资源简介

Section Ⅰ　Vocabulary
Ⅰ.写重点词汇
1．seed n．种子，籽
2．sample n．样本
3．ancestor n．(动物的)原种，祖先
4．generate v．产生，创造
5．centimetre n．厘米
6．decline v．减少
7．blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于
8．goat n．山羊
9．primitive adj.原始的，低等的
10．worldwide adv.遍及全世界
11．giant adj.巨大的，特大的
12．legend n．传说，传奇(故事)
13．root n．根
14．link v．把……联系起来；连接
15．answer the call响应号召
16．be a disgrace是耻辱，是丢脸的事
17．be native to源于……的，原产于……
18．in question讨论中的；考虑中的；有疑问
19．be crowded with塞满；挤满；充满
20．come to exist出现；产生
21．adapt to适应
22．a variety of种种；各种各样的
Ⅱ.悟拓展词汇
1．distant adj.遥远的；冷淡的→distance n．距离→distantly adv.疏远地
2．disgrace n．丢脸，耻辱 v．使丢脸；使蒙羞→disgraceful adj.不光彩的，可耻的
3．geologist n．地质学家→geology n．地质学
4．evolve v．进化→evolution n．进化(论)
5．suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得→suspicious adj.怀疑的；可疑的→suspicion n．怀疑；嫌疑
6．detect v．发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物)→detection n．发现→detective n．侦探→detector n．检测器；发现者
7．myth n．(古代的)神话→mythical adj.神话的；虚构的
8．characteristic n．特征，特性 adj.典型的；独特的→character n．性格；人物，角色
Ⅲ.认阅读词汇
1．This bird employs its beak as a weapon.n.鸟嘴，喙
2．What is the moral of the story of the tortoise and the hare n．陆龟；乌龟
3．I need a comb like tool to remove the balls on my sweater.adj.梳状的
4．The animal is covered in long piercing spines.n.(动植物的)刺，刺毛
5．People were concerned that pets or wildlife could be affected by the pesticides.n.杀虫剂，农药
6．If you prefer mild flavors，reduce or leave out the chilli.n.辣椒
7．While focusing on forestalling and punishing cybercrime，China takes targeted measures against online criminal activities.n.网络犯罪
distant adj.遥远的；久远的；疏远的；心不在焉的(distance n．距离)
be distant from距……很远；与……不同
in the distance在远处
from a distance从远处
at a distance (of) 在……远的地方；距离稍远
within walking distance在步行范围内
keep...at a distance与……保持距离；疏远……
(1)We spotted them waving to us at a distance of 100 meters.
(2)The time we spent together is now a distant(distance) memory.
(3)Could you recommend a good restaurant within walking distance
[写作佳句]
(4)老人站在塔顶上，看着远处的树。
The old man stood on the top of the tower，looking at the trees in the distance.
(5)得知你的同学总是疏远你，我写信给你一些建议。
Learning that your classmates are always keeping you at a distance，I am writing to give you some tips.
suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得 n．犯罪嫌疑人(suspicious adj.怀疑的；可疑的 suspicion n．怀疑；嫌疑 suspected adj.疑似的)
suspect sb of (doing) sth怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb to be怀疑某人是……
be suspicious of对……怀疑
(1)Judging from his nervous expression，the police suspect him to be(be) a thief.
(2)Most organizations are，quite understandably，suspicious(suspect) of new ideas.
(3)Honestly speaking，we all suspected the geologist of not pulling his weight in the teamwork.
[写作佳句]
(4)在那种情况下，我非常怀疑他在对我撒谎。
①In that situation，I strongly suspected him of lying to me.(简单句)
②In that situation，I strongly suspected that he was lying to me.(复合句)
decline v．减少；衰退；谢绝 n．减少；下降；衰退
decline by/to...下降了/到……
decline to do sth拒绝做某事
in decline/on the decline在下降
a sharp decline in...在……方面急剧下降
(1)The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.
(2)What made us astonished was that the technician declined to take(take) the task assigned to him.
(3)There was a sharp decline in the number of peacocks in this region，putting local people in panic.
[写作佳句]
(4)我邀请他们搭便车，但他们婉言拒绝了。
I offered to give them a lift，but they declined.
blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．(坏事或错事的)责任；责备；指责
blame sb for...因……而怪罪/责备某人；把……归咎于某人
blame sth on...把责任归咎于……
be to blame for该为……受责备；应为……承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth on sb把某事归咎于某人
take/bear the blame for...对……负责；为……承担责任
(1)She blamed her husband for the failure of their marriage.
＝She blamed the failure of their marriage on her husband.
(2)The association was ready to take the blame for what had happened.
[写作佳句]
(3)很多人发现早晨起床很难，并且怪罪于闹钟。
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put/lay the blame on the alarm clock.
(4)很明显，湿地的破坏应归咎于人类。
Obviously，it is human beings that should be to blame for the destruction of the wetland.
link v．把……联系起来；连接 n．联系；连接
link...to/with...把……和……连接/联系起来
link up联合，连接；使结合；使连接
be linked to/with与……有关
a link between...and...……和……之间的联系
(1)We are delighted to know the news that a subway line will link the airport to/with the city center.
(2)Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders on this street last month.
(3)The local government plans to build a railway to link up the two islands.
[写作佳句]
(4)在中国文化中，红色通常与高兴和喜庆联系在一起。
In Chinese culture，red is usually linked to/with joy and celebration.
in question 讨论中的；考虑中的；有疑问
beyond question不容置疑
out of question＝without question 毫无疑问，没有问题
out of the question不可能；不允许；不值得讨论
(1)The fact that they will answer the call is not in question.
(2)In my opinion，you’d better keep your distance from the man in question.
(3)It is beyond/out of/without question that he will pass the exam for he has been working hard of all time.
[写作佳句]
(4)鉴于目前的情况，今年再出国旅行是不可能的。
In view of the present situation，another trip abroad this year is out of the question.
be crowded with 塞满；挤满；充满[crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满的；充满的 crowd n．人群；一伙人 v．使……拥挤；挤满；涌入(脑海)]
crowd in (on sb) (想法、问题等)涌上(心头)；涌入(脑海)
crowd in/into 大批地涌入
crowd into one’s mind涌入某人的脑海
a crowd of (crowds of) 一群(成群)……
in the crowd在人群中
(1)With Christmas approaching，all shops are crowded with shopping people.
(2)When species crowd into an area，they compete for resources and become efficient at using them.
(3)There was a time when wherever he went，crowds(crowd) of fans would wait a long time to meet him.
[写作佳句]
(4)(读后续写之情绪描写)随着过去的回忆涌入她的脑海，她突然悲伤地大哭起来。
With past memories crowding into her mind，she burst into tears with sadness.
be native to 源于……的，原产于……
one’s native country/land/language/tongue某人的祖国/故乡/母语
be a native of...是……人；生长于……的动/植物
(1)As we all know，blueberries are native to North America.
(2)Judging from his accent，he must be a native of eastern coastal China.
[写作佳句]
(3)事实上，我的母语不是英语，而是法语。
As a matter of fact，it is not English but French that is my native language.
Ⅰ.一词多义
suspect A.vt.怀疑　B.n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象　C.adj.可疑的；靠不住的
1．Some of the evidence they produced was highly suspect. C
2．What a disgrace！Her son is a murder suspect in the case. B
3．(2020 新课标Ⅰ)In Samarkand，Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders，while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. A
decline A.v.谢绝　B.v.减少　C.v.衰退　D.n.下降
4．The company has seen its profits decline sharply over the past few years. B
5．(2022 浙江1月)When the answer was no，she declined the invitation. A
6．(2023 北京)This is when a pop star draws far more attention than，say，gradual biodiversity decline. D
7．(2020 浙江7月)Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors. C
Ⅱ.熟词生义
1．He was without question one of the giants of Japanese literature.卓越人物
2．Money，or love of money，is said to be the root of all evil.起因，根源
3．Instead of stopping to speak，she passed by with only a distant nod.冷漠的
训练1　Vocabulary(A)
分值：47.5分
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10题；每小题1分，共10分)
1．Chinese people brought in potatoes that are native to America.
2．On hearing the news，I froze with shock，as if rooted to the ground.
3．I suspected(怀疑) that Emily was lying when she described the incident.
4．The younger boy blamed(责备) by his teacher didn’t feel sorry for himself.
5．Thanks to the efforts they made，the crime rate in this area has declined by 12%.
6．The geologist was working when he noticed some goats in the distance(远方)．
7．As a matter of fact，many forms of cancer can be cured if detected(发现) early.
8．He practiced hard so as not to be a disgrace(耻辱) to his country in the competition.
9．Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.
10．You will have a chance to see rare animals like giant pandas，golden monkeys in the nature reserve.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分)
1．I want to know who is to blame(blame) for the broken vase.
2．By contrast，I like those lovely pandas most which are native to China.
3．I like the folk tale that is linked(link) to love，perseverance and warm-heartedness.
4．It’s disgraceful(disgrace) to conceal your own defect by means of hurting others.
5．Honestly speaking，we all suspected the little princess of not telling the truth to us.
6．In spite of many invitations，he would always decline to visit(visit) the famous university.
7．In this district the number of peacocks is on the decline，which worries local people very much.
8．You can also visit the city museum，which is within walking distance of the hotel where you stay.
9．These memories of my years in that distant(distance) village are rooted in my heart and run deep.
10．Blamed(blame) for the accident，I crouched on the ground，tears streaming down my cheeks uncontrollably.
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分)
In 2014，Xu Yitang，a Beijing native who had been studying Peking Opera since childhood，went with friends for a birthday celebration to Beijing Zoo.Little did he know that a chance encounter at the aquarium there would excite a lifelong passion.As Xu Yitang stared at corals bathed in tank’s light，a sense of wonder crowded into his mind.Lost in the beauty and mystery of the creatures，he spent the entire afternoon in front of it.After that，he began to frequent the local market to learn about coral farming from merchants who sell ornamental plants，fish and corals.He also searched for information on relevant forums online.Before long，he had set up a small fish tank at home and started cultivating a coral.
Nowadays，Xu Yitang，who has moved to the tropical island of South China’s Hainan Province，works for a Sanya-based tropical biological laboratory belonging to the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Each day，he spends several hours diving deep under the waves to observe and document the growth and development of the creatures that captured his heart all those years ago.Nicknamed “coral man”，he is actively engaged on such social media platforms as Sina Weibo，where he regularly shares visually beautiful photos and entertaining videos of corals.He aims to encourage individuals to take action in protecting coral reefs and the oceans as a whole from the destructive impact of climate change and human activities.
Unfortunately，with the strengthening of the greenhouse effect，rising sea temperatures have led to coral bleaching(白化) and decay.A coral reef’s beautiful colors come from the symbiotic algae(共生藻类) zooxanthellae that provide more than 90 percent of the energy through photosynthesis(光合作用)．Coral bleaching occurs when coral expels the algae and dies due to the lack of nutrients.
In the laboratory，he would film educational videos to raise awareness and knowledge about corals，so that people can learn how to protect them effectively.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了珊瑚保护者徐一唐的故事，还介绍了珊瑚白化现象以及其原因。
1．What changed Xu Yitang’s career choice
A．Frequenting the local market.
B．Setting up a small fish tank at home.
C．Having an encounter at the aquarium.
D．Observing coral growth and development.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Little did he know that a chance encounter at the aquarium there would excite a lifelong passion.”可知，在水族馆的一次偶遇对他的职业选择产生了巨大的影响。故选C。
2．What can we infer from paragraph 2
A．Xu is a diver in the lab.
B．Xu is a coral conservationist.
C．Xu spends few hours on his work every day.
D．Xu shares his videos for corals through social media platforms.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“He aims to encourage individuals to take action in protecting coral reefs and the oceans as a whole from the destructive impact of climate change and human activities.”可知，徐一唐鼓励人们采取行动保护珊瑚礁和整个海洋体系，由此推断出他是一名珊瑚保护者。故选B。
3．What caused coral bleaching
A．Rising sea temperatures.
B．Lots of nutrients in the water.
C．Coral farming practices.
D．Lack of sunlight in deep waters.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Unfortunately，with the strengthening of the greenhouse effect，rising sea temperatures have led to coral bleaching(白化) and decay.”可知，随着温室效应的加强，海洋温度的上升导致了珊瑚的白化和腐烂。故选A。
4．How does Xu feel about his job now
A．Critical. B．Indifferent.
