资源简介

话题美句 Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs，but not every man’s greed. 地球所提供的物质财富足以满足每个人的需求，却不足以满足每个人的贪欲。 From recycling to green shopping，each small change you make can really make a difference. 从回收利用到绿色购物，你所做的每一个小改变都能真正起作用。 Take with restraint and use in moderation；this way one shall always know contentment. 取之有度，用之有节，则常足。 Conservation means the wise use of the Earth and its resources for lasting good of men.节约意味着为了人类的长久利益而明智地利用地球及其资源。
Section Ⅰ　Topic Talk
Ⅰ.Read the Text Builder on P50 carefully and then listen to the dialogue and choose the right answer.(高考形式)
1．What do we need to do to face the challenge
A．Use the clean energy and learn from lectures.
B．Stop using plastic bags and handle the waste.
C．Change the way we live in order to protect our planet.
答案　C
2．What is one of the biggest threats to our planet
A．Plastic waste.
B．The use of oil and coal.
C．Cutting down forests.
答案　B
3．What can we infer from the dialogue
A．We all need to reuse previously used items.
B．We all need to help save energy and resources.
C．We all need to recycle and reduce the amount of waste we produce.
答案　C
Ⅱ.Listen to the dialogue on P51 and choose the best answer.(高考形式)
1．What do people hunt rhinos for
A．Rhinos’ skin.
B．Rhinos’ teeth.
C．Rhinos’ horns.
答案　C
2．What does Dr.Bradshaw suggest doing
A．Punishing people who hunt rhinos.
B．Educating people not to kill rhinos.
C．Setting up reserves for rhinos.
答案　B
3．When will rhinos die out if people don’t take action to protect them
A．After 15 years.
B．After 20 years.
C．After 12 years.
答案　B
Ⅲ.Listen to the material on P51 again and fill in the blanks with the words you hear.(精听训练)
(I＝Interviewer　B＝Dr.Bradshaw)
I：I feel very lucky indeed to have Dr.Bradshaw with us today.He works on 1.protecting animals in danger.At present，he is in a rhino protecting programme.
B：Yes，many animals 2.are illegally hunted for something they have.In the rhino’s case，it is their horns.Some people think 3.it is useful in medicine.
I：How can we stop this from happening
B：Well，the first step is 4.education—we need to make everyone know hunting these animals is illegal and that these amazing animals are 5.part of the world we live in.
I：How long do we have before rhinos 6.become extinct
B：If we don’t do something now,7.there will be no rhinos left in the world in 20 years.
I：That’s an incredibly 8.urgent matter...
informative adj.有教育意义的，知识性强的(inform vt.通知 information n．信息；情报)
inform sb of/about sth 告知某人某事
inform sb that...通知某人……
(1)The designer was not informed of/about the time of the meeting，which brought about much trouble.
(2)The lecture，though passionate as well as fun，didn’t contain much information(inform)．
[写作佳句]
(3)(2018·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)《一起成长》这部短片，不仅有教育意义，而且很有趣。
The short movie，GROWING TOGETHER，will be not only informative but also interesting.
threat n．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能(threaten vt.威胁，恐吓)
pose a threat to...对……构成威胁
under the threat of...处于……的威胁之下
threaten to do sth 威胁要做某事
threaten sb with sth 用……威胁某人
(1)The hijackers(劫匪) threatened to kill(kill) the professor if their demands were not met.
(2)Some species will be under the threat of extinction if humans keep destroying their habitats.
[写作佳句]
(3)(话题写作之环境保护)众所周知，漂浮在海洋中的塑料袋对海洋动物构成了巨大的威胁。
As we all know，plastic bags floating in oceans pose a great threat to marine animals.
(4)(2020·浙江7月，读后续写)熊猛烈地拍着栅栏，用它锋利的牙齿和强壮的爪子威胁我们。
The bear patted the fence fiercely，threatening us with its sharp teeth and strong paws.
switch vi.& vt.转换，改变 n．开关
·switch on打开(电灯、电视等)
switch off关上(电灯、电视等)
switch to切换到，转到
·switch shifts调班
(1)The last to leave the dormitory should remember to switch off the laptop and air conditioner.
(2)Seeing my embarrassment，the professor switched to another interesting topic.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之动作描写)由于不知道灯的开关在哪里，我在黑暗中摸索着走，不时地撞到家具上。
Not knowing where the light switch was，I felt my way in the dark，bumping into furniture now and then.
urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的(urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策 n．强烈的欲望；冲动 urgently adv.急切地；迫切地)
urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事
urge that...主张……[从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”]
have an urge to do sth 有做某事的冲动
(1)The local government has urged the supermarket to stop(stop) using free plastic bags several times.
(2)I have to break the appointment because I have something urgent(urge) to handle.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之情绪描写)我站在舞台上，心跳加速，大脑一片空白，我有一种逃跑的冲动。
Standing on the platform，my heart racing and my mind going blank，I had an urge to run away.
训练1　Topic Talk(A)
[分值：40.5分]
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
1．The conservation of wildlife has always been a hot topic in recent years.
2．All the furniture was destroyed(破坏) in the house because of the heavy flood.
3．The government should take action to limit the use of plastic shopping bags.
4．Frankly speaking，I can’t accept all the items(条款) in the contract.
5．To protect the environment，we must recycle plastic bottles effectively.
6．Parked illegally(非法地)，his car was pulled away by traffic policemen.
7．My phone seems to switch itself off occasionally，which makes me annoyed.
8. Rhinos are being hunted(猎杀) for their horns，which are said to be used for drug.
9．It is humans’ duty to protect these endangered animals before they become extinct.
10．What an employee should do with an urgent(紧急的) task is to finish it on time.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共7小题；每小题1.5分，满分10.5分)
1. Extraordinary measures can be taken in urgent(urge) cases.
2．The polluted water is a constant threat to the fish in the river.
3．I felt incredibly(incredible) ashamed of myself for getting so angry.
4．Suffering from injuries in the waist，the athlete had to switch to business.
5．You can do your part in wildlife protection，that is，you have a role to play.
6．Used batteries are unrecyclable(recycle) rubbish so don’t throw them with what can be recycled.
7．His lecture was informative(inform) and motivating，so all the students present clapped enthusiastically.
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
In the past 50 years，the amount of water in the open ocean with zero oxygen has gone up more than fourfold.In coastal water bodies，including river mouths and seas，low-oxygen sites have increased more than tenfold since 1950.Scientists expect oxygen levels to continue dropping even outside these zones as the Earth warms.
“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the oceans，” said Denise Breitburg，marine ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre.“The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth’s environment.” “Actually，it’s a great loss to all the services that rely on recreation and tourism，including hotels，restaurants and everything else.The severe impact of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive，” said Lisa Levin，scientist at the University of California San Diego.
In areas traditionally called “dead zones”，like those in Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico，oxygen plummets(暴跌) to so low levels that many animals die.As fish avoid these zones，their habitats become smaller and they’re easier to be attacked or caught.But the problem goes far beyond “dead zones”．Even smaller oxygen decline can prevent growth in animals，get in the way of reproduction and lead to disease or even death.It can also cause the release of dangerous chemicals such as nitrous oxide，a greenhouse gas up to 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.While some animals can thrive(茁壮成长) in “dead zones”，overall biodiversity falls.
Climate change causes issues in the open ocean due to warming waters preventing oxygen from reaching the interior.Additionally，the ocean as a whole holds less oxygen as it gets warmer.In coastal waters，land-based nutrient pollution causes algal blooms that deplete oxygen as the algae die and break down.
People’s livelihoods are also on the line，the scientists reported，especially in developing nations.Smaller fisheries may be unable to relocate when low oxygen destroys their harvests or forces fish to move elsewhere.So we humans have to carry on a war against climate change now and win the war.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。人类活动对地球环境造成影响，进而导致海洋的含氧量下降，给依赖海洋生存和发展的产业带来巨大损失，要解决这个问题，必须控制人类的有害活动，打赢与气候变化的“战争”。
1．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
A．The Earth becomes warmer and warmer.
B．The amount of sea water is increasing.
C．The coastal water bodies are dangerous.
D．The ocean has been losing its oxygen.
答案　D
解析　段落大意题。根据第一段内容可知，本段主要说明了海洋面临的状况，随着地球变暖，零氧区域不断增加，海洋的氧气含量在不断下降，即海洋一直在失去氧气，故选D。
2．What can we infer from Denise Breitburg and Lisa Levin’s words
A．Different oceans have different levels of oxygen.
B．The decline in ocean oxygen has great influences.
C．The future of tourism relies on the levels of ocean oxygen.
D．The decrease in ocean oxygen is the most serious environmental problem.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the oceans”和“Actually，it’s a great loss to all the services that...The severe impact of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive”可知，Denise Breitburg和Lisa Levin的话说明氧气是海洋里所有生命生存的基础，海洋氧气的减少给很多行业带来巨大损失，由此可推知，海洋氧气的减少会产生很大的影响，故选B。
3．How do the “dead zones” affect sea animals
A．They offer more food.
B．They form dangerous gases.
C．They reduce sea animals’ living areas.
D．They produce more carbon dioxide.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“In areas traditionally called ‘dead zones’ ...As fish avoid these zones，their habitats become smaller...”可知，在“死亡地带”，因为氧气量大幅下跌，许多动物死去，而由于鱼类会避开这些区域，它们的栖息地变得更小，即海洋动物的生存空间小了。故选C。
4．How can we win the war according to the text
A．By closing smaller fisheries.
B．By controlling humans’ bad activities.
C．By improving people’s living standards.
D．By stopping nutrients entering the ocean.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth’s environment.”可知，是人类活动影响了地球环境，从而导致了海洋氧气的减少，所以要打赢这场(与气候变化的)战争就必须控制人类的有害活动，故选B。
B
Plans to bring wild tigers back to their original home，their historical range(历史分布范围) in the Ili-Balkhash region，have been announced by Kazakhstan(哈萨克斯坦) and an agreement with World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to conduct a tiger reintroduction program has been signed.“It will not only bring wild tigers back to their original home，but also protect the unique ecosystem of the Ili-Balkhash region，” said Askar Myrzakhmetov，the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
If successful，Kazakhstan will be the first to bring wild tigers back to a region after half a century.Only reintroduction projects within national borders and current tiger habitats have been achieved.Kazakhstan’s program is unique and urgently requires restoring a vast forest part of the wild tiger’s historical range.
Since the beginning of the 20th century，wild tigers have lost over 90 per cent of their historical range.Wild tigers have completely disappeared from the region since the late 1940s，due to the loss of habitat.To prepare for the return of wild tigers，Kazakhstan will set up a new nature reserve in the southwestern Ili-Balkhash，in order to restore the unique forest habitat.This will include the protection of existing wildlife，and reintroducing important prey(猎物)，such as the endangered wild Bactrian deer(中亚红鹿)．
Restoring tigers will also help protect Lake Balkhash and prevent it from repeating the fate of the Aral Sea，formerly the world’s fourth largest lake and now 10 percent of its original size.“The hard work remains ahead of us.We have to spare no effort to make this region ready for tigers and involve all the relevant people to make this happen.That means dealing with illegal activities，having these people who govern parks be well-trained and equipped，increasing prey populations and involving local communities，” said Ekaterina Vorobyeva，Director of the WWF program.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈萨克斯坦重新引进野生老虎的计划。
5．What is Askar Myrzakhmetov’s attitude toward the tiger reintroduction program
A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.
C．Concerned. D．Disapproving.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。由第一段中的“It will not only bring wild tigers back to their original home，but also protect the unique ecosystem of the Ili-Balkhash region”可以推断，Askar Myrzakhmetov对重新引进老虎的项目是支持的。故选B。
6．What made the wild tigers disappear in the Ili-Balkhash region
A．The increasing loss of prey.
B．The evolution of the species.
C．The lack of natural living places.
D．The serious environmental pollution.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。由第三段中的“Wild tigers have completely disappeared from the region since the late 1940s，due to the loss of habitat.”可知，19世纪40年代末野生老虎在此区域完全消失是由于栖息地的丧失。故选C。
7．Which measure may be taken for the reintroduction of tigers
A．Regulating human activities.
B．Limiting the number of prey.
C．Building a reserve for tigers only.
