry/a fire Here is a life of struggle.
Physics is a science. There was a heavy rain last night.等抽象名词受of短语修饰或上下文已予限定，用the.
如：thescience of speech sounds 语音学
the music of the film, do me the favor to do sth.
②代数词、基数词作前置定词，不用冠词。
③泛指的节假日、季节、星期前不用冠词。但是季节名词表特定时间或受of知识修饰时用the.如：in the winter of1948。
有时泛指时间用a+adj+名词。如：have a hot summer.
④餐名前一般无冠词。但餐名受adj修饰时常常有a(an).特指时用the.
如：have agood supper. The breakfast was well cooked.
dinner表“宴会”时，是可数名词，有各种冠词修饰 give a dinner to them.
⑤普通名词并列时不用冠词
soul and heart/husband and wife/day after day/arm in arm/hand inhand.
⑥语种前不用冠词。但theEnglish结构用the。
What's the English for labour.
The English of shakespear.
作限定时用the.
⑦广场、公园、学校、建筑物等专有名词，由“专有名词+普通名词”构成时不用冠词。但the University of Beijing 结构和the Beijing station 中用the.1. a/an/the
A. There's "u" and _____ "s" in _____ word "us".
B. There is _____ young man and _____ old man in the photo. ______ old man is _____ young man's father.
2. one/ones
A. I don't like this skirt. Show me that _____.
B. The new skirts are mine. The old _____ are yours.
3. by/with/in/use
A. Jay can sing the song ____ either Chinese or English. How great!
B. I won't believe it until I see it _____ my own eyes.
C. We usually ______ a ruler to draw a straight line.
D. Miss Zhao goes to work ______ bike.
4. put on/wear/in/dress
A. The twins don't always _____ the same clothes,
B. The woman _____ a red hat is our new English leacher.
C. It's very cold today. Please ___ more clothes when you go out.
D. Mother is ______ my baby sister now.
5. a lot/a lot of/many/much
A. I like eating oranges _____, so there are always oranges at my home.
B. There are so ______ people that I cannot count them.
C. _____ people think living in China is_____ better than living in Japan.
D. I've learned _____ from him.
6. look for/find/find out
A. Please try to _____ who stole the computer.
B. Please help me ____ my mobile phone, I can't ____it.
7. look/read/see/watch
A. _____ at the picture! What can you ______ in it
B. I'll _____ a book instead of _____ TV tonight.
8. and/or/with
A. "There is no air _____ no water on the moon."means "There is no air _____ water on the moon."
B. "The boy _____ his parents go to Hong Kong every year." means "The boy _____ his parents goes to Hong Kong every year."
9. also/too
A. I was at her birlhday party, and he was _____ there.
B. Andy Law is a famous actor. He's a good singer .
10. take/bring/carry/get
A. The woman was _____ a big bag. Let's help her.
B. Next lime when you come, _____ me the book, please.
C. Who's ____away today's newspaper . I haven't read it yet.
D. Go and _____ me some wate. I' m thirsty.
11. each/every
A. "_____ of them speaks a foreign language." means _____ one of them speaks a foreign language."
B. There are some big shops on_____ side of the street.
12. problem/question
A. What is the biggest _____ in the world Can you answer this _____
B. The _____ is that he's always asking me such foolish _____.
13. learn/study
A. He _____ hard and at last _____ the language.
B. The children are _____ the maths problem now.
C. We _____ in the same school, so we often _____ from each other and help each other.
D. We _____ English in the morning and _____ to play football in the afternoon.
14. in/on/at
A. There are many good apples _____ the tree.
B. He gets up _____ six _____the morning and goes to bed ___ ten______ night _____ weekdays.
C. Does he have lunch _____ home
D. The man _____ duty is reading a book _____ medicine _____the desk.
E. In the twins' bedroom, the windows _____ the wall are very big, the pictures _____ the wall are not very new.
15.sometime/sometimes/some time/some times
A. Please read the text _____ until you can recite it.
B. I will go shopping _____ tomorrow.
C. He waited for _____ then left.
D. They _____ play football after school.
16. have/has/there is/there are
A. In Class One _____ 25 boys and 25 girls.
B. In Classroom One _____ a map of China.
C. Does your brother _____ a map of China
D. _____ your brother got a map of China
17.right/all right/that's right/that's all/that's all right
A. ——Thanks a lot for your help.—— ______.
B. ——Are you a student ——Yes.______.
C. ——Let's go shopping. —— ______.
D. Could you tell me whether it is _____ or wrong
E. I want to buy a cup of tea, a piece of bread and an apple. _____.
18. how many/much/long/old/often
A. ——_____ does it take by plane
——It takes about eleven hours.
B. ——_____ is your father ——He is fifty.
C. ——_____ is the fish ——It's ten yuan a kilo.
D. ——_____ do you write Io your father . ——Once a month.
E. ——_____ students are there in your class ——Forty-five.
19. look up/look at/look after/look like/look the same
A. Please _____ Lucy and Lily because they are new here.
B. Please _____ Lucy and Lily! Can you find any differences between them
C. Lucy and Lily are twin sisters. They _____ each other very much.
D. Lucy and Lily _____.
E. Please ______ the new words in your dictionary.
20. what/which/who/whose/where/how
A. ——______ do you like China ——Very much.
B. ——______ do you like about China
——The food and the people.