C．Objective. D．Enthusiastic.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Little did he know that a chance encounter at the aquarium there would excite a lifelong passion.”以及第二段中“Each day，he spends several hours diving deep under the waves...entertaining videos of corals.”可知，他对珊瑚保护事业有着长久的热情，为此投入很多时间和精力，因此推断他对这项工作是充满热情的。故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
Food is part of who we are.We all need it，survive because of it and derive happiness from it.So if food matters so much，why do we let so much of it go rotten in our fridges，or get thrown out in our stores Sadly，we love food，but we don’t take care of it. 1 Here are ways to help us love our food better and grow respect for the world behind what we eat.
Reduce your food waste.
Buy only the food you need，store food wisely，donate excess and turn leftover food into the next day’s meals.When we waste food，all the resources used for growing，processing，transporting and marketing that food are wasted too. 2
Support your local food producers.
Chefs get awards，stars and recognition for their creations.But what about our farmers 3 Shop at your local markets and get to know your farmers.Giving them your business is giving them your recognition and respect.
Adopt a healthier，more sustainable diet.
4 We get energy and maintain health from good food.We normally don’t care the power that food and nutrition have over our bodies.Too much of it，or too much of only one kind of it，can lead to obesity，deficiencies or diet-related diseases.
5
By treating each meal with pride，we respect the farmers who produced it，and the resources that went into it.Respect can be passed on.Talk to the people around and to the next generation about making informed，healthy and sustainable food choices.
Respecting food means appreciating the back-story of food.When we know the full picture，it is easier to see what our food really stands for and how precious it really is.
A．Have a conversation.
B．Learn where food comes from.
C．Our bodies consume calories and nutrients.
D．For many people on the planet，food is giving.
E．Food is so much more than what is on our plates.
F．One third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted.
G．Without them，we wouldn’t have the fresh food we need on a daily basis.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了食物浪费的现象过于严重，并提出了可以帮助我们更好地爱惜食物，并培养对食物背后的世界的尊重的几个方法。
1．答案　F
解析　根据前文提到我们并不珍惜食物的例子和空前一句可推知，设空句应继续讲述食物浪费的情况。选项F“全球生产的粮食有三分之一被损失或浪费”承接上文，符合语境。故选F。
2．答案　E
解析　根据前文可知，浪费食物所带来的是一系列的浪费，这表明食物对我们来说意味着很多。选项E“食物远不止是我们盘子里的东西”总结前文，符合题意。故选E。
3．答案　G
解析　根据该部分主题句可知，该部分强调支持本地的“食品生产者”，且前文“But what about our farmers？”提及了农民，可推知设空句应解释农民的重要性。选项G“没有他们，我们就不会获得我们每天需要的新鲜食物”用双重否定句强调了农民的重要性，them就是指上文的farmers。故选G。
4．答案　C
解析　根据该部分主题句可知，该部分强调健康饮食。选项C“我们的身体消耗热量和营养”承接主题句，选项中的“calories”，“nutrients”与后文中“energy”和“nutrition”相呼应，衔接紧密。故选C。
5．答案　A
解析　设空句为段落主题句。根据后文“Talk to the people around and to the next generation about making informed，healthy and sustainable food choices.”可知，该段强调“与周围的人和下一代谈论明智、健康和可持续的饮食选择”，因此，设空句作为段落主题句，应突出核心词汇“谈论”。选项A“进行交谈”与后文“Talk to...”相呼应。故选A。
训练2　Vocabulary(B)
分值：35分
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
Coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life.Despite only covering 0.2 percent of the ocean floor，coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species，as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people.
However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(白化)．It happens when the corals lose colored algae(海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white.Without the algae，the corals lose their main food source and can die.In addition，as oceans become more acidic(酸性的) from absorbing CO2，corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs.
In 2021，the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years.Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef，four times since 2016.Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.
Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected.Thankfully，they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected.They contain corals with better heat resistance.So their research focus on finding genes(基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations.Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival.
Ultimately，scientists add that without a serious decline in greenhouse gas,99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century.There is a limit to how quickly corals can adapt warm climate，but if temperatures rise rapidly，then extinction is certain.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了珊瑚礁正遭受威胁，强调了减少温室气体排放的必要性和紧迫性。
1．Which is the main threat to coral reefs
A．Declining ocean acidification.
B．Loss of colored algae.
C．Increasing sea temperatures.
D．Lack of food source.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(白化)．”和最后一段中“but if temperatures rise rapidly，then extinction is certain”可知，海洋温度上升是珊瑚礁的主要威胁。故选C。
2．What do we know from paragraph 3
A．No actions are taken to protect coral reefs.
B．Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia.
C．Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years.
D．Coral reefs receive impacts globally.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“In 2021，the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world...”和“Australia declared mass bleaching events...”以及“Data from the Philippines...three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.”可知，珊瑚礁受到的影响是全球性的。故选D。
3．What can be the basic way to protect coral reefs
A．Reducing greenhouse gas emission.
B．Transplanting them to the hot parts.
C．Relying on genes science.
D．Limiting their spread.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately，scientists add that without a serious decline in greenhouse gas,99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century.”可推知，减少温室气体的排放是保护珊瑚礁的根本办法。故选A。
4．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Where Are Coral Reefs Spread
B．How Can Coral Reefs Survive
C．Coral Reefs：A New Threat to Ocean Life
D．Coral Reefs：A Busy Underwater Community
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。根据第二段中“However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.”以及最后一段第一句话并结合全文可知，这篇文章主要讲述了珊瑚礁正面临威胁，减少温室气体排放和利用珊瑚的耐热基因可以帮助珊瑚礁渡过难关。故B项“How Can Coral Reefs Survive？”符合主旨，最适合作为本文的标题。故选B。
B
Most of the world’s crops depend on honeybees and wild bees for pollination(授粉)，so decline in both managed and wild bee populations raises concerns about food security，the study notes in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
“We found that many crops are pollination-limited，meaning crop production would be higher if crop flowers received more pollination.We also found that honeybees and wild bees provided similar amounts of pollination in general，” said senior author Rachael Winfree，a professor at Rutgers University-New Brunswick.“Managing habitat for native bee species and stocking more honeybees would raise pollination levels and could increase crop production.”
Pollination by wild and managed insects is important for most crops，including those providing basic micronutrients，and is important for food security，the study notes.In the US，the production of crops that depend on pollinators generates more than $50 billion a year.According to recent evidence，European honeybees and some native wild bee species are in decline.
At 131 farms across the United States and in British Columbia，Canada，scientists collected data on insect pollination of crop flowers and yields(产量) for apples，highbush blueberries，sweet cherries，tart cherries，almonds，watermelon and pumpkin.Of those，apples，sweet cherries，tart cherries and blueberries showed evidence of being limited by pollination，showing that yields are currently lower than they would be with full pollination.Wild bees and honeybees provided similar amounts of pollination for most crops.
The annual production value of wild pollinations for all seven crops was an estimated $1.5 billion-plus in the US.The value of wild bee pollination for all pollinator-dependent crops would be much greater.
“Our findings showed that the decline of pollinators could translate directly into decreased yields for most of the crops studied，” the study says.The findings suggest that adopting practices that protect wild bees，such as increasing wildflowers and using managed pollinators other than honeybees，is likely to raise yields.Increasing investment in honeybee colonies(群落) is another possible choice.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一项研究发现，作为授粉者的蜜蜂数量的下降会导致农作物减产。
5．Which of the following will Rachael Winfree agree with
A．Food security has nothing to do with pollinators.
B．More pollination leads to higher crop production.
C．Honeybees will disappear from the earth soon.
D．Wild bees have better pollination ability than honeybees.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“We found that many crops are pollination-limited，meaning crop production would be higher if crop flowers received more pollination.”可知，Rachael Winfree认为如果作物花朵得到更多的授粉，作物产量将会更高，所以她会赞同“更多授粉能带来更高的作物产量”。故选B。
6．What does the underlined word “generates” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Wastes. B．Creates.
C．Spends. D．Experiences.
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词前句可知，昆虫授粉对粮食安全很重要，结合画线词后的“more than $50 billion a year”可知，此处是描述依赖授粉的作物每年所创造的产值，以进一步说明授粉的重要性，故可推知generates意为“创造，产生”，故选B。
7．How will an apple grower in the US feel when reading this text
A．Excited. B．Relieved.
C．Worried. D．Embarrassed.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Of those，apples，sweet cherries，tart cherries and blueberries showed evidence of being limited by pollination，showing that yields are currently lower than they would be with full pollination.”可知，由于授粉受限，如今在美国苹果的产量低于完全授粉条件下的产量，故推知在美国种植苹果的人读到这篇文章会感到担忧，故选C。
8．What’s the purpose of the text
A．To present a research finding.
B．To explain how to raise bees.
C．To present the world’s food problem.
D．To describe the process of pollination.
答案　A
解析　写作意图题。通读全文尤其是第一段和最后一段首句可知，本文介绍了一项研究发现，由于世界上大多数作物都依赖蜜蜂授粉，因此蜜蜂数量的下降会直接导致农作物减产，从而威胁到粮食安全。故本文目的是呈现一项研究发现，故选A。
Ⅱ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分)
The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,1. (surround) by advancing deserts on three sides，is one of the major sources of sandstorms which threaten northern China.The region lacks water resources 2. faces extreme weather events.If no actions 3. (take)，the region will face the threat of being buried by sand as no 4. (defend) can stop the advancing deserts and repetitive strong sandstorms.
More than four decades of efforts against desertification in Ningxia have helped develop crucial experience.Growing different trees based on different habitats is 5. (critic) to maintaining the forests’ quality and sustainability.In Shapotou District，Zhongwei City，wild shrubs(灌木) are planted because of the 6. (extreme) low groundwater.Shrubs help lower the wind speed，preventing the transportation 7. sands to neighboring areas.At the same time，the organisms 8. (live) on the shrubs gradually form biological soil coats to hold the sand firmly.
By the end of 2020，Ningxia 9. (grow) 510,000 hectares of forest，increasing forest coverage from 8.4 percent in 2000 to 15.8 percent.During 10. “14th Five-Year Plan” period，Ningxia plans to create 96,000 hectares of forest and restore over 66,000 hectares of grassland.
1．答案　surrounded
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语构成被动关系，应用过去分词形式作定语。故填surrounded。
2．答案　and
解析　考查连词。前后文为并列关系，应用连词and。故填and。
3．答案　are taken
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，actions与take构成被动关系，且主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。故填are taken。
4．答案　defence/defense
解析　考查名词。此处作从句的主语，表示“防御”，应用名词形式，故填defence/defense。
5．答案　critical
解析　考查形容词。此处作表语，表示“至关重要的”，应用形容词形式。故填critical。
6．答案　extremely
解析　考查副词。修饰后文形容词low应用副词作状语。故填extremely。
7．答案　from
解析　考查介词。结合句意表示“从……到……”短语为from...to...。故填from。
8．答案　living
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，live在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与其逻辑主语organisms构成主动关系，应用现在分词作定语。故填living。
9．答案　had grown
解析　考查时态。根据时间状语By the end of 2020可知，应用过去完成时。故填had grown。
10．答案　the
解析　考查冠词。此处特指“十四五”期间，应用定冠词the。故填the。Section Ⅲ 　Understanding ideas
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Darwin’s interest in various things made him a great naturalist.
B．Darwin’s journey on the Beagle inspired his theory of evolution.
C．Why Darwin was chosen to go on a journey with the captain of the Beagle.
D．Darwin went on a journey to confirm his theory that humans had evolved over time.
答案　B
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What can we learn about Charles Darwin from the passage
A．Charles Darwin was not an excellent graduate from the medical school.
B．Charles Darwin was well received by the captain.
C．All his achievements began with the journey on the Beagle.
D．Charles Darwin explained his theory immediately he came back.
答案　A
2．Why was Darwin’s room on the ship crowded with samples of plants and animals
A．He was interested in them.
B．He would send them to his friends as gifts.
C．He would study their influences on the environment.
D．The captain ordered him to do so.
答案　A
3．Why did Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species cause a storm
A．Because Darwin’s father considered it a failure.
B．Because the book referred to something about humans.
C．Because people used to believe that all species had happened on Earth at the same time.
D．Because Darwin’s theory was short of evidence.
答案　C
4．According to Darwin，how did new species of plants and animals come to exist
A．They suddenly appeared on Earth at the same time.