D．Training tigers to be more adaptable.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“We have to spare no effort to make this region ready for tigers...That means dealing with illegal activities...”可知，实施这个项目需要做很多准备工作，其中包含处理违法活动，即规范人类的活动。故选A。
8．What is the best title of the passage
A．Efforts to Restore Forests in Kazakhstan
B．Bringing Tigers Back Home to Kazakhstan
C．Attempts to Handle Illegal Activities Effectively
D．Preventing Tigers Disappearing in Kazakhstan
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。文章一开始就介绍了哈萨克斯坦准备重新引进野生老虎的计划，下文是对这一计划的背景、内容、意义、准备工作等方面的展开介绍。所以选项B与文章主旨一致，最适合作本文的标题。故选B。
训练2　Topic Talk(B)
[分值：32.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
A South Korean company is operating the country’s largest indoor “smart farm” inside a former road tunnel(隧道)．The farm produces fruits and vegetables hydroponically(以水栽培的方式)，which means the plants do not grow in the ground.Instead，they grow on vertical(垂直的) equipment that provides a continuous flow of water.
There are other vertical smart farms in South Korea.But this one，built by the company NextOn about 200 kilometers south of Seoul，is the nation’s biggest.It is also one of the largest indoor vertical farms in the world，with a total area of 2,300 square meters.But what makes the farm even more unusual is the fact that it sits inside a huge tunnel.The tunnel was built in 1970 for one of South Korea’s first major highways，but it closed down in 2002.NextOn signed an agreement with the government to take over the tunnel and turn it into a high-tech farm.
NextOn officials say the tunnel environment provides ideal conditions for an indoor farm.It keeps a steady temperature of between 10 and 22 degrees Celsius.The tunnel is also completely dark，making it easier to provide exactly the night amount of artificial light.
The farming system can produce more than 60 different kinds of fruits and vegetables.The company said foods produced in the indoor farm are also healthier since harmful chemicals are not necessary to prevent large insect attacks.It can be difficult，though，for smart farmers to make a profit because of the high cost of building and operating.But NextOn said it cut its building costs in half by using the former tunnel and developing its own lighting and water systems.These technologies reduced water and energy use and the need for workers.Sensors also measure things such as temperature，light and air quality.
In South Korea，indoor vertical farming is seen as a possible solution to crop damage related to extreme weather that could get worse due to climate change.The country’s farming industry has also been hurt by shortages of land and workers.
The company says it plans to expand its farm inside the tunnel in the near future to begin growing even more kinds of fruits，as well as plants used for medical purposes.
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。本文主要介绍了一家韩国公司正在运营韩国最大的室内“智能农场”，与众不同的是，该农场位于一条废弃的公路隧道内。
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A．The advantages of smart farms.
B．How special the smart farm of NextOn is.
C．What role NextOn plays in smart farms.
D．The history of the company NextOn.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。由第二段内容可知，这座由NextOn公司在首尔以南200公里处建造的农场是韩国最大的垂直智能农场，也是世界上最大的室内垂直农场之一。但让这个农场更不寻常的是它坐落在一条巨大的隧道内，尤其根据more unusual推知，第二段主要谈论NextOn的智能农场有多特别。故选B。
2．How are the products from the indoor farm compared with traditional ones
A．They’re healthier.
B．They cost less.
C．They’re richer in sugar.
D．They bring a smaller profit.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由第四段中的“The company said foods produced in the indoor farm are also healthier...prevent large insect attacks.”可知，这座室内农场的产品比常规产品更健康。故选A。
3．Which of the following is a reason for South Korea’s turning to vertical smart farms
A．Its lack of labor.
B．Its lack of water.
C．Its food shortage.
D．Its poor air quality.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段“In South Korea，indoor vertical farming is seen as a possible solution...also been hurt by shortages of land and workers.”可知，韩国转向垂直智能农场是由于极端天气、土地和工人短缺情况的影响。故选A。
4．What is the company’s attitude to the future of the smart farms in the tunnel
A．Worried. B．Positive.
C．Carefree. D．Doubtful.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。由最后一段“The company says it plans to expand its farm...plants used for medical purposes.”可知，该公司未来要扩大生产，种植更多种类的水果和药用植物，说明该公司对其前景持积极态度。故选B。
B
Imagine being able to pop to your local park and pick some tomatoes，potatoes or even bananas to take home for dinner.Sounds too good to be true，right For residents of Andernach，Germany，it’s not just a dream—it’s their reality.
In 2010，Andernach began its edible(可食用的)city project，planting 101 varieties of tomatoes in public green spaces around the city centre.Its 30,000 residents are free to help themselves to whatever grows，as are any other visitors.The town’s motto of sorts is “Picking is encouraged—help yourself！” Every year a new type of plant is highlighted.In 2011,100 types of beans were planted，while 2012 saw the introduction of 20 onion varieties.
It’s a community effort，as local citizens are encouraged to help plant and maintain the gardens.This offers an opportunity to socialise as well as to learn about planting，cultivating and harvesting food.
An Andernach resident spoke to DW，“I often drop by to pick some herbs that I’m missing at home.Everything is easily accessible.There aren’t any fences.You just take what you need.The only thing is that you have to be quick once the fruits are ripe or they’ll all be gone！”
Andernach may have been the first in Germany，but it isn’t the only edible city.It’s part of the Edible Cities Network，a project funded by European Union to connect green urban foot initiatives around the world.Other cities include Carthage in Tunisia，Havana in Cuba and Sempeter-Vrtojba in Slovenia.In February 2022，the first Edible Cities Network Conference took place.Dr Ina Saumel，principal investigator of the Edible Cities Network，called it “a unique opportunity to invite researchers of edible city solutions and practitioners to the same table”．
Ultimately，the Edible Cities Network aims to give people “greener，more edible and，above all，more livable cities”．It is a response to the pressures of global climate change，and a significant cause full of hope.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了安德纳赫地区的一项可食用城市项目。
5．What can residents do in public green spaces according to the edible city project
A．Sell the produce they grow there.
B．Learn knowledge about planting.
C．Grow whatever plant as they like.
D．Pay to pick some vegetables there.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“This offers an opportunity to socialise as well as to learn about planting，cultivating and harvesting food.”可知，居民可以学习一些种植的知识。故选B。
6．Which words can best describe the edible city project in Andernach
A．Novel and popular.
B．Creative and costly.
C．Common and fundamental.
D．Rare and unacceptable.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，可食用城市项目鼓励人们自由采摘公共绿地种植的蔬果，而且每年都会有新的品种，可推知这种做法比较新颖。根据第四段中“The only thing is that you have to be quick once the fruits are ripe or they’ll all be gone！”可知，可食用城市项目种植的东西很受人们欢迎，行动慢了就没了。故选A。
7．What can we know about the Edible Cities Network according to paragraph 5
A．Andernach is the only city to carry it out.
B．European Union originally established it.
C．The Conference helps combine its theories with practices.
D．It invites people to share meals together.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中“Dr Ina Saumel...called it ‘a unique opportunity to invite researchers of edible city solutions and practitioners to the same table’．”可知，大会有助于将Edible Cities Network的理论和实践结合起来。故选C。
8．What is the purpose of the Edible Cities Network
A．To help residents relieve their pressure.
B．To involve residents in urban planting.
C．To increase the produce supply in cities.
D．To create environmentally friendly cities.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately，the Edible Cities Network aims to give people ‘greener，more edible and，above all，more liveable cities’．”可知，Edible Cities Network的目标是创建更宜居、更环保的绿色城市。故选D。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2024·浙江宁波期中)
The UK，Finland，Germany，and Sweden are consistently the top performers in European tech ecosystems.These countries also have the largest economies in Europe. 1 Well，let’s find out now.
2 Even more amazing This country is home to many basic scientific principles.The world’s first steam engines，electric motors，the Internet，and the jet engine are all inventions of this country.The UK government and its businesses have been spending billions of dollars on research and development to drive innovation in biotech.
Finland is second in digital life overall，and first in cashless payment.This is because the Internet plays a vital role in Finland’s digital life.High-speed Internet access and freedom of speech make the Finnish ecosystem more sustainable，with good Internet access and mobile coverage in remote areas. 3
Since the beginning，Germany’s industry has supported scientific research.German society and economy take pride in their research-development efforts. 4 Mercedes，BMW，and Volkswagen are some examples.
Sweden is a leader in technological innovation，with remarkable achievements in web development and mobile apps.For years，Ericsson and other large tech companies dominated the market. 5 Other Swedish companies like Spotify，Torrent，and Skype are now leading the charge.
Above are some European countries with the most advanced technological and digital expertise.As we know，the race for technological progress between countries is never over.
A．Here comes the truth.
B．The tide has turned today.
C．Most residents there can switch on easily.
D．We want to see how Europe’s tech countries compare.
E．Not all the countries experienced the smooth development.
F．This is supported by evidence from global automotive brands.
G．The British Empire was once the most developed country in the world.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章比较了欧洲科技生态系统中表现最好的国家——英国、芬兰、德国和瑞典。
1．答案　D
解析　根据空后的“Well，let’s find out now.”以及下文可知，文章是对这四个欧洲国家的科技进行了比较。D项“We want to see how Europe’s tech countries compare.”可以引出下文段落中的比较。故选D。
2．答案　G
解析　根据下文可知，本段讲的是英国的科技。G项“The British Empire was once the most developed country in the world.”符合语境，且“Even more amazing ”是对G项的肯定，并为下文“This country is home to many basic scientific principles.”作铺垫。故选G。
3．答案　C
解析　上文“High-speed Internet access...with good Internet access and mobile coverage in remote areas.”说明了网络很好地覆盖了芬兰的偏远地区。C项“Most residents there can switch on easily.”与上文形成顺承关系，且C项中的“there”指上文中的“in remote areas”。故选C。
4．答案　F
解析　下文“Mercedes，BMW，and Volkswagen are some examples.”提到了一些汽车品牌。F项“This is supported by evidence from global automotive brands.”能够自然地引出下文。故选F。
5．答案　B
解析　上文“For years，Ericsson and other large tech companies dominated the market.”与下文“Other Swedish companies like Spotify，Torrent，and Skype are now leading the charge.”形成了转折，即主导市场的科技公司发生了变化。B项“The tide has turned today.”作为过渡句，符合语境。故选B。Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1　The Sixth Extinction
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Why human beings are closely related to nature.
B．Why most living things will die out in the future.
C．Why no forest will exist on the earth in the future.
D．Why extinctions happen and how to avoid the sixth mass extinction.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth dying out
A．Because we will have no clean water.
B．Because we will kill all species for food.
C．Because we will have no factory farming.
D．Because we will kill one another for water.
答案　A
2．How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A．By producing more species.
B．By stopping destroying the planet.
C．By taking action to protect ourselves.
D．By moving to another planet immediately.
答案　B
3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A．To appeal to people to protect the Earth.
B．To blame people for destroying the environment.
C．To urge the government to take action.
D．To warn the public to reduce their destructive behaviour.
答案　A
4．What is the author’s attitude towards avoiding the sixth extinction
A．Pessimistic. B．Uncertain.
C．Neutral. D．Optimistic.
答案　D
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1.that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2.have been(be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3.including(include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”．The 4.reasons(reason) for extinctions are 5.varied(vary)．Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6.to blame(blame)．
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7.faster(fast) than normal.8.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9.occurs(occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10.at risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
1．These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(P52 Para.1)
结构分析：此句为复合句，其中known as the “Great Dying” 为过去分词作定语，which引导的从句是定语从句。
汉语翻译：这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间 90%至 96%的物种灭亡了。
2．Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(P52 Para.2)
结构分析： 此句是主从复合句，Although引导让步状语从句，从句中的it是形式主语，动词不定式复合结构为真正的主语；主句的主干是the rate is cause for concern，at which为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rate。
汉语翻译：虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
3．A 2015 study by scientists who were based(base) at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”．(P52 Para.2)
结构分析：此句话为复合句，句子的谓语动词为looked at，who 引导定语从句，how 引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：2015年在美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。
4．There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out：air and water pollution，forests being destroyed(destroy)，factory farming and overfishing.(P53 Para.2)
结构分析：此句为复合句，句子包含there be 句型，why 引导定语从句，先行词为reasons。
汉语翻译：这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
5．If a sixth mass extinction(extinct) occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(P53 Para.3)
结构分析：此句为主从复合句，if引导条件状语从句，who引导定语从句，that引导宾语从句。
汉语翻译：研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。
6．This would mean we have to significantly(significant) change the way we live.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句。mean后面跟宾语从句；we live为定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
汉语翻译：这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。
7．For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting(set) up special areas where plants and animals can be protected(protect)．(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句。to save endangered species在句中作目的状语，where 在句中引导定语从句。
汉语翻译：例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
8．In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying(destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.(P53 Para.4)
结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句。if引导条件状语从句，that引导定语从句，先行词为planet。
汉语翻译：简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝
die away(声音、光等)逐渐减弱；消失
die of/from因……而死
die down逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off相继死去
(1)用die短语的正确形式填空
①The sound of the car died away as the car drove into the distance.