C. ——______ is Mr. Green ——He is an English teacher
D. ——______ is Mr. Green ——He is Jim's father.
E. ——______ falher is Mr. Green ——Jim's.
F. ——______ man is Mr. Green ——The man on a black bike.
G. ——______ is Mr. Green from ——He's from America.
H. ——_____ is Mr. Green like --He is tall and thin.
21. class/lesson
A. He listens to the teacher carefully in _____.
B. There are four _____ in each unit of the English textbook.
22. in time/on time
A. You must give back the book to me _____.
B. You're just _____ for the last bus.
23. for short/short for
A. TV is ________ television,
B. They callme Tom _______ .
24. may be/maybe
A. Tom, ______ you are right.
B. The mon over there ______ Li Lei's English teacher.
25. begin/start
A. When can we _____ off for Beiiing
B. He didn't know how to _____.
26.other/another/the
other/others/the others
A. Those shoes are too small for me. Would you show me _____ pair
B. There are six people in the room. Three are girls, _____ three are boys.
C. He is always helping _____.
D. There are many books in the box. Ten of them are mine, _____are my sisler's,
E. Mr Liu and Miss Sun and four ______ teachers are teaching this class.
27. must/have to
A. We _____ follow our Party to go.
B. He _____ get up earlier because his mother asks him____to cook breakfast.
28. be good/be good to/be good at
A. My parents ______ me.
B. He ______ English.
C. Chocolate ______ your health, do you agree
29. road/way/street
A. Can you tell me the ______ to your school
B. I met him in the ______.
C. They drove along the country ______.
30. in front/in front of/in(at) the front
A. Ricky stood _____ lhe stage and began to sing.
B. He sits _____ and I sit not far behind him.
C. A tree stands ______ the house.
31. hope/wish
A. I _____ you to win the competition.
B. I _____ you can win the competition.
C. We have no _____ to finish the work in time. What shall we do
D. Best _____ to all of you in the coming year!
32. ago/before
A. Everyone should come back _____ five o'clock.No one should be late.
B. "He came back two days ____." means "He came back the day ____ yesterday."
33. by the way/on the way in the way
A. The chair is _____. Please move it away.
B. _____, have you got a computer at home
C. Roy happened to meet his father ______ to school.
34. match/game/sport
A. The Chinese basketball team had a _____with the American basketball team in the last Olympic _____.
B. I often do _____ or play with my classmates after school.
C. There will be a _____ meeting next week.
35. go on/go on doing/go on to do
A. After they had read the text, the students___the exercises.
B. They _____ the farm work in the field though it was raining hard.
C. I hope everything _____ well.
36. at the end/in the end/by the end/to the end
A. Go down this road _____ and you'll find the police station on your left.
B. Which building is _____ of the road Is it a supermarket or a hospital
C. Tim laughed _____ because he won the game,
D. How many English words had you learnt _____ of last term
37. what/how
A. "_____ a good film!" means "_____ good the film is!"
B. "_____ beautiful music!" means " _____ beautiful the music is!"
C. "_____ is the weather " means " _____ is the weather like "
38. in/to/on
A. Japan is _____ the east of China and Taiwan is _____ the southeast of China.
B. Henan is _____ the north of Hubei.
39.just now/right now
A. I must go to my office .
B. I made a telephone call to my friend ______.
40. how often/how soon/how long/what time
A. ——_____ will he be beck ——In a week.
B. ——_____ does he come back ——Once a week.
C. ——_____ were you in Beijing last year . ——For a week.
D. ——_____ did you go to bed last night ——At eleven.
【参考答案】
1. A. a: an: the；B. a; an; The: the
2. A. one；B. ones
3. A. in；B. with；C. use；D. by
4. A. wear；B. in；C. put on；D. dressing
5. A. a lot；B. many；C. Many/A lot of; much/a lot；D. a lot/much
6. A. find out；B. look for; find
7. A, Look; see；B. read: watching
8. A. and; or；B. and, with
9. A. also；B. too
10. A. carrying；B. bring；C. taken；D. get
11. A. Each. Every；B. each
12. A. problem; question；B. problem, questions
13. A. studied, learned；B. studying；C. study; learn；D. learn/study, learn
14. A. on；B. at, in, at, at, on；C. at；D. on. on. at；E. in. on
15. A. some times；B. sometime/some time；C. some time；D. sometimes
16. A. there are；B. there is；C. have；D. Has
17. A. That's all right；B. That's right/Right；C. All right；D. right；E. That's all
18. A. How long；B. How old；C. How much；D. How often；E. How many
19. A. look after；B. look at；C. look like；D. look the same；E. look up
20. A. How；B. What；C. What；D. Who；E. Whose；F. Which；G. Where；H. What
21. A.class；B. lessons
22.A.on time；B. in time
23.A.short for；B. for short
24. A. maybe；B. may be
25. A.start；B. start/begin
26. A.another；B. the other；C. others；D. the others；E. other
27. A.must；B. has to
28. A.are good to；B. is good at；C. is good for
29. A.way；B. street；C. road
30. A.in the front of；B. in front；C. in front of
31. A.wish；B. hope/wish；C. hope；D. wishes
32. A.before；B. ago. Before
33. A. in the way；B. By the way；C. on the way
34. A. match, Games；B. sports, games；C. sports
35. A. went on to do；B. went on doing；C. goes on
36. A. to the end；B. at the end；C. in the end；D. by the end
37. A. What. How；B. What, How；C. How, What
38. A. to, in；B. on
39. A. right now；B. just now
40. A. How soon；B. How often；C. How long；D. What time

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