B．They evolved from earlier ancestors.
C．New species would appear when old species died out.
D．All the animals evolved from the finches.
答案　B
5．Which words can be used to describe Charles Darwin
A．Brave and dedicated.
B．Diligent and humorous.
C．Devoted and warm hearted.
D．Modest and responsible.
答案　A
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Charles Darwin was a geologist and naturalist,1.fascinated(fascinate) by rocks，plants and animals.He left England on the ship，the Beagle，in 1831.The journey gave him the chance 2.to study(study) various living things in their natural environments.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar 3.to each other.
At that time，people believed that all species 4.had appeared(appear) on Earth at the same time，and had not changed since.But Darwin began to think differently.
When the ship reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835，it 5.was(be) the birds that interested him the most.He suspected that the different finches had evolved from a common ancestor，6.which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
It was a 7.completely(complete) new idea—a theory of evolution.Darwin explained this theory in his book，On the Origin of Species.Many people refused to believe that living things,8.including(include) humans，had evolved from lower forms of life.But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing 9.that more and more people started to believe his theory.
Today，the book is regarded as one of the most important works ever 10.written(write)．
Ⅰ.补句子　析结构
1．The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known(know)”．(P66 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，在句中作主语；主句的主语是The captain of the ship；the Beagle是the ship的同位语。
汉语翻译：贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员，这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。
2．It was a young man who had left medical school without completing(complete) his degree.(P66 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，在句中作主语，修饰a young man。
汉语翻译：这个年轻人从医学院肄业。
3．What’s more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”．(P66 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，predicting that...是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰a letter；that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：并且在他刚收到的家书中，父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。
4．The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals.(P67 Para.2)
结构分析：此句为简单句；fascinated by rocks，plants and animals是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a geologist and naturalist。
汉语翻译：我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯 达尔文，他对岩石和动植物有着浓厚的兴趣。
5．After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.(P67 Para.2)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，After引导时间状语从句；主句中的he had collected是定语从句，省略了作宾语的引导词that/which，其先行词是samples of the plants and animals。
汉语翻译：在南美洲度过一段时间后，他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。
6．At that time，people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time，and had not changed since.(P67 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；从句中含有两个并列的谓语动词，分别是had appeared和had not changed。
汉语翻译：当时，人们认为所有的物种都是同时出现在地球上的，并从此再无变化。
7．When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835，Darwin saw a variety of(各种各样的) new species，but it was the birds that interested him the most.(P67 Para.4)
结构分析：此句是but连接的并列复合句；but前的句中含有When引导的时间状语从句；but后的分句中含有强调句型，强调了主语the birds，其结构为it is/was...that...。
汉语翻译：1835年，当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛的时候，达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但是其中最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
8．It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.(P67 Para.4)
结构分析：此句是主从复合句；seemed后是一个省略了that的主语从句；该从句中又包含了what引导的宾语从句，作according to的宾语。
汉语翻译：它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可觅得的食物进化而来的。
9．Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved(evolve) from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.(P68 Para.5)
结构分析：此句是主从复合句；that引导宾语从句，作suspected的宾语；which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是a common ancestor。
汉语翻译：达尔文猜想，这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来，它们的祖先很久以前就来到了这个群岛。
10．But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing(convince) that more and more people started to believe his theory.(P68 Para.6)
结构分析：此句是主从复合句；so...that...引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
汉语翻译：然而，达尔文的科学研究很有说服力，以至于越来越多的人开始接受他的理论。
11．Today，On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written.(P68 Para.7)
结构分析：此句是简单句；主语是On the Origin of Species；ever written是过去分词作后置定语修饰works。
汉语翻译：如今，《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。
Ⅱ.研典句　学用法
not...until...直到……才……
It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.(P68 Para.6)
这本书直到1859年才出版，出版后立即引起轰动。
结构分析：句中的not...until...意为“直到……才……”，cause a storm意为“引起轰动”。
如果until用在肯定句中，谓语动词通常是延续性动词，如stand，stay，talk，wait等，表示主句动作终止的时间。
如果until用在否定句中，谓语动词既可以是瞬间性动词也可以是延续性动词，强调主句动作开始的时间。
当not until 位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装，not until所在的从句不倒装。其结构为Not until＋从句/表时间的词＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋(主句)主语＋谓语＋其他。
not until的强调结构为It is/was not until＋从句/表时间的词＋that＋其他。
(1)飞机要等暴风雪停了才会起飞。
The plane won’t take off until the snowstorm stops.
(2)他如此勤奋，一直在复习所学内容，直到半夜。
So hard working was he that he kept revising what he had learned until/till midnight.
(3)直到在比赛中被击败，他们才意识到团队合作的重要性。
They didn’t realize the importance of teamwork until they were defeated in the competition.
＝Not until they were defeated in the competition did they realize the importance of teamwork.(改成倒装句)
＝It was not until they were defeated in the competition that they realized the importance of teamwork.(改成强调句式)
课文重点词块默写
1．追溯到…… date back to
2．因……而受益/获利 profit by/from...
3．响应号召 answer the call
4．第一选择 first choice
5．此外，更重要的是 what’s more
6．医学院 medical school
7．是耻辱，是丢脸的事 be a disgrace
8．有史以来；一直 of all time
9．讨论中的；考虑中的 in question
10．塞满；挤满；充满 be crowded with
11．出现；产生 come to exist
12．引起轰动 cause a storm
13．同时 at the same time
14．与……相似 be similar to
15．适应/适合…… adapt to
16．种种；各种各样的 a variety of
17．随着时间的推移 over time
18．被认为是 be regarded as
19．开始于…… begin with
训练3　Understanding ideas(A)
分值：40分
Ⅰ.单句写作(2023·浙江1月，应用文写作——“认识我们身边的植物”)(共15分)
1．上周末，我参加了学生会组织的“认识我们身边的植物”活动。(过去分词短语作后置定语)
Last weekend，I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organized by our Students’ Council.
2．在我们前进的过程中，一位当地植物学家告诉我们关于各种植物的不同特征。(as引导时间状语从句)
A local botanist told us about the different characteristics of various plant species as we went along.
3．这项活动太吸引人了，直到天黑我们才回来。(so...that...引导倒装句；not...until...)
So appealing was the activity that we didn’t come back until it got dark.
4．这次活动令人印象深刻，激发了我们学生了解各种植物的热情。(so...that...)
The activity was so impressive that it aroused the enthusiasm of us students to get to know various plants.
5．正是通过这次活动，我们意识到大自然是多么神奇，我们应该竭尽全力保护自然。(强调句式)
It is through this activity that we realize how amazing nature is and that we should spare no effort to protect nature.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Last weekend，I participated in a “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” activity organized by our Students’ Council.
We gathered on the playground at 8：00 am and then set off along the foot of mountain behind our school.A local botanist told us about the different characteristics of various plant species as we went along.So appealing was the activity that we didn’t come back until it got dark.
The activity was so impressive that it aroused the enthusiasm of us students to get to know various plants.Moreover，it is through this activity that we realize how amazing nature is and that we should spare no effort to protect nature.
Ⅱ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分)
The clumsy yet graceful wood stork，which was on the brink of extinction in 1984，has recovered enough in Florida and other Southern states.The American wildlife officials proposed removing the waterfowl(水禽) from the endangered species list.
This symbolic species，which is the only stork native to North America，has rebounded because dedicated partners in the southeast have worked tirelessly to restore ecosystems that support it.In addition，the wood stork has increased its range in coastal areas.The birds have adapted to new nesting areas，tripling the number of colonies across their range from 29 to 99 in recent years.
Credit goes mainly to the wildlife protections provided by the Endangered Species Act(ESA)，which can impose restrictions on a variety of activities in areas where such species are located，such as development，mining and oil drilling.The act saved the wood stork and it helped preserve and rebuild vital habitats throughout the southeast，which has improved water quality and benefited countless other species who call the area home.The Endangered Species Act has saved 99% of the species that have been on the list since 1973，with 100 types of plants and animals delisted because they have recovered or are at least stable.
The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service said that restoration of the wood stork’s habitat，especially in the Florida Everglades and adjacent Big Cypress National Preserve，led to a sharp increase in breeding pairs.Those numbers had shrunk to just 5,000 pairs in 1984，whereas there are more than 10,000 pairs today.
“The proposed delisting of the wood stork is a significant milestone and a remarkable achievement of the hard work by federal agencies，state and local governments，tribes，conservation organizations，and private citizens in protecting and restoring our most at-risk species，” Interior Secretary Deb Haaland said.
If the wood stork is delisted，officials said it would remain protected by other laws including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Clean Water Act.A monitoring plan would be put in place for at least five years to ensure the stork population remains stable.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述在各方的努力以及《濒危物种法》的保护下，濒危物种林鹳恢复得很好，所以官员们建议将林鹳从濒危物种的名单中移除。
1．What can be inferred about the wood stork from the text
A．It is widely distributed worldwide.
B．It is the most endangered species.
C．Its population shows a rising trend.
D．It is becoming completely extinct.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The birds have adapted to new nesting areas，tripling the number of colonies across their range from 29 to 99 in recent years.”以及倒数第三段中“Those numbers had shrunk to just 5,000 pairs in 1984，whereas there are more than 10,000 pairs today.”可推知，由于保护得当，林鹳的数量呈上升的趋势。故选C。
2．What contribute mostly to recovering the population of the wood stork
A．Safeguards of the ESA.
B．Federal agencies.
C．Conservation organizations.
D．Local tribes.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Credit goes mainly to the wildlife protections provided by the Endangered Species Act(ESA)”可知，ESA的保护措施对恢复林鹳的数量起到了主要作用。故选A。
3．What is Deb Haaland’s attitude to the delisting of the wood stork
A．Unclear. B．Positive.
C．Indifferent. D．Concerned.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。根据倒数第二段Deb Haaland所说的“The proposed delisting of the wood stork is a significant milestone and a remarkable achievement...protecting and restoring our most at-risk species”可推知，Deb Haaland对林鹳被从濒危物种的名单中移除持积极态度。故选B。
4．What is the best title of the text
A．Effect of the Endangered Species Act Counts
B．Protection of American Native Species Works
C．Efforts to Restore the Wildlife Habitat Pays off
D．Saving of the Endangered Wood Stork Progresses
答案　D
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，本文主要讲述在各方的努力以及《濒危物种法》的保护下，濒危物种林鹳恢复得很好，所以官员们建议将林鹳从濒危物种的名单中移除，所以D项“拯救濒危林鹳取得进展”适合作标题。故选D。
Ⅲ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分)
This morning after an evening fight with my three-year-old daughter，I couldn’t wait to get her to school.I was tired from the anger and her 1 to communicate because of her slow language development.
As I led her into the car，I felt 2 .Nothing was right with our world.She was born when my family had been going through a lot of 3 .Then my child’s language problem was 4 ，but doctors struggled to help her.I felt like we both needed to be 5 .
I returned that afternoon as 6 with the little girl I loved as when I left.Walking toward the school’s playground gate，I spotted her preschool teacher racing to 7 me.
“You should have seen her today！” 8 ，his breathy words were supported by 9 .“See that climber.” He 10 a wooden piece of playground equipment that looked like a rock wall.I nodded.“Well，every day since she started school，she’s tried but 11 to reach the top.” He took a breath.“But today she 12 it！”
He expressed his joy like he’d seen her conquering(征服) Mount Qomolangma! “She cheered and celebrated! I wish I’d recorded it！” His words gave me some 13 .My daughter had conquered her mountain.As she ran toward me，I 14 something I hadn’t before.I saw her determination.I saw her strength.I saw a 15 .