②To our shock，this species has nearly died out because its habitats are being destroyed.
③What makes us worried is that if the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will die off.
[写作佳句]
(2)(读后续写之场景描写)掌声平息后，他深吸一口气，开始了他的演讲。
When the applause had died down，he took a deep breath and began his speech.
mass adj.大量的；大规模的 n．团，块，堆；大量；(物理学术语)质量(massive adj.巨大的；结实的；非常严重的)
masses of＋名词＋谓语动词复数
a mass of＋
the masses群众；大众媒体
(1)The masses are(be) often the makers of history and they are also the makers of people’s well-being.
(2)(2021·全国乙)He builds massive(mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之海洋保护)令人担忧的是，由于海洋污染，大量海洋生物正在相继死去。
What makes people worried is that as a result of sea pollution，masses of/a mass of sea creatures are dying off.
decrease n．减少；减少的量 vi.& vt.减少
·decrease to...减少到……
decrease by...减少了……
decrease from...to...从……减少到……
·on the decrease正在减少
on the increase正在增加
(1)Last year the number of independent firms decreased from 198 to 96.
(2)The crime rate in this area has decreased to the lowest level nowadays.
[写作佳句] 　一句多译
(3)由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数量在减少。
①Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.(decrease n．)
②Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is decreasing.(decrease v．)
注意　表示“减少”的词或短语还有：decline，reduce，fall，drop，go down等。
blame vt.责怪，指责 n．过失；责备
be to blame (for sth) (对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb for sth因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth把某事归咎于某人/某事
(1)Illegal hunting is to blame(blame) for the extinction of Northern White Rhinos.
(2)We should not blame athletes for not winning medals.After all，they have pushed themselves to the limit.
(3)You don’t apply yourself to studying hard，so don’t blame your failure on bad luck.
[写作佳句]
(4)(话题写作之人际交往)当和他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责他人。
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes/blame mistakes on others.After all，many times we are also to blame.So instead of blaming others，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁
take risks/a risk冒险
take/run the risk of doing sth 冒险做某事
at the risk of...冒着……的风险
risk doing sth 冒险做某事
(1)It was Mr Lee who took the risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.
(2)Men who had been stressed tended to take more risks(risk) while women responded in the opposite way.
[写作佳句]
(3)当得知那个城市需要援助时，许多救援人员热切地冒着生命危险前往那里。
When knowing that city was in need of help，many rescue workers were eager to go there at the risk of losing their lives.
倍数表达法
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(教材P53 Para.2)
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。
结构分析：此句为复合句。句中that引导宾语从句；1 000 times faster than...是倍数的表示方法。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
倍数的表达法如下：
倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than...
倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...
倍数＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
(1)The production of corn is expected to be 1.5 times larger(large) than that of last year.
(2)To his delight，his new job brings in 3 times as much income as the old one.
(3)What makes us shocked is that my brother is 10 times the weight of my nephew.
[写作佳句]
(4)(应用文写作之介绍类)我市正在建设的新体育场将是目前这个体育场的三倍大。
①The new stadium being built in our city will be three times as big as the present one.(倍数＋as＋原级＋as)
②The new stadium being built in our city will be twice bigger than the present one.(倍数＋比较级＋than)
③The new stadium being built in our city will be three times the size of the present one.(倍数＋the＋名词＋of)
without 引导的含蓄虚拟语气
Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(教材P53 Para.3)
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
结构分析：此句是一个并列句。由and连接两个并列分句，其中Without与no构成双重否定。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
without短语表示含蓄条件，相当于由if引导的虚拟条件句。
表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。
表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have＋过去分词”。
此处without 可以用 but for(若没有)替换。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
(1)如果没有王先生的帮助，我就不会取得这么大的进步。
Without Mr Wang’s help，I wouldn’t have made such great progress.
(2)(2022·全国甲，书面表达)没有海洋，任何生物都无法生存，包括人类，所以现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
Without the ocean，no living things would survive，including human beings，so it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答其后的问题。
The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story,1.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,2.who went to America with her mother.Jack,3.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 4.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 5.which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.6.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 7.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
以上语段中的黑体部分均为定语从句，其中句4,5和7是限制性定语从句，句1,2,3和6是非限制性定语从句，其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。as引导的定语从句一般放于句首；通常译为“正如”。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一、定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；关系副词有where，when，why。
This is the computer(that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。
2．非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开，是对先行词的附加说明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
The children，who wanted to have a journey to the valley，were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.
那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。
That they will get married，which has not been announced，has spread around.
他们要结婚的消息还没有被宣布，却已经被传得沸沸扬扬。
(2)非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或其中一部分，且常译成并列的分句。
We’ll graduate in July，when we will be free.(先行词为名词)
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
He often comes to school late，which makes his teacher angry.(先行词为主句的内容)
他经常上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who，whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。还有关系副词when和where。
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.
这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。
He has sold the house，which is located in downtown.
他已经卖掉了那所位于市中心的房子。
Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思依然完整
结构要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号 用逗号与先行词或主句隔开
功能 修饰先行词 修饰先行词或整个主句
引导词 所有的关系代词及副词 关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外
When you reach the village，you will first find a house whose windows are made of wood.
当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一座有着木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他们欣赏了这个山区的美景，在那里他们还做了些爬山运动。
[巧学助记]
定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号；
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系。
三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as which
指代 只能指代整个主句的内容 既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 不能置于主句之前
意义 正如 这，那
功能 连接上下文，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句
As we all know，the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
The singer，as was expected，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那样，这位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Catherine will attend a friend’s wedding，which she is busy preparing for now.
凯瑟琳将参加一个朋友的婚礼，现在她正在为此做准备。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．To our amazement，this is the room where the astronaut used to live.
2．At last we arrived at the village，which had been transformed into a park.
3．You can come to our city in April，when peonies are in full bloom.
4．As was often the case，the girl skipped breakfast again.
5．Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to the hospital.
6．There are many plastic cups on the table，most of which are new.
7．The grinning consumer that/who/whom he met in the supermarket was his friend.
8．The professor，who will retire from the university next year，is popular among students.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．我的父亲同意我们制作一个视频来记录我们在夏令营的经历，在那里我们度过了美好的时光。
My father approved of us making a video to record our experiences at the summer camp where we had a great time.
2．我最尊敬的人是我的语文老师，他的教学水平远远高于平均水平。
The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher whose teaching level is far above average.
3．他为何不能降低消费，他没有给出任何理由。
The reason，for which he couldn’t reduce his consumption，wasn’t given.
4．该地区矿业发展良好，为当地经济的发展做出了贡献。
Mining has developed well in the area，which contributes to the development of local economy.
5．他没上这节课的原因与你向我解释的很不一样。
The reason why he missed this class was quite different from the one that you explained to me.
Ⅲ.完成下列读后续写片段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法
我倒在地上，躺在血泊中。同时，离我们不远的两名猎人听到了我们的尖叫声。他们冲到我们所在的地方。一看到所发生的事以及还漂浮在我身后的水面上的鳄鱼，其中一个人朝空中开了一枪。正如所期望的，鳄鱼被吓跑了。然后，我失去了知觉，这让两名猎人急忙把我送到医院。
I fell onto the ground，lying in a pool of blood.Meanwhile，our screams were heard by two hunters 1.who/that were not far away from us.They dashed over to the place 2.where we were.On seeing what happened and the crocodile,3.which was still floating in the water behind me，one of them fired a shot in the air.4.As was/had been expected，the crocodile was frightened away.Then I was unconscious,5.which made the two hunters rush me to hospital.
训练3　Lesson 1(A)
[分值：52分]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分)
1．We ordinary people have no right to blame stars for contributing less money than others.
2．With their habitats destroyed by human beings，many species have died out.
3．Global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 50 per cent compared to levels at the turn of the millennium.
4．Humans wiped out forests on a large scale，which made animals homeless.
5．During the cultural festival，you can enjoy or participate in varieties(vary) of activities.
6．Many people tend to blame their own failure on lack of good fortune.
7．We are extremely happy to know that giant pandas are no longer the most endangered(endanger) animals.
8．Affected(affect) with a serious disease，he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.
Ⅱ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)(满分15分)
1．这部下个月出版的新书的长度是那部书的三倍。(倍数表达法)
This new book to be published next month is three times longer than/three times as long as/three times the length of that one.
2．在这本书中，我们可以知道是人类活动造成了那些物种的灭绝。(be to blame)
In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.
3．森林里的动物处于危险之中，因为许多树都被砍倒了。(be at risk)
The animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.
4．众所周知，如果没有水和森林，世界上的生命就不会存在了。(without 引导的含蓄虚拟条件句)
What is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world.
5．人们想探索恐龙突然灭绝的原因。(die out)
People want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
This new book to be published next month is three times as long as that one.In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.The truth at present is that the animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.Although what is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world，humans destroy the forests for profits.Besides，the book is suitable for people who want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly as well.
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分)
Within the next 30 years，urban expansion(城市扩张) is due to result in up to 1.53 million square kilometers of new urbanized land，directly threatening 855 species，according to the findings of a new Yale-led study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The study identified hotspot cities that are expected to have particularly large impacts on species habitats.Many of these cities are in equatorial(赤道的) regions where urban growth is in line with biodiverse habitats.The cities that present the greatest threat to species due to expansion are mostly located in the developing regions of sub-Saharan Africa，South America，Mesoamerica，and Southeast Asia.
The study relied on data from Yale’s Map of Life—a collection of species distribution(分布) data used to monitor，research，and create policies that protect species worldwide.It also used recently developed land-use plans to estimate future habitat loss from urban land expansion for more than 30,000 species globally.It found that urban land expansion is a significant driver of habitat loss for about one-third of these.
This study throws light on the need for global protection efforts to include policies to preserve species in urban lands.“Cities are actually part of the solution，” said co-author Karen Seto.“We can build cities differently than we have in the past.They can be biodiversity centers and save land for nature.”
“We are at a vital moment when the world’s governments are reconsidering their commitments to the Convention on Biological Diversity.This study is important since it lets us quantify(量化)，for the first time，which specific species are most threatened by urban growth and where urban protected areas are needed to preserve them，” said co-author Robert McDonald.
Despite the risk of species loss from land expansion，the study highlights how cities can proactively protect biodiversity，Seto said.“The majority of these places have yet to be built.Science-driven policies that guide how the cities of tomorrow get built will have an enormous effect.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。城市扩张将导致许多物种受到威胁，对此，研究人员提出可以将城市作为保护物种的解决方案的一部分。
1．What does the new study do
A．It suggests the greatest threat to species.
B．It identifies hotspot cities that need to stop urban expansion.
C．It demonstrates how future urban expansion will impact species.
D．It estimates how much new urbanized land will be in developing regions.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Within the next 30 years，urban expansion(城市扩张) is due to result in up to 1.53 million square kilometers of new urbanized land，directly threatening 855 species”可知，这项新研究论证了未来城市扩张将如何影响物种。故选C。
2．What role does Yale’s Map of Life play in this study
A．A policy maker.
B．A data provider.
C．A land-use planner.
D．A publishing platform.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“The study relied on data from Yale’s Map of Life—a collection of species distribution(分布) data used to monitor，research，and create policies that protect species worldwide.”可知，耶鲁大学的生命地图在这项研究中扮演了数据提供者的角色。故选B。
3．What can we learn from the text
A．Karen Seto is optimistic about dealing with urban expansion.
B．A lot of cities have already been built as biodiversity centers.
C．The Convention on Biological Diversity is key to solving the problem.