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者因孩子语言发展缓慢而失望，但是孩子在学校坚持不懈完成自己的目标，作者在孩子身上看到了不一样的品质。
1．A.attempt B．need
C．inability D．desire
答案　C
解析　根据下文“because of her slow language development”可知，作者的女儿语言发展缓慢，因此作者对于她交流上的无能感到厌倦。故选C。
2．A.nervous B．peaceful
C．hopeless D．curious
答案　C
解析　根据下文“Nothing was right with our world.”可知，作者对于自己的生活不满意，因此感到很绝望。故选C。
3．A.sufferings B．emotions
C．efforts D．celebrations
答案　A
解析　根据上文“Nothing was right with our world.”可推断作者的女儿出生的时候，家里也在经历不好的事情。故选A。
4．A.prevented B．replaced
C．solved D．identified
答案　D
解析　prevent阻止；replace替代；solve解决；identify鉴定。根据下文“doctors struggled to help her”可知，作者孩子的语言问题是被医生鉴定出来的。故选D。
5．A.protected B．rescued
C．balanced D．respected
答案　B
解析　protect保护；rescue拯救；balance平衡；respect尊敬。根据上文“but doctors struggled to help her”以及“we both needed”可知，作者认为自己和孩子都需要被拯救。故选B。
6．A.disappointed B．honest
C．strict D．pleased
答案　A
解析　根据前文“after an evening fight with my three-year-old daughter”以及“I was tired from the anger and her...language development”可知，此处指作者送女儿上学时感到疲倦、失望，去接孩子时心情也没有改变，和之前一样失望。故选A。
7．A.greet B．hear
C．praise D．escape
答案　A
解析　根据上下文“Walking toward the school’s playground gate”以及“You should have seen her today！”可知，因为孩子在学校表现出色，老师看见作者时很兴奋，而且作者是走向操场门口，老师应该是出来迎接作者。故选A。
8．A.Originally B．Obviously
C．Fortunately D．Eventually
答案　B
解析　originally起初；obviously显然；fortunately幸运地；eventually最终。根据上下文“racing to”以及“his breathy words”可知，老师的兴奋是显而易见的。故选B。
9．A.complaint B．confidence
C．excitement D．bravery
答案　C
解析　根据下文“He expressed his joy”可知，老师很开心很兴奋。故选C。
10．A.took up B．pointed to
C．cut down D．worked out
答案　B
解析　take up拿起，接受；point to指向；cut down砍倒；work out解决。根据上下文“See that climber.”以及“a wooden piece of playground equipment”可知，老师是指着一个操场上的设施让作者看。故选B。
11．A.determined B．rejected
C．intended D．failed
答案　D
解析　根据下文“She cheered and celebrated！”可知，今天她做到了，说明之前都没有成功。故选D。
12．A.missed B．ignored
C．tried D．made
答案　D
解析　根据下文“She cheered and celebrated！”可知，她今天做到了，所以在欢呼庆祝。make it表示“成功了，做到了”。故选D。
13．A.comfort B．luck
C．imagination D．description
答案　A
解析　根据上下文“I was tired from the anger and her to communicate because of her slow language development.”以及“She cheered and celebrated! I wish I’d recorded it！”可知，作者送女儿上学时对她是很失望的，但是老师对于孩子的成功称赞不已，这对于家长来说是一种安慰。故选A。
14．A.displayed B．recognized
C．taught D．provided
答案　B
解析　根据下文的三个“I saw”可知，作者发现了孩子身上的决心和毅力，这是作者以前没有能意识到的。故选B。
15．A.player B．mother
C．hero D．teacher
答案　C
解析　根据上文“My daughter had conquered her mountain.”以及“I saw her determination.I saw her strength.”可知，作者的女儿克服了自己的困难，完成自己的目标，表现出了决心和力量，此时她在作者眼中就是一个英雄。故选C。
训练４　Understanding ideas(B)
分值：32.5分
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
Taking an “eco-break” was once almost the same as a weekend’s hedge-laying or a summer spent conserving wildlife.Here is how things have changed: being a green traveler today is no longer restricted to one-off gestures but，rather，it’s a state of mind.Influences include，but are not limited to what we pack，how we reach our destination，where we stay and what activities we take part in.
Such change has come about thanks to both a growing understanding of climate change and the pioneering efforts of some travel operators to show the joy of going green.Luxury camping specialists Feather Down Farms and Forest，for example，led the glamping(豪华野营) revolution.Digital platforms such as Under the Thatch and Canopy & Stars have made booking low-impact rural accommodations easier.Adventure operators such as TYF，Intrepid and Much Better Adventures set the agenda for sustainable outdoor relaxation.
But the increased appetite for travel and the trend for replacing annual trips with multiple shorter breaks has seen a rise in carbon-intensive air travel.Meanwhile，key overland routes have been discontinued(such as ferry services to Scandinavia and overnight “train hotels” through France and Spain)，and cuts in local transport services have severely impacted car-free access to rural areas.Dishonest and immoral businesses have also jumped on the “eco” travel wave，muddying the waters.
There are，however，signs we’re entering a golden age of green travel.Richard Hammond，founder of the Green Traveler website，shares over 20 years’ worth of expertise in his new guidebook outlying methods to explore the world sustainably.Many travel companies are also starting to provide tools to help travelers tell the genuinely green from greenwashing operations( and Google，for instance，are working with not-for-profit Travalyst to flag up officially-approved and eco-certified hotels in their search results) while the upcoming national rollout(推广) of electric car charging，the modernization of cross-channel ferry services and the return of rail means choosing lower-carbon overland travel is becoming practical and more appealing.
1．How have things changed for being green now
A．Each stop on a route is planned with care.
B．Many aspects of our travels are influenced.
C．Wildlife preservation is not as essential as before.
D．The health conditions of tourists are considered.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“Here is how things have changed...Influences include，but are not limited to what we pack，how we reach our destination，where we stay and what activities we take part in.”可知，现在环保的变化在于我们旅行的许多方面都受到了影响。故选B。
2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning some travel operators
A．To compare their jobs in different fields.
B．To offer the readers select recommendations.
C．To impress the readers with outdoor activities.
D．To show their joint contributions to green travel.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“the pioneering efforts of some travel operators to show the joy of going green”和“for example”可推知，作者提到一些旅游公司的目的是展示他们对绿色旅行的共同贡献。故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “greenwashing” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Eco-unfriendly. B．Illegal.
C．Disorderly. D．Evergreen.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“to help travelers tell the genuinely green from”和后文的例子“ and Google，for instance，are working with not-for-profit Travalyst to...”可知，这些工具是为了帮助旅行者区分真正的环保和不环保，因此推知画线词与“genuinely green”意义相反，表示“对生态不友好”。故选A。
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Going Green
B．Costing the Earth Less
C．Experiencing Rural Lifestyles
D．Adventuring into the Golden Age
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是绿色旅行，因此A选项“Going Green”适合作本文标题。故选A。
B
There’s a researcher in Denmark who has spent 25 years surveying insect populations by driving his old Ford Anglia down the same country roads and counting the number of small insects squashed(挤压) up against the glass window of his car.Back when he started，he’d regularly have to clean dead insects off his car.But in recent years，he has experienced a lot of “zero-insect days”．He recalls the joy of catching fireflies on his family farm in Texas as a child.With more streetlights and the switch to LED lights，it’s becoming harder for fireflies to spot potential mates.
Imagine a world without insects! We might breathe a sigh of relief at the thought of mosquito-free summers.However，a world with no insects is unlikely.Insects are being shifted to an unhappy state where there will be far more bedbugs(床虱) and mosquitoes and far fewer bees and monarch butterflies.
Those changes in biodiversity come with some results.Farmers may have to fight off more of the harmful insects that attack crops，for instance，and insect-pollinated fruits and vegetables will become hard to grow on a large scale.Some insect-eating animals will decline with a lack of food，which has already happened to some birds.Water and soil quality could also be in danger.
After knowing some facts，we may find that our attitude towards some insects has shifted from loathing(憎恶) to love，or at the very least，appreciation.We can know how much we benefit from insects，and what we stand to lose without them.
As researcher Martin puts it，“Our reliance on insects is like the Internet: When parts of the network are removed，the less Internet there is，until eventually it doesn’t work anymore.” A world without the Internet would be difficult but livable.The same can’t be said for a world without insects.
5．What has the Danish researcher found in recent years
A．Few people pay special attention to fireflies.
B．Insects are having a survival crisis.
C．Country roads are perfect for firefly catching.
D．Many insects can avoid moving cars.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“But in recent years，he has experienced a lot of ‘zero-insect days’．..it’s becoming harder for fireflies to spot potential mates.”可推知，丹麦研究者近年来发现昆虫正面临生存危机。故选B。
6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The damage insects do to crops.
B．The reduction of insect-eating animals.
C．Ways to deal with biodiversity.
D．Consequences of changes in insect varieties.
答案　D
解析　段落大意题。根据文章第三段第一句“Those changes in biodiversity come with some results.”并结合第二段末句可知，第三段主要讲述了昆虫品种变化的后果。故选D。
7．What can be inferred from Martin’s comment
A．Insects are as important as the Internet.
B．Insects are appreciated by human beings.
C．Humans can’t help but live with the Internet.
D．Humans are heavily dependent on insects.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“As researcher Martin puts it，‘Our reliance on insects is like the Internet: When parts of the network are removed，the less Internet there is，until eventually it doesn’t work anymore.’”可推知，从Martin的话中我们可以推理出人类严重依赖昆虫。故选D。
8．What is the purpose of this text
A．To explain the importance of insects.
B．To recall a childhood experience.
C．To present people’s attitude to insects.
D．To express appreciation to insects.
答案　A
解析　写作意图题。通读全文，尤其根据文章最后一段内容可知，文章的主要目的是解释昆虫对于人类的重要性。故选A。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
We all want to be successful. 1 We tend to focus directly on the end goals，failing to realize our big goals are not going to happen overnight.This is why celebrating small wins is so important in giving us motivation(动力) to push through difficulties and move forward.Then how to celebrate small wins
Break large goals down into small goals.When we are faced with a large goal，our minds can slip into the habit of delay.Small goals can help avoid this. 2 Instead，make sure you create small，achievable goals that will allow you to see your progress more clearly.These small successes will help you feel good with each little step.
Reward(犒劳) yourself. 3 It could be anything from treating yourself to your favorite coffee or even taking a trip somewhere.Having something to look forward to trains the brain into creating motivation，which can speed up your pace of success.
Don’t pressure yourself.Putting strict deadlines(截止日期) on your goals can lead to possible feelings of failure，even when there are small victories along the way. 4 This will increase your happiness and motivation as you celebrate small wins.
Track your progress.Sometimes，we can give up because we are unaware of how close we are to success and forget how much we’ve done.Then why not keep a record It will remind you how far you’ve come in achieving your goal. 5
In short，small wins make huge successes.Celebrating small wins will make long-term goals easier to achieve in the long run.
A．Be flexible with your time limits.
B．Small wins can actually be easy to ignore.
C．So don’t expect to realize your big dream instantly.
D．The negative feelings may slow down your success.
E．Do what you enjoy the most each time you complete a step.
F．But along the journey to success，we can feel discouraged sometimes.
G．Besides，seeing all the small wins written down can be a reward in itself.
1．答案　F
解析　根据上文“We all want to be successful.”和下文“We tend to focus directly on the end goals，failing to realize our big goals are not going to happen overnight.”可知，上文提到我们都想要成功，下文提到我们没有意识到远大的目标不是在一夜之间就能实现的，所以空处与上文是转折关系，是说明在通往成功的漫长道路上可能会出现的问题，F项“但在通往成功的道路上，我们有时也会感到气馁”符合语境，故选F。
2．答案　C
解析　根据上文“When we are faced with a large goal，our minds can slip into the habit of delay.”可知，当面对一个大的目标时，我们的大脑会养成拖延的习惯，且空处与下文“Instead，make sure you create small，achievable goals that...”是相反的情况，所以空处是说不要想着大目标能立刻实现，故选C。
3．答案　E
解析　根据本段主题句“Reward(犒劳) yourself.”和空后一句“It could be anything from treating yourself to your favorite coffee or...”可知，本段是说要犒劳自己，做自己最喜欢的事情，E项“每完成一个步骤，就去做你最喜欢的事情”符合语境，下文是对E项中“what you enjoy the most”的具体列举。故选E。
4．答案　A
解析　上文“Putting strict deadlines(截止日期) on your goals can lead to possible feelings of failure，even when there are small victories along the way.”提到，给目标设定严格的截止日期可能会给人带来负面情绪，所以空处应是说要灵活安排时间，空后的This指的就是A项的内容。故选A。
5．答案　G
解析　上文“It will remind you how far you’ve come in achieving your goal.”是描述记录下点滴进步的意义，G项“此外，看到所有的小胜利都被记录下来本身就是一种奖励”进一步说明记录进步的意义，故选G。Section Ⅳ　Using language(1)—Past perfect
阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答其后的题目
I usually get to school early but yesterday is an exception.By the time I got up，my father had gone into the bathroom，so I had to wait.Then，I had a quick breakfast and ran to the bus stop.Unluckily，when I got there，the bus had just left.How upset I was！I had no choice but to walk to school.As a result，hardly had I run into my classroom when the bell rang.What an unforgettable morning!