D．The world’s governments have taken measures to prevent urban land expansion.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段和倒数第一段可知，Karen Seto认为科学合理地建设新城市可以帮助维护生物多样性，由此可推知，Karen Seto对应对城市扩张持乐观态度。故选A。
4．What is a suitable title for this text
A．Urban Expansion Cannot Be Avoided
B．Species Habitats Should Be Brought under Control
C．Cities Can Be Part of the Solution to Preserving Species
D．The Risk of Species Loss from Land Expansion Is Terrifying
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第四段中“‘Cities are actually part of the solution，’ said co-author Karen Seto.‘We can build cities differently than we have in the past.They can be biodiversity centers and save land for nature.’”可知，文章主要提出了可以让城市成为保护物种的解决方案之一。故C选项“城市可以成为保护物种的解决方案的一部分”适合作文章标题。故选C。
Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
When it comes to traveling in China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region，the Li River is one of the destinations tourists won’t miss.However，with the number of tourists increasing，the river’s water 1. (pollute)．Some tourists 2. (frequent) threw garbage into the river.Kitchens on the tour boats were using lots of oil,3. was often thrown into the water.Besides，more chemicals were used 4. (increase) crop production,5.__________________(cause) water quality issues and a decrease in the number of fish species.These problems made the local officials worried about the natural environment.They felt 6. urgent to take action to restore the river’s original beauty.
The waste water treatment facilities have been constructed，which has helped improve the water quality and water 7. (conserve).8. (dozen) of polluting enterprises were closed or moved.What’s more，the local government set up strict regulations regarding further industrial development.So far new rules have been introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods.With these measures，it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will come back soon.
What is the most amazing is that the “Water Ten Plan” is now tackling water pollution across the country.With such campaigns 9. effect，China’s waterways are heading towards a clean and 10. (sustain) future.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了广西漓江的水污染问题以及采取的一些治理措施。
1．答案　was polluted
解析　考查主谓一致、动词的时态和语态。根据上下文语境可知，此处指过去的情况，且主语the river’s water与pollute之间是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。主语water为不可数名词，谓语应用单数。故填was polluted。
2．答案　frequently
解析　考查副词。空处修饰动词threw，因此用frequent的副词形式。frequently意为“频繁地，经常”。故填frequently。
3．答案　which
解析　考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词lots of oil，指物，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which，故填which。
4．答案　to increase
解析　考查非谓语动词。be used to do sth 表示“被用于做某事”，故填to increase。
5．答案　causing
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词。根据句意，化学品被用来增加作物产量，这会导致水质问题和鱼类数量减少，属于自然而然的结果，应用现在分词短语作结果状语。故填causing。
6．答案　it
解析　考查代词。分析句子结构可知，后面的动词不定式短语“to take action...beauty”是真正的宾语，故此处用it作形式宾语。故填it。
7．答案　conservation
解析　考查名词。句中的and连接improve的两个宾语，根据and前的the water quality可知，此处用名词形式。conservation意为“保护”，为不可数名词。故填conservation。
8．答案　Dozens
解析　考查名词复数。dozens of表示“数十个，许多，很多”。故填Dozens。
9．答案　in
解析　考查介词。in effect是固定短语，表示“在实施中，有效”。故填in。
10．答案　sustainable
解析　考查形容词。空处修饰名词future，因此用形容词形式。sustainable意为“可持续的”。故填sustainable。
训练4　Lesson 1(B)
[分值：32.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Animal Conservation
Many animal and plant species have become extinct and many more are in danger.Finding ways to protect the earth’s wildlife and conserve the natural world they inhabit is now more important than ever.
The dodo
The dodo is a classic example of how human caused damage to the earth’s biology.The flightless dodo was native to the Island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.The easily controlled bird became a source of food for sailors and was attacked by animals introduced to the island by humans such as pigs，monkeys and rats.The population of dodos rapidly decreased and the last one was killed in 1681.
Rhinos
The rhino horn is a highly-prized item for Asian medicine.This has led to the animal being hunted in its natural habitat.Once widespread in Africa and Eurasia，most rhinos now live in protected natural parks and reserves.Their numbers have rapidly decreased in the last 50 years，and the animals remain under constant threat from poachers.
The giant pandas
The future of the WWF’s symbol is far from certain.As few as 1,000 remain in the wild，the Chinese government has set up 33 panda reserves to protect these beautiful animals.However，the panda’s distinct black and white patched coat fetches a high price on the black market and determined poachers still pose one of the most serious threats to the animals.
Whales
Despite the fact that one-third of the world’s oceans have been declared whale sanctuaries,7 out of 13 whale species remain endangered.Hunted for their rich supply of oil，their numbers have decreased to just 300.Collisions with ships，poisonous pollution and being caught in fishing nets are other major causes of whale deaths.
Tigers
The last 100 years has seen a 95% reduction in the number of remaining tigers to between 5,000 and 7,000 and the Bali，Javan，and Caspian tigers are already extinct.The South China tiger is close to disappearing，with only 20 to 30 still alive.Like the rhino horn，the tigers’ bones and organs are sought after for traditional Chinese medicines.These items are traded illegally along with tiger skins.
语篇解读　这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了五种已灭绝或处于濒危的动物。
1．Which group of the following animals has no longer existed according to the text
A．The dodo，rhino and panda.
B．The rhino，whale and South China tiger.
C．The dodo and the Bali，Javan，and Caspian tigers.
D．The rhino，panda，whale and tiger.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The population of dodos rapidly decreased and the last one was killed in 1681.”以及最后一段中的“...the Bali，Javan，and Caspian tigers are already extinct.”可知，渡渡鸟、巴厘岛虎、爪哇虎和里海虎已经不存在了。故选C。
2．What can serve as a cure for certain diseases
A．The whale’s rich oil.
B．The rhino horn and tigers’ bones and organs.
C．The panda’s black and white patched coat.
D．The dodo’s delicious meat.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Like the rhino horn，the tigers’ bones and organs are sought after for traditional Chinese medicines.”可知，犀牛角和老虎的骨头和器官可以治疗某些疾病。故选B。
3．Which of the following is mentioned in all the descriptions of those wild animals
A．The reason for their extinction or being in danger.
B．The way of their life.
C．Why they are hunted.
D．Punishment for hunting wild animals.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The easily controlled bird became a source of food for sailors and was attacked by animals...”；第三段中的“The rhino horn...This has led to the animal being hunted in its natural habitat.”；第四段中的“However，the panda’s distinct black and white patched coat fetches a high price...pose one of the most serious threats to the animals.”；倒数第二段中的“Hunted for their rich supply of oil...”以及最后一段中的“Like the rhino horn...These items are traded illegally along with tiger skins.”可知，A选项“它们灭绝或濒危的原因”在所有对这些野生动物的描述中都提到了。故选A。
B
Plastics are amazing materials，which are widely used in our daily life.Besides，they’re often cheap to make.About 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic have been produced to date.That’s about 1,400 times the weight of the Great Pyramid of Giza.Some of that plastic is still in use.But about 5.8 billion metric tons have been thrown away.
All that plastic waste is an environmental scourge(祸根)．Only about 9 percent of plastic waste has been recycled.Another 12 percent has been burned.The remaining 79 percent wound up in landfills or in nature.And that plastic，like a single Lego block，takes a long time to decompose(分解)．
Plastic litters the world from the highest mountaintop to the deepest seafloor.Many animals mistake this rubbish for food.If they get full，these animals may forget to eat real food and suffer.Plastic rubbish in the oceans also leaves birds，turtles and other wildlife in a jam.
Big pieces of plastic aren’t the only problem.Abandoned plastic can break into tiny bits called microplastics.Winds blow these bits far and wide.Ocean currents can spread them throughout the sea.These pollutants build up inside animals.They also get into our food and drinking water.Each American is likely to consume more than 70,000 microplastic pieces per year.Right now，no one knows what risk that might bring.
Scientists have some ideas about how to clean up this mess.The Ocean Cleanup is developing cleanup systems to fish out plastic pieces from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.Microbes or mealworms with an appetite for plastic might someday eat the garbage.And new nanotechnology(纳米技术) could help microplastics decompose in the environment.But many of these plans are still far from effective so far.The best way to help Earth right now is to stop buying so much plastic—and then throwing it out—in the first place.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了塑料污染的现状、带来的后果以及可能的应对方案。
4．What does the Lego block show about plastic waste
A．It is hard to break down.
B．Little of it has been burned.
C．It is easy to pile up.
D．Most of it ends up in landfills.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“And that plastic，like a single Lego block，takes a long time to decompose(分解)．”可知，像乐高积木那样的塑料垃圾很难分解。故选A项。
5．How might the plastic rubbish influence animals
A．By starving them.
B．By reducing their food.
C．By piling up in their homes.
D．By changing the environment.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Many animals mistake this rubbish for food.If they get full，these animals may forget to eat real food and suffer.”可知，许多动物会将塑料垃圾当成食物吃掉，吃饱后，它们可能会忘记吃真正的食物，这最终很可能导致饿死它们。故选A项。
6．What is the author’s attitude to the present methods of cleaning plastic waste
A．Opposed. B．Supportive.
C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful.
答案　D
解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“But many of these plans are still far from effective so far.”可知，作者对现行的清理塑料垃圾的方案持怀疑态度。故选D项。
7．Why does the author write the text
A．To criticize plastic production.
B．To suggest ways to handle plastic.
C．To advocate environmental protection.
D．To introduce the state of plastic pollution.
答案　D
解析　写作意图题。 本文作者先用数据说明塑料污染的严重性，接着说明它对生物的危害，最后呼吁人们不要买那么多塑料制品。由此推知，作者写作本文旨在向人们介绍塑料污染的现状。故选D项。
Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
It’s been seven months since I arrived in Melbourne，Australia.Things have 1 dramatically in a short time.During the first few weeks，I was nervous but 2 to begin a whole new life here. 3 ，after several weeks，the excitement 4 and homesickness set in.It wasn’t a powerful feeling but enough to make me sleepless at night 5 my family and friends back home.How I wished I could have been with them!
Things started to 6 after I spent some wonderful time with my new friends in Melbourne.We practiced languages，talked about cultural differences and saw some places of interest as a 7 .I was deeply impressed by how 8 it is to have such good people in one’s life，because they can make such a(n) 9 .
10 to Melbourne after going home for Christmas felt like returning to a second 11 ，a place where I belonged and there were people I cared so much about.With days passing by，more and more people 12 my life; they came with not only kindness and 13 ，but also novel ideas and anything that great friends could have.