[自主发现]
以上短文中的黑体部分都用了过去完成时态，其构成是had＋过去分词，表示该动作发生在过去的过去。
过去完成时
一、过去完成时的意义和构成
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态(亦可以说是“过去的过去”)。过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.本周早些时候他已经去过纽约。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.这个国家尚未从战争的影响下复原。
二、过去完成时的基本用法
1．表示在过去某个动作前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。常见的时间状语包括由by，before等构成的短语以及when，by the time 等引导的状语从句。
When she heard that her father had died in the accident，she burst out crying.当她听说她父亲已经在这次事故中丧生时，她放声大哭起来。
By the end of last year，we had done several experiments on the seed.
到去年年底，我们已经对种子做了一些实验。
2．表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图
过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图时，常适用于下列动词expect，hope，intend，mean，suppose，think，want等。
We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.我们原本希望你能来拜访我们。
I had meant to take a good holiday last year，but I was not able to leave.
我本打算去年好好去度假，但是脱不开身。
三、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1．用于宾语从句
过去完成时表示一个过去的动作先于另一个过去动作的用法，多见于宾语从句。一般说来，当主句中用了know，realize，think，suppose，guess，find，discover，decide，remember，forget等动词的一般过去时，如果宾语从句中的动作先于主句的动作，从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。
We realized we had lost our way.
我们意识到我们迷路了。
I didn’t think about asking her if she had passed her examination.我没有想问她是否考试及格了。
2．在no sooner...than...，hardly...when...句型中，主句用过去完成时，意为“一……就……”。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.他刚冲出去，房子就塌了。
3．在it was the first/second/...time that...句型中，that从句常用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had read a book about how humans evolved.
这是我第一次读有关人类如何进化的书。
4．在虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句和wish/would rather/if only等词后的从句用过去完成时。
If he had taken my advice，he would have passed the driving test.
如果他听了我的建议，他就通过驾照考试了。
I’d rather you hadn’t been present.
我宁愿你当时不在场。
四、过去完成时与一般过去时、现在完成时的区别
1．一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实；而过去完成时强调动作发生在过去的过去，一定有一个表示过去的参照点。
I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.当公交车最终到来的时候，我已经在车站等了30分钟。
He once worked as a teacher for 5 years，but now he is a successful manager.他曾做了5年的教师，但现在他是一位成功的经理。
2．过去完成时以过去作为时间参照来谈论更远的过去；现在完成时以现在作为时间参照来谈论过去。
The geologist has lived in Beijing for five years.这位地质学家已经在北京住了五年了。(到目前为止)
I had lived in Beijing for three years before I went to Shenzhen.我去深圳之前曾在北京住了三年。(动作发生在去深圳之前)
Ⅰ.完成句子
1．当所有同学走进实验室时，这位地质学家已经回家了。
When all the students came into the lab，the geologist had gone home.
2．老板询问员工是否把样本送到了专家那里。
The boss asked if the employees had sent the samples to the expert.
3．到上学期末我们已经学了两千多个英语单词。
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
4．他们原本计划谈谈创新的事，但是他们的日程很紧。
They had planned to talk about innovation，but they had a tight schedule.
5．那是他第一次独自创作了一首曲子。
It was the first time that he had composed a piece of music all by himself.
Ⅱ.阅读下面短文，用所给动词的适当形式填空
Mr Smith was an ordinary looking man，but he was very humorous.He could speak Chinese fluently，which shocked us all at first.Later，he told us that he 1.had learned/learnt(learn) Chinese for more than two years before he came to China.He always tried his best to make his lessons lively and interesting.In his lessons，he often 2.mentioned(mention) Egypt.He said that he 3.had been(be) there for many times.Mr Smith was so kind and loved us so much.He would
persuade me to work harder.If I 4.had taken(take) his advice，I would lead a better life now.One day，when Mr Smith heard that one of my classmates 5.had fallen(fall) off the stairs，he was so concerned that he hurried to the spot at once.Two years later，Mr Smith had to return to his homeland.When we got to the airport，the plane carrying him 6.had taken(take) off.We were so disappointed! We will miss Mr Smith forever.
训练5　Using language(A)
分值：55分
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分)
1．It was the third time that he had seen(see) such a giant tortoise.
2．He had learned/learnt(learn) 3,000 words before he went to Germany.
3．We hurried to the station，only to find that the train had left(leave) already.
4．The moment I got home，I found I had left(leave) my jacket on the playground.
5．He had planned(plan) to help his friend feed the goats，but he was too busy then.
6．The twins，who had finished(finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton in the yard.
7．By about 6,000 BCE，people had discovered(discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
8．The downturn hit the real estate firm where she had worked(work) for ten years as an office manager.
9．She told me it was the most instructive lecture that she had attended(attend) since she came to this school.
10．To our surprise，the concert prepared by the students turned out more successful than we had thought(think)．
Ⅱ.完成句子(共5题；每小题3分，共15分)
1．那是他第一次来到一个这么大的城市。
It was the first time that he had come to such a big city.
2．那天他告诉我们，他已经决定放弃那个计划了。
He told us that he had decided to give up that plan that day.
3．近几年这个村里发生了很大变化。
Great changes have taken place in this village in recent years.
4．她刚刚做完作业，妈妈就让她弹钢琴。(hardly...when...)
Hardly had she finished her homework when her mother asked her to play the piano.
5．我们非常高兴，因为我们之前从未取得过这么好的成绩。
We were extremely delighted，because we had not achieved such a good result before.
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分)
In general，the riches of the natural world aren’t spread evenly across the globe.Places like the tropical(热带的) Andes in South America are simply packed with unique species，many of which can’t be found in any other places.Until recently，the main explanation for the biological riches concentrated in places like the Amazon Basin was that such places must be engines of biodiversity(生物多样性)，with new species evolving at a faster rate than other parts of the world.But now，new research on bird evolution may turn that assumption on its head，instead supporting the idea that areas with fewer species actually tend to produce new species faster.
The researchers say these biodiversity “coldspots” are generally found in environments featuring freezing，dry and unstable conditions.Though the researchers found these locations with few bird species tend to produce new ones at high rates，they fail to accumulate many species because the unstable conditions frequently make the new life forms die out.
The more well-known “hotspots”，by contrast，have accumulated their large numbers of species by being warm，hospitable and relatively stable.Indeed，the researchers found that the countless bird species that call the Amazon home tend to be older in evolutionary terms.“New species do form in places like the Amazon，just not as frequently as in the dry grasslands in the Andes，” says Elizabeth，an evolutionary biologist at the University of Tennessee.
The researchers managed to collect 1,940 samples representing 1,287 of the 1,306 bird species from South America.Their analysis showed that the best predictor of whether an area would produce new species at a high rate was how many species lived there，rather than climate or geographic features like mountains.Species-rich areas tended to produce new species more slowly.
“Maybe bad environments generate new species more frequently because there’s less competition and more available opportunities for new species，” says Gustavo Bravo，a lead researcher.
The study’s findings add new urgency to protect ecosystems that may look barren，but may actually be nature’s hothouses for the evolution of new species.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，物种较少的地方会比物种丰富的地方更快地产生新物种。
1．Why is South America mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To make comparisons.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To make a prediction.
D．To draw a conclusion.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Places like the tropical(热带的) Andes in South America are simply packed with unique species...instead supporting the idea that areas with fewer species actually tend to produce new species faster.”可知，本段提及南美洲是为了引入文章关于生物多样性的主题。故选B。
2．What determines the rising rate of new species in a place
A．The number of its species there.
B．The environment there.
C．The survival skills of species.
D．The different biological factors.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Their analysis showed that the best predictor of whether an area would produce new species at a high rate was how many species lived there”可知，一个地方原有物种的数量决定了新物种的增长速度。故选A。
3．Which of the following can best explain the underlined word “barren” in the last paragraph
A．Dry and bare.
B．Lively and active.
C．Nice and green.
D．Complex and unpredictable.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第五段以及最后一段可知，恶劣的环境会更频繁地产生新物种，所以那些可能看起来干旱贫瘠的生态系统，实际上可能是新物种进化的自然温床，更急需保护，故可推测画线单词barren意为“干旱贫瘠的”。故选A。
4．What is the main idea of the text
A．Tropical areas are home to large numbers of species.
B．New species prefer to live in the extreme climate.
C．Harsh environments pose a greater threat to species.
D．The worst ecosystem may give birth to new species fastest.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句以及第五段中“Maybe bad environments generate new species more frequently because there’s less competition and more available opportunities for new species”可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，恶劣的环境可能会更频繁地产生新物种，即最糟糕的生态系统可能会最快地产生新物种。故选D。
Ⅳ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分)
Years ago,19-year-old Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends and boarded a plane for London.It was the first time that she 1. (leave) China.
To help with her 2. (adapt) to the new culture，Xie Lei chose to live with a host family.When she missed home，she felt 3. (comfort) to have a second family.
The first time that she had to write 4. essay，her tutor explained that she must acknowledge 5. other people had said if she cited their ideas.Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew 6. (little) than other people.At first，in class，Xie Lei had no idea what to say 7. what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.
Everything strange before appears quite normal to Xie Lei now.8. (engage) in British culture has helped her a lot.As well as studying hard，she 9. (involve) in social activities.
British people are fascinated by Chinese culture and eager to learn more about it，so she is keen 10. (share) it with them.She is acting as a cultural messenger building a bridge between China and the UK.
1．答案　had left
解析　考查动词的时态。根据固定句型“It was the first time that＋主语＋had done...”可知，此处应用过去完成时。故填had left。
2．答案　adaptation
解析　考查名词。由空前的her为形容词性物主代词可知，此处应用名词，adapt的名词形式为adaptation，为不可数名词。故填adaptation。
3．答案　comfortable
解析　考查形容词。根据句意以及空前系动词felt可知，此处应用形容词，构成系表结构，表示“感到舒服”。故填comfortable。
4．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。由空后单数名词essay可知，此处泛指“一篇论文”，且essay的首字母发音以元音音素开头，所以用不定冠词an。故填an。
5．答案　what
解析　考查宾语从句。分析句子可知，此处引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指事情，应用what。故填what。
6．答案　less
解析　考查比较级。由空后的than可知，此处应用little的比较级形式。故填less。
7．答案　but
解析　考查连词。根据句意可知，此处应用连词but表示转折。故填but。
8．答案　Engaging
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处应用动名词形式作主语；句首单词首字母要大写。故填Engaging。
9．答案　has been involved
解析　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上文语境可知，此处应用现在完成时；固定短语be involved in表示“参与”；主语she为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has been involved。
10．答案　to share
解析　考查非谓语动词。此处be keen to do sth意为“热衷于做某事”，为固定短语。故填to share。
训练6　Using language(B)
分值：35分
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn’t sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees(枫树) getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants send through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds(挥发性有机物)，VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It’s a plant’s way of crying out.But is anyone listening Obviously.Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants give out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They give out smells designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don’t know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasn’t a true，intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There’s a whole lot going on.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，当多叶植物受到攻击时，它们不会坐以待毙，会释放出挥发性有机物，以此来保护自己。
1．What does a plant do when it is under attack
A．It makes noises.
B．It stands quietly.
C．It gets help from other plants.
D．It sends out certain chemicals.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...reported that young maple trees(枫树) getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”可知，植物受到伤害时会释放出某些化学物质。故选D项。
2．What will happen when the attackers’ natural enemies arrive
A．The attackers will get attacked.
B．The insects will gather under the table.
C．The plants will get ready to fight back.
D．The attackers will give out smelly chemicals.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，当攻击者的天敌到来时，攻击者就会成为天敌的午餐，即会成为被攻击的对象。故选A。
3．What do scientists find from their studies
A．Plants can talk to one another on purpose.
B．Plants can warn people of a coming danger.
C．Plants can protect themselves against insects.
D．Plants can help their neighbors who are under attack.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some plants give out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.”和“They give out smells designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.”可推知，植物能保护自己免受昆虫的伤害。故选C。
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．The world is changing faster than ever.
B．People have stronger senses than before.
C．We don’t fully understand the world.