To travel and visit other places around the world is one of the most 14 things you can do in life. 15 other cultures and learning about the whole world are such meaningful things to do.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者搬到墨尔本后，由之前渴望新生活转变到开始想家念家，最后在朋友的陪伴下适应了新的环境的故事。
1．A.passed B．disappeared
C．changed D．stopped
答案　C
解析　根据上文“It’s been seven months since I arrived in Melbourne”可知作者到新的环境已经七个月了，结合本段第三、四句和“dramatically in a short time”可推知，他身边的事情发生了巨大的变化。故选C。
2．A.frightened B．eager
C．worried D．content
答案　B
解析　结合常识和下文“to begin a whole new life”可推知，作者搬到了一个新的地方，自然渴望开始新的生活。故选B。
3．A.However B．Therefore
C．Meanwhile D．Moreover
答案　A
解析　根据上文“to begin a whole new life here”和下文“homesickness set in”可知，作者的情绪由之前渴望新生活转变到开始想家，前后文有转折关系。故选A。
4．A.built up B．came back
C．took over D．died down
答案　D
解析　build up增进；come back回来；take over接管；die down逐渐消失。根据“homesickness set in”可推知，之前的兴奋逐渐消失了。故选D。
5．A.missing B．blaming
C．charging D．appealing
答案　A
解析　根据上文“homesickness set in”和下文“How I wished I could have been with them！”可知，作者开始想念家乡的家人和朋友。故选A。
6．A.happen B．improve
C．increase D．worsen
答案　B
解析　根据下文“after I spent some wonderful time with my new friends”可推知，作者有了朋友的陪伴，情况开始改善。故选B。
7．A.group B．newcomer
C．community D．visitor
答案　A
解析　根据上文“with my new friends”可知，他们是一群人，一个团体。故选A。
8．A.rare B．pitiful
C．romantic D．important
答案　D
解析　结合文中发生在作者身上的事情，再根据上文“I was deeply impressed”和下文“have such good people in one’s life，because they can make such a(n) ”可知，作者意识到有朋友的重要性。故选D。
9．A.commitment B．impression
C．difference D．remark
答案　C
解析　根据上文“Things started to after I spent some wonderful time with my new friends”可知，朋友的陪伴让作者的生活发生了变化，产生了很大的影响。make a difference有影响。故选C。
10．A.Adapting B．Returning
C．Referring D．Belonging
答案　B
解析　根据“after going home for Christmas felt like returning to”可知，作者在家过完圣诞节后，回到墨尔本。故选B。
11．A.school B．world
C．town D．home
答案　D
解析　根据下文“a place where I belonged and there were people I cared so much about”可知，作者把墨尔本看作第二个家。故选D。
12．A.entered B．rescued
C．ruined D．controlled
答案　A
解析　根据下文“they came with not only kindness and ，but also novel ideas and anything that great friends could have”可知，更多的人走进了作者的生活。故选A。
13．A.appreciation B．company
C．interaction D．inquiry
答案　B
解析　结合常识和上文“came with not only kindness”与下文“anything that great friends could have”可推知，好朋友带来的是友善和陪伴。故选B。
14．A.difficult B．costly
C．painful D．rewarding
答案　D
解析　根据下文“learning about the whole world are such meaningful things to do”可知，去世界各地旅行和参观是有意义的事情。故选D。
15．A.Spreading B．Developing
C．Experiencing D．Influencing
答案　C
解析　根据上文“To travel and visit other places around the world”和下文“learning about the whole world”可知，只有去世界各地体验其他文化，才能了解世界。故选C。Section Ⅲ　Lesson 2　War on Plastic Packets
Ⅰ.Listen to the conversation on P57 and choose the best answer.(高考形式)
1．Which is NOT mentioned to reduce their waste
A．By using reusable shopping bags.
B．By eating out.
C．By not asking for any plastic cutlery.
答案　B
2．What recyclable things did they throw
A．Chopsticks and paper plates.
B．Plastic bags and takeaway food packaging.
C．Newspapers and glass bottles.
答案　C
3．What are they talking about in the conversation
A．How to be environmentally friendly.
B．Where to buy reusable shopping bags.
C．How to cook meals.
答案　A
Ⅱ.Listen to the conversation on P57 again and then fill in the blanks with the words you hear.(精听训练)
Two friends，Lisa and Amy are discussing how to become more environmentally aware.
(A＝Amy　L＝Lisa)
A：It’s rubbish collection day tomorrow.I’ll put out our bins.
L：Wow，we have so much rubbish! 1.I just get anxious when I think of the impact we have on the environment.
A：Me too! How can we have produced so much 2.in just one week Look at all these plastic bags!
L：We really should buy reusable shopping bags when we go to the supermarket.That would be a good start to reduce our waste.
A：3.Let’s do it.I also notice how much takeaway food packaging we have.4.We should try to cook for ourselves more often.Look at all these cartons and plastic cutlery! 5.Cooking at home is much more environmentally friendly.
L：6.Well，I’m a terrible cook so it might be hard for me to cook at home,7.but I think I will tell restaurants not to give me any plastic cutlery，chopsticks and paper plates when I order from now on.
A：8.That sounds like a good start.You know we are also quite bad at sorting our rubbish—look at this newspaper for example.It could easily be recycled but we threw it away.
L：And we threw away lots of glass bottles too.9.Let’s sort our rubbish and take it to a recycling centre from now on.The local council will help to reuse and recycle it.
A：10.Wonderful！I think these are all realistic and achievable steps that we can take to help protect the environment.
L：I’ve just looked online too and there are lots of groups we could join which share ideas on how to reduce and recycle.11.It feels good knowing that there are so many other people who are committed to contributing to a better future for our planet.
set out 开始做某事，着手进行；安排；陈述，阐明；出发，动身
set aside将……放在一边；为……节省或留出(钱或时间)；不理会；宣布……无效，撤销
set off动身；出发；引爆；引发
set up建立；树立
set down写下；放下；记下
set about doing sth 着手做某事
(1)用set短语的正确形式填空
Once the club was set up，the members immediately set out to work out the rules and set them down.It was planned that every member should set aside Saturday mornings to clean the park.After the rules were passed，the club set about carrying out their plans and set off for the park.
[写作佳句]
(2)(应用文写作之通知)我们将于明天早上7点在公园入口处集合，然后前往我们位于山顶的目的地。
We will gather at the entrance of the park at 7：00 am tomorrow and then set off for our destination at the top of the mountain.
(3)(环境保护演讲稿)只有我们努力建立尽可能多的自然保护区，我们才能保护濒危动物。
Only when we make efforts to set up as many natural reserves as possible can we protect endangered animals.
aware adj.意识到的；明白的(awareness n．知道；意识 unaware adj.未察觉的；不知道的)
be/become aware of/that...意识到……；明白……
make sb aware of/that...使某人意识到……
raise one’s awareness of提高某人的……意识
注意　修饰aware可用well，much，very much，fully，但不可用very。
(1)People around the world should become aware of the importance of wildlife conservation.
(2)It is important that students develop an awareness(aware) of contributing to their country.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之救人)她很清楚这两个男孩有危险，她需要采取一些紧急措施。
She was well aware that the two boys were at risk and she needed to take some urgent measures.
(4)(应用文写作之通知)为了唤起公众的环保意识，学生会将组织一场演讲比赛，题目是“我们能为环境做些什么？”。
In order to arouse the public awareness of environmental protection，the Student Council will organize a speech contest whose topic is “What can we do for the environment？”．
anxious adj.焦虑的，不安的；急切的；渴望的(anxiety n．忧虑，担心；渴望 anxiously adv.焦急地，忧虑地)
be anxious to do sth 急于做某事
be anxious for sb 为某人担心/忧虑
be anxious about sth担心某事
with anxiety 焦虑地
(1)As August draws to a close，the student was more anxious to receive(receive) his admission notice.
(2)She was anxious about the safety of her husband，who was a volunteer in the flood area.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之情绪描写)夜幕降临，我们站在山脚下，焦急地等他回来。
The night fell and we stood at the foot of the mountain，waiting for his return with anxiety.
(4)(应用文写作之求助信)随着高考的临近，我是如此焦虑以至于睡不好觉。
With the approach of the college entrance examination，I am so anxious that I can’t sleep well.
训练5　Lesson 2(A)
[分值：37.5分]
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
1. Determined to give up smoking，he threw the last packet(小盒) of cigarettes into the rubbish can.
2．They told the young couple not to be wasteful by eating out too often.
3．We need more feedback from consumers(消费者) in order to improve our goods.
4．To protect his books from the rain，he wrapped them with a piece of plastic sheet.
5．The council was upset about the transportation(交通) system of the city.
6．The designer has a large collection of bridal dresses in her house.
7．Being extremely hungry and thirsty，the boy swallowed(吞下) all the food like a wolf.
8．Environmentalists advise reducing white pollution by using reusable shopping bags.
9．We should use refillable cutlery rather than disposable chopsticks(筷子) or cartons.
10．My parents advised me to be realistic(现实的) by applying for a local university.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．The moment the professor arrived home，he set out to cook lunch for his son.
2．It has been raining constantly for several days，so all of us are anxious for a sunny day.
3．The company encourages its employees to come up with innovative(innovation) ideas to improve the production.
4．He wrapped(wrap) his arms around me and whispered，“You are bound to succeed.”
5．Haven’t you been fully aware of the fact that your carelessness is to blame for your failure
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2024·河北沧衡期中)
Coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life.Despite only covering 0.2 percent of the ocean floor，coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species，as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people.
However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(白化)．It happens when the corals lose colored algae(海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white.Without the algae，the corals lose their main food source and can die.In addition，as oceans become more acidic(酸性的) from absorbing CO2，corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs.
In 2021，the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years.Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef，four times since 2016.Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.
Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected.Thankfully，they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected.They contain corals with better heat resistance.So their research focus on finding genes(基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations.Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival.
Ultimately，scientists add that without a serious decline in greenhouse gas,99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century.There is a limit to how quickly corals can adapt warm climate，but if temperatures rise rapidly，then extinction is certain.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了珊瑚礁正遭受威胁，强调了减少温室气体排放的必要性和紧迫性。
1．Which is the main threat to coral reefs
A．Declining ocean acidification.
B．Loss of colored algae.
C．Increasing sea temperatures.
D．Lack of food source.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(白化)．”和最后一段中“but if temperatures rise rapidly，then extinction is certain”可知，海洋温度上升是珊瑚礁的主要威胁。故选C。
2．What do we know from paragraph 3
A．No actions are taken to protect coral reefs.
B．Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia.
C．Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years.
D．Coral reefs receive impacts globally.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“In 2021，the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world...”和“Australia declared mass bleaching events...”以及“Data from the Philippines...three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.”可知，珊瑚礁受到的影响是全球性的。故选D。
3．What can be the basic way to protect coral reefs
A．Reducing greenhouse gas emission.
B．Transplanting them to the hot parts.
C．Relying on genes science.
D．Limiting their spread.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately，scientists add that without a serious decline in greenhouse gas,99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century.”可推知，减少温室气体的排放是保护珊瑚礁的根本办法。故选A。
4．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Where Are Coral Reefs Spread
B．How Can Coral Reefs Survive
C．Coral Reefs：A New Threat to Ocean Life
D．Coral Reefs：A Busy Underwater Community
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。根据第二段中“However，coral reefs across the world are under threat.”以及最后一段第一句话并结合全文可知，这篇文章主要讲述了珊瑚礁正面临威胁，减少温室气体排放和利用珊瑚的耐热基因可以帮助珊瑚礁渡过难关。故B项“How Can Coral Reefs Survive？”符合主旨，最适合作为本文的标题。故选B。
B
(2024·湖北武汉期中)
The sunflower sea star has been listed as a critically endangered species following a groundbreaking population study led by Oregon State University (OSU) and The Nature Conservancy.
“These giant sea stars used to be easy to find and were a hit with divers.Unfortunately，your chances of finding one now are next to nothing in most of the areas near the United States—this listing is one step to extinction—and I don’t think they’re coming back without help，” said OSU’s Sarah Gravem，a research associate in the College of Science and the lead author of the study.
Populations of the sunflower sea star suffered dramatic crashes because of a marine(海洋的) wildlife epidemic event，which began in 2013.Scientists used more than 61,000 population surveys from 31 data sets to calculate a 90.6% decline in the sunflower sea stars and estimated that as many as 5.75 billion animals died from the disease，whose cause has not been determined.Moreover，the research showed no sign of population recovery in any region in the five to seven years since the event.
Sunflower sea stars are a key catcher of purple sea urchins(海胆) and the sea star decline has helped the increase in the urchin population in many regions.Too many urchins are linked to a decline in kelp forests(海藻林) already facing pressure from marine heat wave events，making the future uncertain for ecosystems that provide habitat for thousands of marine animals and help support coastal economies.
“Because most people are not out in the ocean every day，we don’t realize how much it’s being changed and impacted by humans.We need to think about how to keep our ocean healthy.While reducing the release of carbon dioxide is the most pressing need，rebuilding key catcher populations，like the sunflower sea star，can be an important piece of the puzzle too，” said study co-author Sara Hamilton，a Ph.Dcandidate in the OSU College of Science.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了太阳花海星数量下降的原因、影响以及应对建议。
5．What can we infer about sunflower sea stars from Sarah Gravem’s words
A．They present a danger to divers.
B．They cannot recover on their own.
C．They cannot adapt to the new environment.
D．They attract many tourists to the United States.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘...this listing is one step to extinction—and I don’t think they’re coming back without help”可知，太阳花海星正濒临灭绝，需要人们的帮助，因为它们无法自己恢复。故选B。
6．What led to the sharp decline in the number of sunflower sea stars
A．Human beings’ overfishing.
B．The arrival of a new species.
C．The rising ocean temperature.
D．The occurrence of a marine disease.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Populations of the sunflower sea star suffered dramatic crashes because of a marine(海洋的) wildlife epidemic event，which began in 2013.”可知，导致太阳花海星数量急剧下降的原因是一种海洋疾病的出现。故选D。
7．What is the relationship between sunflower sea stars and the sea kelp forests
A．Their common enemies are sea urchins.
B．Sunflower sea stars feed on the sea kelp forests.
C．Sunflower sea stars help preserve the sea kelp forests.
D．The sea kelp forests provide habitats for sunflower sea stars.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Sunflower sea stars are a key catcher of purple sea urchins(海胆) ...Too many urchins are linked to a decline in kelp forests(海藻林)...”可知，太阳花海星有助于保护海藻林。故选C。
8．What might Sara Hamilton agree with
A．More species should be introduced to the ocean.
B．Scientists play the most important role in protecting the ocean.
C．The influence of human activities on the ocean has decreased since 2013.
D．More action should be taken to increase the number of sunflower sea stars.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We need to think about how to keep our ocean healthy...rebuilding key catcher populations，like the sunflower sea star，can be an important piece of the puzzle too” 可知，Sara Hamilton认为人们应该积极行动起来，采取更多的措施去增加像太阳花海星一类的生物的数量。故选D。
训练6　Lesson 2(B)
[分值：32.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
A company in San Francisco，California，has found a way to turn used plastic bottles into women’s shoes.
Every day，millions of Americans drink water and other liquids from plastic bottles.More than 60 million of them are thrown away each day.Many of the plastic bottles end up in landfills or are burned with other waste products.
A San Francisco start-up company called Rothy’s，however，turns this plastic waste into environmentally friendly shoes.Roth Martin is the company’s co-founder.He explains how they turn plastic into soft material for women’s feet.They take the plastic，clean it，and break it down into small pieces.Then they press them through a device that makes soft fibers.Those fibers are then combined together.This is done by a 3D machine.It is designed to reduce waste while making the shoes.The knitted stuff and the inner part of the shoe are then attached to the shoe’s outer part，called the sole(鞋底)．This outer sole is also made from environmentally friendly material：responsibly sourced no-carbon rubber.
Rothy’s shoes are sold online.They are flat shoes，with either a rounded or pointed toe.They come in different colors and designs.They cost either $125 or $145 per pair，depending on the design.After American actress Gwyneth Paltrow discovered them last year，the demand for the shoes grew.Martin says there is no shortage of material to fill that demand.“We’re not going to run out of water bottles any time soon.So we have a limitless supply of material，and I think that is a good sign for our future.” When the environmentally friendly shoes wear out，customers can return them at no cost to a company that uses the recycled materials to make other products.
For now，the shoes are only available to be shipped in the United States.However，the company says it will add international shipping in the near future.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种回收塑料垃圾的新方法。
1．How are used plastic bottles usually dealt with
A．They are buried or burned.
B．They are used to make shoes.
C．They are changed into soft material.
D．They are returned to factories for reuse.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，废弃塑料瓶的处理方法是被掩埋或焚烧。故选A。
2．What does the underlined word “knitted” in the third paragraph mean
A．Attached. B．Fixed.
C．Combined. D．Repaired.
答案　C
解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段中“Those fibers are then combined together.”以及“The knitted stuff and the inner part of the shoe are then attached to the shoe’s outer part”可知，the knitted stuff就是指“结合在一起的纤维”，由此可以猜测knitted的意思应与combined意思一致。故选C。
3．Which of the following directly helped to increase the sales of Rothy’s shoes
A．The design and color.
B．The reasonable price.
C．The company’s advertisement.
D．The star power of Gwyneth Paltrow.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第五句可知，在美国女演员Gwyneth Paltrow穿过这种鞋子后，需求量大增。即Gwyneth Paltrow的明星魅力直接导致Rothy的鞋子销量大增。故选D。
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To advertise a new kind of shoes.
B．To describe the process of making shoes.
C．To introduce a new way of recycling plastic waste.
D．To stress the importance of environmental protection.
答案　C
解析　写作意图题。根据第一段及全文内容可知，本文是为了介绍一种回收塑料垃圾的新方法。故选C。
B
(2024·湖北四地七校期中联考)
Zhu Dejun’s first job after graduating from college was as a road design engineer at an institute in his hometown，Alashan League，North China’s Inner Mongolia autonomous region.In 2011，when Zhu was conducting a road survey along with his colleagues，he saw a plant that he didn’t recognize.Later，Zhu learned that the plant was a saxaul tree which is an excellent tree species for sand fixation and afforestation(造林) in desert areas.It’s commonly seen，though easily ignored.Known as a desert guardian，a fully grown saxaul tree can hold together a 10-square-meter patch of desert land，according to Zhu.
Zhu quit his job at the design institute in 2014 and joined a nonprofit organization，the Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology Conservation，or SEE，in the same year，concentrating on tackling desertification.
The organization，devoted to ecological protection and social responsibility，was located in the Alashan League of Inner Mongolia.During the past eight years，Zhu has been leading a team from SEE to plant saxaul trees in sandy areas in Alashan League and other places of Inner Mongolia.
In 2014，the SEE launched a project titled “one hundred million saxaul trees”，aiming to reach that number from 2014 to 2023，turning the desert of more than 133,330 hectares back into a satisfying ecosystem.By the end of 2018，half of the organization’s goal had been achieved.
In 2016，Ant Finance cooperated with SEE to introduce the Ant Forest platform，not only encouraging people to choose “a low-carbon way” of shopping，traveling and living，but also to help control desertification.
Through the participation of a greater number of online users，who grow virtual trees，the SEE Foundation，set up in 2008，has been providing subsidies(补助金) for local herdsmen and farmers while also offering technological support to plant saxaul trees in desert areas.Now，Zhu is the head of the foundation’s project to fight desertification.He also gives lectures about saxaul trees and the fight against desertification at schools，hoping to raise awareness among young people.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了朱德军以及他的同事们种植梭梭树，努力对抗沙漠化，保护环境的故事。
5．What did Zhu Dejun do first after graduation
A．He researched on saxaul trees.
B．He joined a nonprofit organization.
C．He found ways to fight desertification.
D．He focused on road design engineering.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句中的“Zhu Dejun’s first job after graduating from college was as a road design engineer at an institute”可知，朱德军毕业后做的第一份工作是道路设计工程师。故选D。
6．Why are saxaul trees planted by Zhu’s team
A．They are easily taken care of.
B．They can grow fast in deserts.
C．They are perfect for holding water.
D．They can fight desertification effectively.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“the plant was a saxaul tree...can hold together a 10-square-meter patch of desert land”可知，梭梭树是帮助固沙造林的树种，可以有效地防治沙漠化。故选D。
7．What did SEE do to control desertification
A．They teamed up with Ant Finance.
B．They planted one hundred million saxaul trees.
C．They held online lectures on desertification.
D．They encouraged donation from online users.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容可知，SEE与蚂蚁金融合作发起了蚂蚁森林平台来控制沙漠化。故选A。
8．How can online users help Zhu’s team
A．By providing subsidies.
B．By raising awareness.
C．By planting trees online.
D．By offering technological support.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Through the participation of a greater number of online users，who grow virtual trees”可知，网络用户可以在网上种植虚拟树来参与保护活动。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Be a Responsible Camper
Being a responsible camper is about more than just respecting your neighbors and observing the boundaries set by campsites. 1 Please keep sustainable camping guidelines in mind while planning a trip into the great outdoors.
Leave no trace. 2 Follow the principles: “take only pictures，leave only footprints”．Most “leave no trace” principles focus on reducing our impact on the natural environment.Following the same rules for hiking and other outdoor activities is one of the best ways to show your respect for a natural destination.
3 Harmful sunscreen chemicals can pollute bodies of water and may take many years to break down in the natural environment，so be mindful of what you put on your bodies before jumping into that lake.
Respect the wildlife.If you’re camping in a popular area with plenty of people around，it’s easy to forget that you’re actually sharing space with wild animal habitats.Sometimes，too much interaction with people can disturb the natural balance and make animals more aggressive or lead to more human-wildlife conflicts.Try to keep all of your food out of reach from wildlife. 4
Practice fire safety.While this is especially relevant on the west coast of the United States，where wildfire season is most threatening，fire safety should always be a top priority while camping. 5 In areas known for having greater fire danger，it pays to have a shovel(铲子) or a bucket of water handy to take care of any runaway flames.
A．Aim for zero waste.
B．Keep waterways clean.
C．Only build fires in fixed sites or rings.
D．And most importantly，remember never to feed wild animals.
E．Taking your campsite off the beaten path may sound adventurous.
F．Always leave your campsite the same as or better than you found it.
G．It’s about having the lowest impact possible on the surrounding environment.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章就如何做一个负责任的露营者给出建议。
1．答案　G
解析　根据上文“Being a responsible camper is about more than just”可知，一个负责任的露营者除了要尊重邻居和遵守营地界限外，还需要有更高的要求，G项“It’s about having the lowest impact possible ...”承接上文，且与上文的句式相同，符合语境。故选G。
2．答案　F
解析　主旨句“Leave no trace.”提出露营后不留痕迹。F项“Always leave your campsite the same as or better than you found it.”要求露营者离开时，让营地与来时一样或甚至更好，照应本段主题，强调不留痕迹。故选F。
3．答案　B
解析　设空句是段首主旨句，根据本段下文内容可知，本段强调不要污染水体，B项“Keep waterways clean.”与下文内容一致，符合语境。故选B。
4．答案　D
解析　上文“Try to keep all of your food out of reach from wildlife.”提到不要把食物放在野生动物够得着的地方，D项“And most importantly，remember never to feed wild animals.”承接上文，进一步强调不要投喂野生动物，与上文语意一致。故选D。
5．答案　C
解析　上文“While this is...fire safety should always be a top priority while camping.”讲野外露营的消防安全问题，C项“Only build fires in fixed sites or rings.”与消防安全相关，符合语境。故选C。Section Ⅳ　Lesson 3　The Road to Destruction
Step 1　速读——整体理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Traffic problems make people stressed out and angry.
B．Traffic problems have effects on people but there are solutions to it.
C．Traffic pollution makes people choose to walk or cycle，leaving people healthy.
D．Traffic pollution is the major cause of climate change and it’s hard to solve the problem.
答案　B
Ⅱ.悉篇章结构
Traffic Problems Effects Personal: angry，stressed out，tired
Social：the ever increasing number of cars；about 2,500 deaths related to 1.traffic accidents every year；2.global warming and climate change；3.deaths caused by air pollution；some types of 4.cancer are related to traffic pollution
Possible solutions Use your legs
5.Use public transport
6.Think before you go
7.Share cars
8.Take action
Step 2　细读——深度获取细节
1．Why does the writer mention the excuse in the first paragraph
A．To show us that cars are bad for us.
B．To find the cause of being late.
C．To give a reason for using cars.
D．To complain about the traffic jams.
答案　C
2．What does the writer advise us to do
A．Use our head.
B．Buy public transport.
C．Drive our car alone.
D．Avoid long journeys.
答案　D
3．What can we infer about the writer from the last paragraph
A．He can’t go without cars.
B．He has a beautiful daughter.
C．He gives his son a busy schedule.
D．He will take action immediately.
答案　A
Step 3　读后——课文语法填空
Cars have made people 1.angry(anger)，stressed out and caused the real costs socially.Take Britain for example.In the last 20 years，the number of cars on the roads 2.has gone(go) up by 25%.Over the last decade,3.an average of 2,500 people have died every year in vehicle accidents.Traffic is one of the major 4.causes(cause) of global warming and climate change.Almost 30,000 deaths per year are caused by air pollution.Some types of cancer are 5.related(relate) to traffic pollution.
Here is some advice about how to give up 6.driving(drive)．Firstly，use your legs.Regular exercise can cut the risk of heart disease 7.by 50%！Secondly，use public transport.Thirdly，think before you go.Before 8.getting(get) into your car，think about 9.whether you really need to make that journey.Besides，share cars.It is much cheaper and 10.kinder(kind) to the environment.Lastly，take action! Don’t just sit around and complain!