D．People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，达尔文设想了一个远比现实世界更繁忙、更喧嚣和更亲密的世界，而我们的感官却非常弱，我们还有很长的路要走。由此可知，我们并没有完全理解这个世界。故选C。
B
From the loss of wildlife to rising sea levels，we’re all well aware of the problems that climate change could cause.But while it may seem like such issues won’t affect most of us directly，it looks like future generations could grow up without something that many of us now take for granted: chocolate.
According to an essay published by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration，changes of the climate in the areas that produce cacao—the plant from which chocolate is produced—may mean that it will soon become extinct.
Most of the world’s cacao grows in countries close to the equator(赤道)，with over half of it growing in the African nations of Ghana and Ivory Coast.It’s predicted that by 2050，climate change will have sped up the rate at which temperatures in these countries rise，making it extremely difficult for cacao to grow there.The problem doesn’t lie in increasing heat，but in lower humidity(湿度)，as it’s believed that rainfall will stay at the same level if the temperature rises.
“In other words，as higher temperatures squeeze more water out of soil and plants，it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to offset the moisture loss，” wrote Michon Scott，the essay’s author.
To help fight this problem，researchers from Berkeley University in the US are working on changing the DNA of cacao plants to allow them to survive in dryer conditions by using gene(基因) editing technology，according to US News.In the meantime，Mars，one of the world’s biggest companies of chocolate products，announced that it would spend 1 billion dollars helping reduce the effects of climate change.
“This is a world issue，and it requires everyone to work together，” Mars spokesperson Barry Parkin told Business Insider.
The message here is that if we all do our part，we may be able to prevent some of the worst influences of climate change.Or if we’re unlucky，chocolate will become a thing of the past.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了由于气候变化，用于制造巧克力的可可树未来可能会灭绝，研究人员正力图解决这一问题。
5．What will make it hard for cacao to survive around the equator in the future
A．The increasing heat.
B．The higher humidity.
C．The moisture loss in the soil.
D．The decrease of rainfall.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The problem doesn’t lie in increasing heat，but in lower humidity(湿度)”和第四段内容可知，将来可可树难以存活是因为土壤中水分的流失。故选C项。
6．What does the underlined word “offset” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Make up. B．Add up.
C．Dry up. D．Use up.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“as higher temperatures squeeze more water out of soil and plants，it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to offset the moisture loss”可知，高温会加速水分蒸发，而降雨量不可能增长到足以抵消水分的流失，由此推知画线词的意思是“抵消；补上”。故选A项。
7．What will Mars do to help cacao survive
A．It will work hard to plant cacao in greenhouses.
B．It will use the gene editing technology to plant cacao.
C．It will develop cacao that can survive in dryer conditions.
D．It will give financial support to help fight climate change.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的最后一句可知，美国的玛氏公司将提供经济支援，用来降低气候变化带来的影响。故选D项。
8．What is this article mainly about
A．Some new research and findings about growing cacao.
B．The influence that cacao plants have on climate change.
C．Problems cacao plants could face and the possible solutions.
D．The significance of working together to fight climate change.
答案　C
解析　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第二段可知，本文主要讲由于气候变化，用于制造巧克力的可可树未来可能会灭绝，人们正在努力避免这一趋势。所以本文主要介绍了可可树面临的问题及可能的解决方案。故选C项。
Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分)
While I was riding a bike，I noticed a man about a half mile in front of me.He was traveling at a lower speed，so I decided to 1 him.I had about a mile to go on the road before turning off.
I started 2 faster，and every block，I gradually closed the distance.Finally，I 3 him and passed him.I felt like a winner， 4 he had no clue that we were even in a 5 .
After I passed him，I realized that I had been so 6 on competing against him that I had 7 my turn，had gone nearly six blocks past it and had to turn around.
Isn’t that what 8 in life We spend most of our time competing with neighbors，friends and family，trying to 9 them—while there was 10 a competition in the first place.
We use most of our time and energy competing with others instead of 11 our destination，and we miss out on our own paths to our fate 12 .
Unhealthy competition is a(n) 13 process，a never-ending cycle，a race of life.No matter what you do，someone will always be 14 you: someone with a better job，a nicer car and more money.
Feel grateful for what life has offered you.Stay focused on your path，and live a healthy life.There’s no 15 in fate.Run your own race of life and wish others well!
语篇解读　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者骑自行车时因追赶另一个人而错过了自己的转弯口，从而引出对生活中过度竞争现象的思考。
1．A.remind B．approach
C．pass D．follow
答案　C
解析　remind提醒；approach接近；pass超过；follow跟踪。根据下文“Finally，I him and passed him.”可知，作者想超过他。故选C。
2．A.running B．driving
C．walking D．cycling
答案　D
解析　根据上文“While I was riding a bike”可知，作者应是开始骑行得更快。故选D。
3．A.caught up with B．put up with
C．kept up with D．came up with
答案　A
解析　catch up with赶上，追上；put up with容忍；keep up with紧跟，与……保持一致；come up with想出，提出。根据下文“and passed him”可知，作者应是先追上，再超过他。故选A。
4．A.when B．while
C．as D．unless
答案　B
解析　根据“he had no clue that we were even in a ”可知，作者觉得自己好像一个胜利者，而对方根本没有意识到他和作者在比赛，前后句构成转折关系。故选B。
5．A.test B．project
C．race D．task
答案　C
解析　test测试；project项目；race比赛；task任务。根据下文“competing against him”可知，作者认为他们在比赛，然而对方却并不知道。故选C。
6．A.focused B．dependent
C．hard D．impressed
答案　A
解析　focused专注的；dependent依靠的；hard困难的；impressed印象深刻的。根据下文“had gone nearly six blocks past it and had to turn around”可知，作者如此专注于比赛以至于忘了转弯了。故选A。
7．A.finished B．missed
C．wasted D．made
答案　B
解析　根据下文“had to turn around”可知，作者错过了转弯，不得不调头。故选B。
8．A.remains B．offers
C．happens D．works
答案　C
解析　remain仍然是；offer提供；happen发生；work工作。根据下文“We spend most of our time competing with neighbors，friends and family，trying to them”可知，我们大部分时间都在与邻居、朋友和家人竞争，这种过度竞争的事情经常发生在我们的生活中。故选C。
9．A.defeat B．help
C．encourage D．please
答案　A
解析　根据上文“We spend most of our time competing with neighbors，friends and family”可知，我们大部分时间都在与邻居、朋友和家人竞争，试图战胜、打败他们。故选A。
10．A.ever B．never
C．always D．sometimes
答案　B
解析　根据上文“he had no clue that we were even in a ”以及前文的“while”可知，前后句构成转折关系，即我们大部分时间都在与邻居、朋友和家人竞争，试图击败他们，但事实上一开始是没有竞争的。故选B。
11．A.choosing B．understanding
C．reaching D．exploring
答案　C
解析　根据下文“miss out on our own paths”可知，像作者错过路口一样，我们用大量时间和精力与别人竞争而非努力到达自己的目的地。故选C。
12．A.by chance B．on purpose
C．as usual D．as a result
答案　D
解析　句意：我们用大部分时间和精力与他人竞争，而不是到达目的地，因此我们错过了通往自己命运的道路。by chance偶然；on purpose故意；as usual像往常一样；as a result结果。根据句意可知，前后文是因果关系。故选D。
13．A.dangerous B．adventurous
C．continuous D．disastrous
答案　C
解析　dangerous危险的；adventurous惊险的；continuous持续的；disastrous灾难性的。根据后文的“a never-ending cycle”可知，不健康的竞争是一个持续的过程，一个永无止境的循环。故选C。
14．A.next to B．ahead of
C．around D．behind
答案　B
解析　next to紧邻；ahead of在……前面；around在……周围；behind在……后面。根据下文“someone with a better job，a nicer car and more money”可知，有人总会在你前面，比你过得好。故选B。
15．A.competition B．mistake
C．experiment D．limit
答案　A
解析　根据下文“Run your own race of life and wish others well！”可知，作者此处想表达命运没有竞争，应专注自己的生活，也祝福他人的成功。故选A。Section Ⅴ　Using language(2)—Listening and Speaking
Ⅰ.Listen to the podcast on P71 and choose the best answer.(高考形式)
1．What are they discussing in the programme
A．Microscope.
B．Microorganisms.
C．Science.
答案　B
2．Why are bacteria useful
A．They make people’s stomach turn.
B．They help people digest.
C．They consume cheese.
答案　B
3．Which of the following is true
A．All the bacteria are not bad.
B．Bacteria can offer nutrients.
C．Bacteria can break down toilet.
答案　A
Ⅱ.Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks to complete it.(精听训练)
Jenny：Hello，and welcome to Science Under the Microscope，a science programme for teens.I’m Jenny.
Josh：And I’m Josh.
Jenny：This week，as part of our series on biodiversity，we are discussing microorganisms.They are the oldest form of life on Earth.Scientists believe they first 1.emerged around three and a half billion years ago!
Josh：That’s incredible!
Jenny：But you can only see them with a microscope，as these living things are very very small.We’re talking about life at the level of the cell.Do you know about 2.cells，Josh
Josh：Erm...I’m afraid not.What exactly is a cell
Jenny：Every living thing is made up of cells.They are like 3.bricks that are used to build houses.By the way，most microorganisms are single celled.This means that they 4.consist of just one cell.
Josh：How strange!
Jenny：Actually，we’re the ones who are unusual.The vast 5.majority of life on this planet is made up of single celled microorganisms.They’re everywhere! In the air，in water，there are even microorganisms...inside you.I’m talking about bacteria.Have you heard of bacteria，Josh
Josh：I have，Jenny.But bacteria，inside me Yuck!
Jenny：[laughs]That’s right.You have lots of them living in your body.In fact，an average human body 6.contains about thirty trillion human cells，and around thirty nine trillion bacteria cells.
Josh：Seriously Oh，this is making my stomach turn.
Jenny：Speaking of which，most of the bacteria in your body help with digestion.And they help make the food that goes into your stomach，too.7.Without bacteria，we wouldn’t be able to make cheese，yoghurt，vinegar...
Josh：Really I didn’t know that!
Jenny：Oh，and bacteria are also 8.useful at the other end of the food production process.They have an important role dealing with your waste and that of other 9.organisms.
Josh：Euw! You mean what goes down the toilet
Jenny：Yes.Bacteria break down this waster and other dead，organic matter，like fallen leaves，into nutrients.
Josh：Oh I get it.And these 10.nutrients go back into the soil where they can be used by plants!
Jenny：That’s it exactly.
Josh：All right.Although some of the bacteria may cause diseases in humans，plants and animals，they aren’t all bad...Section Ⅵ　Developing ideas
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Whether plants can talk with each other.
B．The secret between plants and humans.
C．How people can communicate with plants.
D．The ways that plants communicate with each other.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the blanks.
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs
A．Marco Polo spent most of his time studying plants.
B．There are some legends about talking trees.
C．In the movie Avatar，trees can save people.
D．New research has revealed that plants appear to be able to communicate.
答案　D
2．Which may NOT be the reason why plants release chemicals
A．Warning or calling for help.
B．Driving insects away.
C．Poisoning insects.
D．Attracting certain insects.
答案　C
3．What can we infer from paragraph 4
A．All the plants can make noises with their roots.
B．Only chilli plants can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful or unfriendly.
C．When some plants make clicking noises，perhaps they suggest drought is coming.
D．People can’t hear the noise created by plants because they can’t use sound to communicate with them.
答案　C
4．Where might the text come from
A．A guidebook.
B．A history textbook.
C．A science magazine.
D．A newspaper advertisement.
答案　C
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Modern research is showing that plants can communicate with each other.It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.The plant releases chemicals from the leaves that 1.are being eaten(eat)，2.which is like a warning，or a call for help.When another plant detects the chemicals，it starts 3.to release(release) its own different chemicals and some of these chemicals drive insects away.
More 4.surprisingly(surprise)，plants also use sound to communicate.Some plants make noises with their roots.A chilli plant can tell 5.if/whether a neighbouring plant is helpful，or unfriendly.Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water,6.indicating(indicate) drought is arriving.
What’s the most surprising is that plants have an amazing system of 7.communication(communicate) that can link nearly every plant in a forest.Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”．This fungal network 8.links(link) the roots of different plants to each other.Using the wood wide web，plants can share information and even food with each other.Just like our Internet “cybercrime”，plants can also steal food 9.from each other，or spread poisons to attack other plants.
Maybe one day we will be able to “talk” with plants 10.ourselves(we)．
Ⅰ.补句子　析结构
1．Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings(warn) to people.(P74 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词talking trees。
汉语翻译：在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。
2．With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy，new research has revealed something amazing(amaze)：it appears that plants can communicate after all.(P74 Para.2)
结构分析：此处为with复合结构(with＋代词＋doing)作状语；that引导宾语从句，作believing的宾语；it appears that...中it是形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的主语从句。
汉语翻译：我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
3．It has been known(know) for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.(P74 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
汉语翻译：人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。
4．The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten(eat)．(P74 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；that引导定语从句；tiny amounts of意为“微量的”。
汉语翻译：正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质。
5．Some trees make clicking(click) noises when there is not enough water，indicating drought is arriving.(P75 Para.4)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；when引导时间状语从句；indicating...为现在分词短语作伴随状语；drought is arriving是省略了that的宾语从句。
汉语翻译：还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
6．Most surprisingly(surprising) of all，plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.(P76 Para.5)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词system。
汉语翻译：最令人惊奇的是，植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。
7．While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites，the wood wide web is linked(link) underground by fungi.(P76 Para.5)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；While引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”；linked by...是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词network。
汉语翻译：互联网是通过电缆和卫星连接的全球计算机网络，而植物万维网则是在地下通过真菌连接而成的。
8．Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other.(P76 Para.6)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；in which引导定语从句，修饰先行词ways。
汉语翻译：科学家们每天都在增进对植物间相互沟通的秘密方式的了解。
Ⅱ.研典句　学用法
so that引导状语从句
Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system，so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.(P74 Para.3)
科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于不用使用农药的农作物的种植。
结构分析：此句为主从复合句；so that引导目的状语从句。
·so that 引导目的状语从句时，意为“为了……，以便……”。从句中常使用can/could/may/might/will/would/should等情态动词。
·so that 引导结果状语从句，意为“以至于；结果”，从句中一般不用情态动词，从句前常有逗号。
(1)她每天都很努力，所以她轻而易举地通过了考试。
She worked hard every day，so that she passed the exam easily.
(2)许多运动员参加奥运会是为了能为祖国赢得荣誉。
Many athletes take part in the Olympic Games so that they can win glory for their homeland.
(3)如果你能通知我们日程安排，以便我们提前安排，我们将不胜感激。
We would appreciate it if you could inform us of the schedule so that we can make arrangements in advance.
课文重点词块默写
1．也；又(连接并列结构) as well as
2．例如 such as
3．与某人交流 communicate with sb
4．毕竟；终究 after all
5．被袭击 get attacked
6．微量的 tiny amounts of
7．呼救 a call for help
8．把……赶走 drive...away
9．警报系统 warning system
10．更令人吃惊的是 more surprisingly
11．在某种程度上 in some ways
12．与……相似 be similar to
训练7　Developing ideas(A)
分值：40分
Ⅰ.单句写作(主题：认识植物)(共15分)
1．我写信是想告诉你一些与竹子生长过程有关的事情。(过去分词短语作定语)
I am writing to tell you something linked to the growing process of the bamboo.
2．我买了一些种子，把它们埋在盆里，然后把盆放在卧室里，这样我就可以清楚地看到竹子的生长过程。(so that引导目的状语从句)
I bought some seeds，buried them into a basin and placed it in my bedroom so that I could clearly see bamboo’s growing process.
3．几天过去了，一些绿色的小植物从土壤中长了出来。(with复合结构)
With days going by，some green and tiny plants grew out of the soil.
4．让我高兴的是，这些小植物似乎在短短几天内就长大了。(it作形式主语)
To my delight，it seemed that the tiny plants grew up in just a few days.
5．看到那些小植物很快长成了一些高大的植物，我完全惊呆了。(现在分词短语作状语)
Seeing those tiny plants grow into some tall plants quickly，I was totally amazed.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Dear Bernard，
How is everything going I am writing to tell you something linked to the growing process of the bamboo.
I bought some seeds，buried them into a basin and placed it in my bedroom so that I could clearly see bamboo’s growing process.With days going by，some green and tiny plants grew out of the soil.To make them grow smoothly，I watered them every day and took good care of them.To my delight，it seemed that the plants grew up in just a few days.Seeing those tiny plants grow into some tall plants quickly，I was totally amazed.
Would you grow a plant you like most Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
Ⅱ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分)
To many people，honey bees symbolize prosperity(兴旺)，sustainability and environmentalism.But as a honey bee researcher，I have to tell you that only the first item on that list is defensible.Although they are important for agriculture，honey bees also destabilize natural ecosystems by competing with native bees—some of which are species at risk.
The rise in hobby beekeeping，now a trendy activity for hundreds of thousands of Americans，followed strong awareness campaigns to “save the bees”．But as a species，honey bees are least in need of saving.Sheila Colla，a conservation biologist，says，“People mistakenly think helping honey bees is somehow helping native bees.They have a surprisingly poor understanding of the diversity of pollinators(传粉者) and their roles in pollination.”
There are millions of honey bee colonies(群) in North America.Around 30,000 bees per colony，that’s roughly a billion honey bees in Canada and the U．S.alone.Huge numbers of honey bee colonies increase competition between native pollinators，putting even more pressure on the wild species that are already in decline.Honey bees are extreme generalist foragers(觅食者)，leading to exploitative competition—that is，where one species uses up a resource，not leaving enough to go around.
Alfredo Valido and Pedro Jordano，researchers from the Spanish National Research Council，used the Canary Islands to study how honey bees affect the native pollinating community.In the highlands of the islands’ Teide National Park，thousands of honey bee colonies are introduced seasonally for honey production and removed again at the end of the flower season，creating an excellent condition for experimentation.Their results do not make honey bees look like the sustainability celebrities they have become.Bringing in honey bees reduced the connectedness of the plant-pollinator networks.Besides，the resilience(恢复力) of the ecosystem has also declined.
I used to believe that honey bees were a gateway species，and that concern over their health and prosperity would spread to native bees，benefitting them，too.However，evidence shows that misguided enthusiasm for honey bees has likely been the native bees’ disaster.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了家养蜜蜂有可能与本地蜜蜂竞争从而导致自然生态环境被破坏。
1．How does the author feel about the rise in hobby beekeeping
A．Confused. B．Concerned.
C．Surprised. D．Pleased.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。根据第二段第一句“The rise in hobby beekeeping...But as a species，honey bees are at least in need of saving.”和最后一段中“However，evidence shows that misguided enthusiasm for honey bees has likely been the native bees’ disaster.”可知，作者对于业余养蜂现象持担忧的态度。故选B。
2．How are native pollinators affected by introduced honey bees
A．They have trouble finding food.
B．They become generalist foragers.
C．They get protected as honey bees.
D．They fail to form their own colonies.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Huge numbers of honey bee colonies increase competition between native pollinators...where one species uses up a resource，not leaving enough to go around.”可知，引入的蜜蜂群会使得本地蜂的食物减少，难以觅食。故选A。
3．What did the experiment on the Canary Islands show concerning honey bees
A．They fitted into the native pollinating community.
B．They improved the sustainability of the islands.
C．They slowed the recovery of the ecosystem.
D．They shortened the flower season.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Besides，the resilience(恢复力) of the ecosystem has also declined.”可知，蜜蜂的引进会导致当地生态系统的恢复力下降，减缓生态系统的恢复。故选C。
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Threat to Honey Bees
B．The Problems with Honey Bees
C．Save the Bees，Save the Planet
D．Focus on Honey Bees，Not Native Bees
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。第一段提到了蜜蜂的引进可能会破坏当地生态系统的稳定性，后文通过介绍加那利群岛上对蜜蜂的研究也提到了大量引入蜜蜂会减缓当地生态系统的恢复。由此判断，全文主要讲蜜蜂所带来的一些问题。故选B。
Ⅲ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分)
Stephanie rescued Flynn from an animal centre in 2014，after she was found as a puppy wandering the streets alone.“She was super shy and sweet，and absolutely 1 of men，” Stephanie recalled.“We 2 and she overcame her unpleasant experience.”
But in May 2020，six-year-old Flynn suddenly 3 her back when she jumped on Stephanie’s bed and landed 4 .“She became paralysed and her two back legs stopped working，” Stephanie said.
Flynn had to have emergency surgery and a month of recovery 5 she could put one paw in front of the other again.“Quite a few people told me to 6 and said she’d be a lot of work，but I never would.I had 7 and I knew the Deity would help her，” Stephanie said.
One year on，their roles 8 when Stephanie was diagnosed with a cancer in September 2021.Flynn became 9 from Stephanie and refused to leave her side until she got better.“Flynn was my biggest 10 .I couldn’t have got through it without her，” Stephanie said.“She 11 me every day.When I am tired or unwell，I think about how she 12 .She never quit.We’ve been through all the highs and lows of life together.”
Seven-year-old Flynn’s 13 doesn’t just inspire Stephanie，but lots of strangers too.Stephanie is 14 to her supportive family for helping her through her own health 15 ，and to all of Flynn’s social media followers.
语篇解读　本文为一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Stephanie从一家动物中心救出了Flynn，从此彼此支持互相关爱的暖心故事。
1．A.tolerant B．frightened
C．critical D．ignorant
答案　B
解析　根据上文“She was super shy and sweet”和下文“unpleasant experience”可知，Flynn非常害羞，很怕人。故选B。
2．A.bonded B．followed
C．discriminated D．failed
答案　A
解析　根据下文“she overcame her unpleasant experience”可知，她们俩建立了非常亲密的关系。故选A。
3．A.trembled B．stretched
C．lowered D．broke
答案　D
解析　根据下文“She became paralysed and her two back legs stopped working”可知，Flynn瘫痪了，由此可知，她摔断了背。故选D。
4．A.skillfully B．cautiously
C．awkwardly D．ultimately
答案　C
解析　根据上文“six-year-old Flynn suddenly her back”以及下文“She became paralysed and her two back legs stopped working”可知，Flynn落地时很笨拙，所以才摔断了背。故选C。
5．A.after B．before
C．when D．if
答案　B
解析　根据句意可知，Flynn不得不接受紧急手术，花了一个月的时间恢复，才能够再次把一只爪子放在另一只爪子前面。故选B。
6．A.take her in B．pick her up
C．put her down D．show her around
答案　C
解析　根据下文“said she’d be a lot of work”可知，人们都认为她会是个大麻烦，所以让Stephanie将她安乐死。故选C。
7．A.faith B．courage
C．mercy D．regret
答案　A
解析　根据下文“I knew the Deity would help her”可知，Stephanie相信Flynn会活下来。故选A。
8．A.disappeared B．extended
C．conflicted D．exchanged
答案　D
解析　根据上文可知，Flynn摔断了背，Stephanie却没有放弃她，一直相信她一定会活下来；而根据下文“Flynn became from Stephanie and refused to leave her side until she got better.”可知，Stephanie患病后，Flynn一直守在她身边，由此可知，二者的角色互换了。故选D。
9．A.withdrawn B．inseparable
C．different D．invisible
答案　B
解析　根据下文“refused to leave her side until she got better”可知，Flynn从不离开Stephanie。故选B。
10．A.decision B．mistake
C．possibility D．support
答案　D
解析　根据下文“I couldn’t have got through it without her”可知，Stephanie认为Flynn是自己最大的支持者。故选D。
11．A.believes B．amazes
C．inspires D．carries
答案　C
解析　根据下文“When I am tired or unwell，I think about how she .She never quit.”可知，Flynn的精神激励着Stephanie。故选C。
12．A.pushed on B．took responsibility
C．gave away D．made trouble
答案　A
解析　根据下文“She never quit.”可知，Flynn不管遇到什么困难都会坚持下去。故选A。
13．A.ambition B．hardship
C．confidence D．positiveness
答案　D
解析　根据上文内容可知，Flynn摔断了背后依然坚持活了下来，甚至还能够动自己的爪子，不管遇到什么，Flynn都会坚持下去，这是一种积极的生活态度。故选D。
14．A.sensitive B．committed
C．grateful D．compared
答案　C
解析　根据下文“for helping her through her own health”可推断，此处指Stephanie很感激。故选C。
15．A.plans B．battles
C．warning D．education
答案　B
解析　根据上文“One year on，their roles when Stephanie was diagnosed with a cancer in September 2021.”可知，此处指Stephanie的健康斗争。故选B。
训练8　Developing ideas(B)
分值：32.5分
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分)
A
The sunflower sea star has been listed as a critically endangered species following a groundbreaking population study led by Oregon State University(OSU) and The Nature Conservancy.