补句子　析结构
1．Traffic is one of the major causes(cause) of global warming and climate change，as car engines produce various types(type) of greenhouse gases.(P59 Part 1)
结构分析：此句为复合句，其中as引导原因状语从句。
汉语翻译：交通是造成全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各类温室气体。
2．We often think there is nothing we can do about the noise，pollution and danger of traffic.(P59 Part 2)
结构分析：此句为复合句，think后面省略了宾语从句的引导词that；we can do about...traffic为省略关系词that的定语从句。
汉语翻译：我们经常觉得面对噪声、污染和交通危险，自己无能为力。
3．Do whichever of these things(thing) that suit you.(P59 Part 2)
结构分析：此句为复合句，that引导定语从句。
汉语翻译：做这些事情中适合你的任何一件。
4．Well，I’m sorry I have to finish this article，but I’ve got to pick up my daughter from school at 4 pm.(P59 Part 2)
结构分析：此句为并列句，连词but表转折。
汉语翻译：好吧，很抱歉我要结束这篇文章了，因为下午4点我得去学校接女儿。
annoyed adj.恼怒的；生气的(annoy vt.使恼怒；打扰；使烦恼；使生气 annoying adj.令人生气的 annoyance n．恼怒)
·be/get annoyed with sb对某人生气
be annoyed about/at sth为某事生气
·It annoys sb that/when/how...……使某人恼怒
(1)She was annoyed with the designer for his rejecting her invitation without hesitation.
(2)It is annoying(annoy) to get stuck in the traffic jam for 5 hours，making us late for work.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之愤怒描写)他贵重的花瓶被打碎了，他非常生自己的气，双手不受控制地颤抖。
His valuable vase got broken and he was/got annoyed with himself so much that his hands trembled uncontrollably.
stressed out 焦虑的 (stress n．压力；重音；重要性 vt.强调；重读 stressful adj.压力重的；紧张的 stressed adj.焦虑不安的)
·lay/place/put stress on sth 强调某事；给某物压力
under stress在压力下
·stress out(使)焦虑不安，疲惫不堪
(1)Before becoming a designer，I was not aware that it would be a stressful(stress) job.
(2)It upset me that the more I put stress on the importance of being careful，the more distracted my son became.
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之心理描写)尽管我们心力交瘁，我们眼中却闪烁着希望的光芒。
Though we were stressed out，our eyes were glittering with hope.
go up 上升
go through经历；通过；仔细检查；用完
go by(时间)流逝；消逝
go over复习；温习
(1)用go短语的正确形式填空
①It makes countless people worried that the price of houses has gone up in some cities.
②I will share with you some advice because I went through the same thing last year.
③With time going by，he forgot the whole thing，making everyone surprised and sad.
④In addition，to improve your academic performance，you’d better go over the lessons before the exams.
[写作佳句]
(2)(应用文写作之慰问、建议信)我完全理解你在高考前所经历的一切，因为很多课程都需要复习。
I entirely understand what you are going through before the College Entrance Examination，because many lessons need going over.
relate vi.相联系，有关联 (relation n．关系，联系)
·relate to...和……有关联；和……合得来
be related to...和……有关联；和……有联系
·in relation to关于；与……相比
(1)I have nothing to say in relation to the feedback of those customers.
(2)If you are curious about Chinese culture，you mustn’t miss this excellent opportunity to read the article related(relate) to table manners.
[写作佳句]
(3)(话题写作之环境保护)不断增加的私家车和大气污染密切相关。
The ever-increasing private cars are closely related to air pollution.
suit vt.满足(某人)需要，合(某人)心意；适合；相配，合身 n．一套衣服，套装(suitable adj.合适的，适宜的)
·suit one’s need/taste 满足某人的需要/适合某人的口味
·be suitable for适合……
be suitable to do sth 做某事是合适的
(1)How can we seek out a really suitable(suit) person to replace the chairman of the important meeting
(2)Your jeans are not suitable for such a formal occasion，so you’d better replace it with a suit.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之推荐信)我深信没人比我们班长更适合在幼儿园帮你了。
I hold the strong belief that nobody is more suitable to assist you in the kindergarten than our monitor.
训练7　Lesson 3(A)
[分值：40分]
Ⅰ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)(满分15分)
1．随着越来越多的人进入城市，房价持续快速上涨。(go up)
With more and more people moving into cities，the price of houses keeps going up rapidly.
2．在进入这座城市的新学校后，很多人在网上攻击她，这个女孩感到很紧张。(stressed out)
With many people attacking her online after moving to a new school in the city，the girl felt stressed out.
3．与此同时，她的父母对那些对他们的女儿不友好的人感到恼火。(be annoyed with)
Meanwhile，her parents were annoyed with those who were unfriendly to their daughter.
4．无论女孩什么时候遇到与学习有关的难题，她都会求助于她的父母。(be related to)
No matter when the girl met with a difficult problem related to study，she would turn to her parents.
5．令我们惊讶的是，现在这个女孩不仅外向，还全身心投入到阅读一本适合初学者的英语小说中。(be suitable for)
Much to our amazement，now not only is the girl outgoing but also she devotes herself to reading an English novel suitable for beginners.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
参考范文
With more and more people moving into cities，the price of houses keeps going up rapidly.However，Mary’s parents still bought a new house and moved to the city and Mary entered a new school.Unfortunately，with many people attacking her online after moving to a new school in the city，the girl felt stressed out.Meanwhile，her parents were annoyed with those who were unfriendly to their daughter.Then no matter when the girl met with a difficult problem related to study，she would turn to her parents.Soon the problem was solved.Much to our amazement，now not only is the girl outgoing but also she devotes herself to reading an English novel suitable for beginners.
Ⅱ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，满分10分)
Taking an “eco-break” was once almost the same as a weekend’s hedge-laying or a summer spent conserving wildlife.Here is how things have changed: being a green traveler today is no longer restricted to one-off gestures but，rather，it’s a state of mind.Influences include，but are not limited to what we pack，how we reach our destination，where we stay and what activities we take part in.
Such change has come about thanks to both a growing understanding of climate change and the pioneering efforts of some travel operators to show the joy of going green.Luxury camping specialists Feather Down Farms and Forest，for example，led the glamping(豪华野营) revolution.Digital platforms such as Under the Thatch and Canopy & Stars have made booking low-impact rural accommodations easier.Adventure operators such as TYF，Intrepid and Much Better Adventures set the agenda for sustainable outdoor relaxation.
But the increased appetite for travel and the trend for replacing annual trips with multiple shorter breaks has seen a rise in carbon-intensive air travel.Meanwhile，key overland routes have been discontinued(such as ferry services to Scandinavia and overnight “train hotels” through France and Spain)，and cuts in local transport services have severely impacted car-free access to rural areas.Dishonest and immoral businesses have also jumped on the “eco” travel wave，muddying the waters.
There are，however，signs we’re entering a golden age of green travel.Richard Hammond，founder of the Green Traveler website，shares over 20 years’ worth of expertise in his new guidebook outlying methods to explore the world sustainably.Many travel companies are also starting to provide tools to help travelers tell the genuinely green from greenwashing operations( and Google，for instance，are working with not-for-profit Travalyst to flag up officially-approved and eco-certified hotels in their search results) while the upcoming national rollout(推广) of electric car charging，the modernization of cross-channel ferry services and the return of rail means choosing lower-carbon overland travel is becoming practical and more appealing.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是绿色旅行兴起的原因和面临的问题。
1．How have things changed for being green now
A．Each stop on a route is planned with care.
B．Many aspects of our travels are influenced.
C．Wildlife preservation is not as essential as before.
D．The health conditions of tourists are considered.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段的“Here is how things have changed...Influences include，but are not limited to what we pack，how we reach our destination，where we stay and what activities we take part in.”可知，现在环保的变化在于我们旅行的许多方面都受到了影响。故选B。
2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning some travel operators
A．To compare their jobs in different fields.
B．To offer the readers select recommendations.
C．To impress the readers with outdoor activities.
D．To show their joint contributions to green travel.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“the pioneering efforts of some travel operators to show the joy of going green”和“for example”可推知，作者提到一些旅游公司的目的是展示他们对绿色旅行的共同贡献。故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “greenwashing” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Eco-unfriendly. B．Illegal.
C．Disorderly. D．Evergreen.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“to help travelers tell the genuinely green from”和后文的例子“ and Google，for instance，are working with not-for-profit Travalyst to...”可知，这些工具是为了帮助旅行者区分真正的环保和不环保，因此推知画线词与“genuinely green”意义相反，表示“对生态不友好”。故选A。
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Going Green
B．Costing the Earth Less
C．Experiencing Rural Lifestyles
D．Adventuring into the Golden Age
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是绿色旅行，因此A选项“Going Green”适合作本文标题。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Stress used to be an almost unknown word，but now we have got used to 1. (talk) about it.
Recently，stress has been regarded as a cause of many kinds of medical problems，from high blood pressure to mental illness.But it is only too much stress 2. does you harm.If you are stuck at home with no stress，then there is slight chance that you will make much 3._________(achieve)．To some degree，the more stress you are under，the 4. (good) your performance will be.
Beyond a certain point，though，further stress will only lead to exhaustion，illness and finally a breakdown.You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope，by asking yourself 5. number of questions.Do you，for example，feel that too much is being expected of you，and yet find it impossible 6. (say) no Do you find yourself getting impatient or 7._____________(annoy) with people over unimportant things If the answer to all those questions 8. (be) yes，it’s best to control your stress.
You can partly control the amount of stress in your life.Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various 9. (activity)．Getting married is 50，pregnancy 40，moving house 20，Christmas 12，etc.10. the total stress in your life is over 150，you are twice as likely to get ill.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了压力的好处和坏处，并对如何应对压力提出了方法和建议。
1．答案　talking
解析　考查非谓语动词。be/get used to doing sth “习惯做某事”，用动名词作宾语，故填talking。
2．答案　that
解析　考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分，其最大的特点是去掉It is/was 和 that/who，句子仍然成立。分析句子可知，本句是强调句型，强调的是句子的主语only too much stress。故填that。
3．答案　achievement
解析　考查名词。分析句子可知，much修饰不可数名词，作动词make的宾语，故填achievement。
4．答案　better
解析　考查形容词比较级。“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”意为“越……就越……”。所以本空使用 good 的比较级形式 better 。故填better。
5．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。a number of “许多，大量”，该短语通常作定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本句中使用a number of 修饰可数名词复数形式questions。故填a。
6．答案　to say
解析　考查不定式。分析句子可知，find后的it作形式宾语，真正的宾语用不定式，故填to say。
7．答案　annoyed
解析　考查形容词。空处和impatient 构成并列关系一起和系动词get构成系表结构，用形容词作表语。故填annoyed。
8．答案　is
解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，be动词作谓语，文章主体时态是一般现在时，主语the answer是单数，谓语动词用单数，故填is。
9．答案　activities
解析　考查名词复数。activity“活动”是可数名词，由various修饰用复数，故填activities。
10．答案　If
解析　考查连词。句意：如果你生活中的总压力超过150，你生病的可能性就会增加一倍。根据句意并分析句子可知，空处填连词引导条件状语从句，故填If。
训练8　Lesson 3(B)
[分值：32.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Traditional car-centered transport planning has not only increased greenhouse gas emissions，but also harmfully impacted air quality，road injuries and deaths，and traffic jams.As the world faces the climate crisis，as well as growing risks in road safety，a shift to sustainable transport is needed.Attaining and sustaining high rates of walking and cycling—also known as active mobility—are among the most powerful changes communities can make.It does bring numerous economic，environment，health and social benefits to the community.
First，high rates of active mobility lead to greater connectivity，reduced traffic and parking jam，more reliable travel times and increased public transit ridership.Cities in Southeast Asia lose 2% to 5% of their annual GDP to traffic jam，with Manila in the Philippines suffering the worst loss at $67 million per day.Improving walking and cycling systems can help to lessen the financial loss associated with it.
Second，active travel can help reduce emissions to achieve global targets.Cities contribute 70% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions and 21% of these come from urban transport alone.Shifting to walking and cycling is the quickest and most efficient way to minimize the carbon footprint of transport.
Third，positive effects on public health are also abundant with safe walking and cycling systems.For example，the World Health Organization found that enhancing sustainable mobility in Accra，Ghana，could save up to 5,500 deaths and an additional 33,000 lives from increased physical activity over a 35-year period—and a saving of $15 billion in health care costs.