“These giant sea stars used to be easy to find and were a hit with divers.Unfortunately，your chances of finding one now are next to nothing in most of the areas near the United States—this listing is one step to extinction—and I don’t think they’re coming back without help，” said OSU’s Sarah Gravem，a research associate in the College of Science and the lead author of the study.
Populations of the sunflower sea star suffered dramatic crashes because of a marine(海洋的) wildlife epidemic event，which began in 2013.Scientists used more than 61,000 population surveys from 31 data sets to calculate a 90.6% decline in the sunflower sea stars and estimated that as many as 5.75 billion animals died from the disease，whose cause has not been determined.Moreover，the research showed no sign of population recovery in any region in the five to seven years since the event.
Sunflower sea stars are a key catcher of purple sea urchins(海胆) and the sea star decline has helped the increase in the urchin population in many regions.Too many urchins are linked to a decline in kelp forests(海藻林) already facing pressure from marine heat wave events，making the future uncertain for ecosystems that provide habitat for thousands of marine animals and help support coastal economies.
“Because most people are not out in the ocean every day，we don’t realize how much it’s being changed and impacted by humans.We need to think about how to keep our ocean healthy.While reducing the release of carbon dioxide is the most pressing need，rebuilding key catcher populations，like the sunflower sea star，can be an important piece of the puzzle too，” said study co-author Sara Hamilton，a Ph.D.candidate in the OSU College of Science.
1．What can we infer about sunflower sea stars from Sarah Gravem’s words
A．They present a danger to divers.
B．They cannot recover on their own.
C．They cannot adapt to the new environment.
D．They attract many tourists to the United States.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“‘...Unfortunately，your chances of finding one now are next to nothing...I don’t think they’re coming back without help，’ said OSU’s Sarah Gravem”可知，太阳花海星濒临灭绝，如果没有外界的帮助，它们自己无法恢复。故选B。
2．What led to the sharp decline in the number of sunflower sea stars
A．Human beings’ overfishing.
B．The arrival of a new species.
C．The rising ocean temperature.
D．The occurrence of a marine disease.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Populations of the sunflower sea star suffered dramatic crashes because of a marine(海洋的) wildlife epidemic event，which began in 2013.”可知，导致太阳花海星数量急剧下降的是一次海洋流行疾病的出现。故选D。
3．What is the relationship between sunflower sea stars and the sea kelp forests
A．Their common enemies are sea urchins.
B．Sunflower sea stars feed on the sea kelp forests.
C．Sunflower sea stars help preserve the sea kelp forests.
D．The sea kelp forests provide habitats for sunflower sea stars.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Sunflower sea stars are a key catcher of purple sea urchins(海胆)．..Too many urchins are linked to a decline in kelp forests(海藻林)”可知，太阳花海星捕食以海藻林为食的海胆，即太阳花海星有助于保护海藻林。故选C。
4．What might Sara Hamilton agree with
A．More species should be introduced to the ocean.
B．Scientists play the most important role in protecting the ocean.
C．The influence of human activities on the ocean has decreased since 2013.
D．More action should be taken to increase the number of sunflower sea stars.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“‘...We need to think about how to keep our ocean healthy...’ said study co-author Sara Hamilton”可知，人们应该积极行动起来，采取具体的措施去保护太阳花海星等生物。由此可知，Sara Hamilton会赞同“应该采取更多的措施来增加太阳花海星的数量”这个说法。故选D。
B
Endangered polar bears are breeding(繁殖) with grizzly bears(灰熊)，creating “pizzly” bears，which is being driven by climate change，scientists say.
As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins，starving polar bears are being forced ever further south，where they meet grizzlies，whose ranges are expanding northwards.And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids(杂交种)．
With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats，some scientists guess that they could be here to stay.“Usually，hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents，but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources，” Larisa DeSantis，an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University，told Live Science.
The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears’ decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years.This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears’ ranges，where they outcompete them，but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets.
“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period，a previous period of rapid warming，” DeSantis said，referring to fat meals such as seals.“Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources，like seabird eggs，it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually，the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them.This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over，leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.
“We’re having massive impacts with climate change on species，” DeSantis said.“The polar bear is telling us how bad things are.In some sense，‘pizzly’ bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends.”
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由于气候变暖，濒危北极熊正在与灰熊一起繁殖，创造出“小灰熊”，杂交的“小灰熊”数量正在增加，这说明全球气候正在变得更糟糕。
5．Why do polar bears move further south
A．To create hybrids.
B．To expand territory.
C．To relieve hunger.
D．To contact grizzlies.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins，starving polar bears are being forced ever further south”可知，北极熊向南迁移是为了缓解饥饿。故选C项。
6．What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents
A．Broader habitats.
B．More food options.
C．Climate preference.
D．Improved breeding ability.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources”可知，更多的食物选择让“小灰熊”比它们的父母更能适应自然环境。故选B项。
7．What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to
A．A critical stage.
B．A rare chance.
C．A positive factor.
D．A constant change.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词下文可知，事实上，它们从这些食物中获得的热量并不能抵消它们在寻找这些食物时消耗的热量。这可能导致一个栖息地被“小灰熊”接管，结合画线部分所在句，a tipping point应理解为“转折点”，相当于a critical stage(关键阶段)。故选A项。
8．What’s the main idea of the text
A．Polar bears are changing diets for climate change.
B．Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change.
C．“Pizzly” bears have replaced polar bears for global warming.
D．“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。根据前两段内容和倒数第二段最后一句可知，由于全球变暖，“小灰熊”的数量正在上升。故选D项。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分)
Eating healthily can help you lose weight and have more energy.It can also improve your mood(心情) and reduce your risk of disease.Yet despite these benefits，maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle can be challenging.Here are ways to stick to a healthy diet.
Practice mindful eating.
1 Take time to enjoy your food and appreciate its ability to nourish(滋养) you.Adopting a mindful eating approach can help you achieve a better relationship with foods and may reduce binge eating.
Start the day with a high-protein breakfast.
Eating a high-protein breakfast helps you stay full. 2 If your first meal is well balanced and contains enough protein，you’re more likely to maintain stable blood sugar levels and not overeat for the rest of the day.
Get your nutrition from a variety of completely unprocessed foods.
These include fruit and vegetables. 3 In other words，when buying foods at the market，focus on things that have not been cooked，prepared or changed in any way.
　4　
It’s difficult to eat healthily if you’re surrounded by junk foods.Having foods on display in various areas of the house has been linked to obesity(肥胖) and increased consumption of unhealthy foods.Keeping unhealthy foods out of the house，or at least out of sight，can increase your chances of staying on track.
Drink enough water.
Many studies have shown that drinking enough water may benefit weight maintenance and even slightly increase the number of calories you burn daily. 5
A．Eat your greens first.
B．Keep unhealthy foods out of the house.
C．It can also prevent overeating later in the day.
D．Eating mindfully can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle.
E．This may lead you to eat fewer and healthier calories overall.
F．They also include meat，fish and eggs that haven’t been processed.
G．Studies also show that drinking water before meals can reduce appetite and calorie intake.
1．答案　D
解析　根据该段小标题“Practice mindful eating.”以及该空后的“Adopting a mindful eating approach can help you...”可知，本段主要建议练习正念饮食。D项介绍了正念饮食的好处，符合语境。故选D。
2．答案　C
解析　根据上文“Eating a high-protein breakfast helps you stay full.”以及后文“If your first meal is well balanced and...not overeat for the rest of the day.”可知，本句主要是在说明高蛋白早餐的好处，C项中的“It”指代上文中的“Eating a high-protein breakfast”，C项中的“prevent overeating later in the day”呼应下文中的“not overeat for the rest of the day”。故选C。
3．答案　F
解析　根据小标题“Get your nutrition from a variety of completely unprocessed foods.”以及上文“These include fruit and vegetables.”可知，本句与上文并列，都是在列举完全未经加工的食物有哪些，F项中的“also include”是对上文的补充，故选F。
4．答案　B
解析　设空处是该段的小标题。根据本段内容可知，本段主要说明要远离垃圾食品和不健康的食物，故B项能概括本段的主旨，且B项与该段中的“Keeping unhealthy foods out of the house”构成复现关系。故选B。
5．答案　G
解析　由该段小标题“Drink enough water.”以及上文“Many studies have shown that drinking enough water may benefit weight maintenance and...”可知，本段主要说明多喝水的益处，G项对上文进行补充说明，且G项中的“drinking water”呼应小标题。故选G。Section Ⅶ　Writing
本单元的写作目标是写一篇观察日志，多是亲身经历和耳闻目睹的事情。写英语日志要注意下面几点：
一、格式
文章开头要表明写作目的，文章主体着重记录植物的生长过程，文章结尾记录作者的感受。
二、时态
谓语动词多用一般过去时态。
三、写正文时应注意的问题
1．围绕一个主题来展开。
2．若无法用已学语言知识来表达某种意思，可采用“同义转换法”。
3．结尾最好用一句话来总结自己的感想或体会。
1．On the first day，I put some seeds into a basin.
第一天，我把一些种子放进一个花盆里。
2．Then I poured some water into the basin，for this plant...
然后我把一些水倒入花盆，因为这种植物……
3．I placed the basin in the sun.
我把花盆放在阳光下。
4．Several days later，the young plants began to grow out of the soft soil.
几天后，幼苗开始从松软的土壤中长出来。
5．I put the basin in the room to avoid the hot sun.
我把花盆放到房间里来避开烈日。
6．These young plants began to grow rapidly...
这些幼苗开始快速地生长……
7．Now they have grown into tall plants.
现在它们已经长成了高高的植物。
8．I’m surprised at...我对……感到惊讶。
假如你是李华，你想研究一下向日葵从种子到植株的生长过程，请根据下面的提示写一篇观察日志。
1．你把向日葵种子埋进了一个花盆里，浇了些水；
2．几天后，盆中长出了幼苗；你把盆子放在屋里，避免阳光暴晒；
3．幼苗在茁壮地成长，几天后就长得很高了；
4．你对于它的生长很是惊讶。
第一步　审题谋篇
审题
写作要求是写向日葵从种子到植株的生长过程。写作时应注意下面几点：
1．确定文体：这是一篇观察日志，写作中应注意日志的几大要素。
2．主体时态：文章应以一般过去时为主。
3．主体人称：以第一人称为主。
谋篇
第一段：介绍自己要观察记录的内容及目的；
第二段：介绍向日葵的发芽及生长过程；
第三段：表达自己的感受。
第二步　遣词造句
核心词汇
1．幼苗 seedling
2．根 root
3．把种子埋进土里 bury the seeds into the soil
4．把……倒入…… pour...into...
5．带着极大的耐心 with great patience
6．从……中长出来 grow out of...
7．长成…… grow into...
连词成句
1．一天，我把一些向日葵种子埋进一个花盆里。(bury...into...)
One day I buried some seeds of sunflowers into a basin.
2．花盆里有一些肥沃的泥土。(rich)
There was some rich soil in the basin.
3．我把一些水倒入花盆里。(pour...into...)
I poured some water into the basin.
4．之后，我开始以极大的耐心观察它。(observe)
After that，I began to observe it with great patience.
5．几天后，一些绿色的嫩芽从土里长出来，非常可爱。(grow；lovely)
Several days later，some green shoots grew out of the soil and they were so lovely.
6．看到土有点干时，我又加了些水。(dry；add)
When I saw the soil was a little dry，I added some water to it again.
第三步　句式升级
1．用定语从句连接句1和句2。
One day I buried some seeds of sunflowers into a basin，where there was some rich soil.
2．用after doing...连接句3和句4。
After pouring some water into the basin，I began to observe it with great patience.
3．用定语从句改写句5。
Several days later，some green shoots grew out of the soil，which were so lovely.
4．用非谓语动词改写句6。
Seeing that the soil was a little dry，I added some water to it again.
第四步　组句成篇
用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇80词左右的英语短文。
参考范文
One day I buried some seeds of sunflowers into a basin，where there was some rich soil.After pouring some water into it，I began to observe it with great patience.Several days later，some green shoots grew out of the soil，which were so lovely.Seeing that the soil was a little dry，I added some water to it again.After several days，those young plants grew into some tall plants，which were very strong.I was surprised at what I saw that day! How amazing it is to watch a seed become a tall plant!

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