Finally，traveling by foot or bike even improves justice and social unity.After Istanbul，Turkey，pedestrianized(步行化) its city，a survey showed that 68% of pedestrians interviewed felt more comfortable in the area.Many low-income populations also live with little transport access or unsafe and inconvenient routes to their destinations.Constructing safe active travel networks can improve access to opportunities and services for these disadvantaged groups.
In conclusion，people’s physical，mental，social and economic health benefit from the ability to walk or bike in safe environments.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。传统的以汽车为中心的交通严重影响着环境质量，转变为以步行和骑自行车为主的可持续性交通模式很有必要。
1．What can we learn about the car-centered transport
A．It is known as active mobility.
B．It can have a harmful impact on air quality.
C．It can bring numerous social benefits to the community.
D．It is among the most powerful changes communities can make.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句可知，以汽车为中心的交通方式对空气质量有坏的影响。故选B项。
2．Which is a benefit of active mobility
A．Avoiding the health care costs.
B．Solving some traffic problems.
C．Increasing the greenhouse gas emissions.
D．Improving access for the advantaged groups.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句可知，高流动性的好处是能够解决一些交通问题。故选B项。
3．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A．To introduce the benefits of walking and cycling.
B．To urge people to walk and cycle as much as possible.
C．To show ways of developing the habit of walking and cycling.
D．To explain the consequences of traditional car-centered transport.
答案　A
解析　写作意图题。通读全文尤其是最后一段可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍步行和骑车的好处。故选A项。
B
From the loss of wildlife to rising sea levels，we’re all well aware of the problems that climate change could cause.But while it may seem like such issues won’t affect most of us directly，it looks like future generations could grow up without something that many of us now take for granted: chocolate.
According to an essay published by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration，changes of the climate in the areas that produce cacao—the plant from which chocolate is produced—may mean that it will soon become extinct.
Most of the world’s cacao grows in countries close to the equator(赤道)，with over half of it growing in the African nations of Ghana and Ivory Coast.It’s predicted that by 2050，climate change will have sped up the rate at which temperatures in these countries rise，making it extremely difficult for cacao to grow there.The problem doesn’t lie in increasing heat，but in lower humidity(湿度)，as it’s believed that rainfall will stay at the same level if the temperature rises.
“In other words，as higher temperatures squeeze more water out of soil and plants，it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to offset the moisture loss，” wrote Michon Scott，the essay’s author.
To help fight this problem，researchers from Berkeley University in the US are working on changing the DNA of cacao plants to allow them to survive in dryer conditions by using gene(基因) editing technology，according to US News.In the meantime，Mars，one of the world’s biggest companies of chocolate products，announced that it would spend 1 billion dollars helping reduce the effects of climate change.
“This is a world issue，and it requires everyone to work together，” Mars spokesperson Barry Parkin told Business Insider.
The message here is that if we all do our part，we may be able to prevent some of the worst influences of climate change.Or if we’re unlucky，chocolate will become a thing of the past.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了由于气候变化，用于制造巧克力的可可树未来可能会灭绝，研究人员正力图解决这一问题。
4．What will make it hard for cacao to survive around the equator in the future
A．The increasing heat.
B．The higher humidity.
C．The moisture loss in the soil.
D．The decrease of rainfall.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The problem doesn’t lie in increasing heat，but in lower humidity(湿度)”和第四段内容可知，将来可可树难以存活是因为土壤中水分的流失。故选C项。
5．What does the underlined word “offset” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Make up. B．Add up.
C．Dry up. D．Use up.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“as higher temperatures squeeze more water out of soil and plants，it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to offset the moisture loss”可知，高温会加速水分蒸发，而降雨量不可能增长到足以抵消水分的流失，由此推知画线词的意思是“抵消；补上”。故选A项。
6．What will Mars do to help cacao survive
A．It will work hard to plant cacao in greenhouses.
B．It will use the gene editing technology to plant cacao.
C．It will develop cacao that can survive in dryer conditions.
D．It will give financial support to help fight climate change.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的最后一句可知，美国的玛氏公司将提供经济支援，用来降低气候变化带来的影响。故选D项。
7．What is this article mainly about
A．Some new research and findings about growing cacao.
B．The influence that cacao plants have on climate change.
C．Problems cacao plants could face and the possible solutions.
D．The significance of working together to fight climate change.
答案　C
解析　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第二段可知，本文主要讲由于气候变化，用于制造巧克力的可可树未来可能会灭绝，人们正在努力避免这一趋势。所以本文主要介绍了可可树面临的问题及可能的解决方案。故选C项。
Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
Marley Christian found a young koala，next to his dying mother.However，becoming motherless wasn’t his only 1 .The rescuer from Friends of the Koala also 2 he was missing a foot.
Marley did her best for Triumph，the koala.She used socks to 3 his stump(残肢)，which helped ease the discomfort Triumph felt whenever he tried to put 4 on it，but Marley thought he couldn’t 5 there.She began searching the Internet for pet prostheses(假体)．But for a koala，there was nothing 6 .“I was told it couldn’t be done，” Marley said.
Marley did find a company specializing in animal prostheses that would like to 7 the case，but they were unsuccessful after several 8 .Eventually Marley found the 9 right in her neighborhood.She mentioned Triumph’s trouble to her dental prosthetist Jon Doulman，and he 10 to find a way to make a prosthesis for Triumph.
“ 11 ，it’s different from tooth problems，” Jon said.“But it’s worth a try.” After making one 12 of Triumph’s stump，he created a pink rubber boot，which could help make Triumph’s 13 of movement return.“It’s a seemingly 14 thing.But the design of the dentist does change Triumph’s life.Once the boot was 15 ，he did a little jump，and then ran around.I actually cried，” said Marley.
语篇解读　本文是记叙文。小考拉Triumph不仅失去了妈妈，还少了一只脚。Marley Christian 想要帮它寻找一只假足。在牙医Jon Doulman的帮助下，小考拉终于重获运动自由。
1．A.accident B．misfortune
C．result D．difference
答案　B
解析　accident事故；misfortune不幸；result结果；difference差别。根据前文的“becoming motherless”可知失去母亲是很大的不幸。故选B。
2．A.suspected B．wondered
C．concluded D．noticed
答案　D
解析　suspect怀疑；wonder想知道；conclude推断出；notice注意到。此处表示救援者还注意到小考拉少了一只脚。故选D。
3．A.cover B．cure
C．warm D．solidify
答案　A
解析　根据下文的“which helped ease the discomfort Triumph felt whenever he tried to put on it”可知她用袜子盖上它的残肢以减轻残肢着地时的疼痛。故选A。
4．A.emphasis B．hope
C．burden D．weight
答案　D
解析　emphasis强调；hope希望；burden负担；weight重量。小考拉少了一只脚，所以当那只残肢承重时它会感到不舒服。故选D。
5．A.continue B．leave
C．cease D．stick
答案　C
解析　continue继续；leave留下，离开；cease停止；stick粘贴，坚持。根据前文的“She used socks”和下文的“She began searching the Internet for pet prostheses(假体)．”可知，尽管Marley已经帮助小考拉改善了状况，但她觉得自己不能止步于此，于是开始寻求进一步的帮助。故选C。
6．A.helpful B．available
C．convenient D．satisfactory
答案　B
解析　helpful有帮助的；available可用的；convenient方便的；satisfactory令人满意的。根据下文的“I was told it couldn’t be done”可知，Marley没有找到任何小考拉可以用的假体。故选B。
7．A.take on B．figure out
C．seek for D．look into
答案　A
解析　take on承担，接手；figure out计算出，弄明白；seek for寻找；look into调查。此处表示她找到了一家专门从事动物假肢的公司，他们愿意接手这一案例，故选A。
8．A.examinations B．attempts
C．discussions D．treatments
答案　B
解析　examination考试；attempt尝试；discussion讨论；treatment治疗。根据前文的“they were unsuccessful”可知，此处指经过了几次尝试。故选B。
9．A.inspiration B．support
C．response D．solution
答案　D
解析　inspiration灵感；support支持；response响应；solution解决方案。根据下文的“he created a pink rubber boot，which...movement return”可知，最终Marley 找到了解决办法。故选D。
10．A.happened B．agreed
C．volunteered D．recommended
答案　C
解析　happen发生；agree同意；volunteer自愿；recommend推荐。联系上文的“She mentioned Triumph’s trouble”和生活实际可知，Marley只是顺带提到了Triumph的情况，并非特意去寻求Jon的帮助，所以Jon是主动提出帮助的。故选C。
11．A.Naturally B．Surprisingly
C．Thankfully D．Strangely
答案　A
解析　naturally自然地；surprisingly惊人地；thankfully感激地；strangely奇怪地。为考拉制作假足与制作假牙是不一样的，这是自然的。故选A。
12．A.example B．model
C．issue D．mark
答案　B
解析　example例子；model模板；issue问题；mark 标记。Jon要为缺少一只脚的Triumph做假足，所以他应是先做了一个Triumph的残肢的模型。故选B。
13．A.preference B．memory
C．freedom D．intention
答案　C
解析　preference偏好；memory记忆；freedom自由；intention打算。根据下文的“Once the boot was ，he did a little jump，and then ran around.”可知，Jon做的粉色靴子能使Triumph重新拥有活动的自由。故选C。
14．A.ordinary B．touching
C．imperfect D．unlikely
答案　D
解析　ordinary普通的；touching令人感动的；imperfect不完美的；unlikely不大可能发生的。专业人士都没能为小考拉做一只合适的假足，但是牙医Jon却成功解决了小考拉的问题。这是一件看似不可能的事。故选D。
15．A.adjusted B．completed
C．attached D．confirmed
答案　C
解析　adjust调整；complete完成；attach依附，重视；confirm确认。Triumph少了一只脚，所以这只靴子是通过某种方式固定在残肢上的。故选C。Section Ⅴ　Writing Workshop
Activity 1　Read for details [细节把握]
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Introduce the idea of factory farming.
B．Describe the details of factory farming.
C．Conclude the author’s opinions.
D．Present some arguments against the idea.
答案　A
2．What is one of the advantages of factory farming
A．Its costs are high and the production is low.
B．It is more expensive than traditional farming.
C．It provides more food for a world population.
D．It can provide more working positions.
答案　C
3．Why are people fighting for animal rights against factory farming
A．Because factory farming may cause serious pollution.
B．Because many farm animals suffer terrible stress.
C．Because factory farming creates a lot of waste products.
D．Because factory farming can produce cheap food.
答案　B
4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph
A．To sum up and express the author’s opinions.
B．To provide the supporting factors.
C．To stress the importance of the idea.
D．To offer the background.
答案　A
Activity 2　Read for structures [文章架构]
Para.1　What factory farming is and the present situation.
Para.2　Arguments for factory farming.
Para.3　Arguments against factory farming.
Para.4　Despite the advantages，we should reduce factory farming.
Activity 3　Read for language features [增分靓句]
这篇文章中使用了正反论点类文章的经典句式，请在文中找出这些句子，并积累起来。
答案　1.Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs.
2．The main argument for factory farming is that，apart from being a lot cheaper than traditional or organic farming，it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion...
3．On the other hand，opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
4．People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffered terrible stress.
5．In addition to this，factory farming has a negative impact on...
6．To sum up，despite producing cheap food，factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves.
7．In my opinion，we should try to reduce this kind of farming...
本单元的写作任务是写一篇包含正反观点的文章。
一般结构如下：
1．介绍讨论的主题(开头句)：
We had a discussion about whether it is necessary to...我们讨论了是否有必要……
We’ve had a survey on...我们对……做了调查。
I’m writing to tell you about a discussion we have had about...我写信告诉你我们关于……的讨论。
2．过渡句：
Opinions are divided on this issue.对这个问题观点不一。
Opinions are mainly divided into two groups.观点主要分两组。
Different people，however，have different opinions/think quite differently on this matter.然而，不同的人对这个观点态度不同。
3．介绍正方观点：
45% of the students hold the view that...For one thing...For another thing...
45%的学生认为……一方面……另一方面……
60% of the students are for the idea.
60%的学生支持这一观点。
4．介绍反方观点：
On the contrary/However/As the old saying goes，each coin has two sides.Nearly half of the students think that...
相反/然而/常言道，事物都有两面性。接近一半的学生认为……
5．陈述自己的观点：
In my opinion/In my view/Personally，I think.../Taking everything into consideration，we should make good use of.../Only in this way can we do...
依我看/考虑到一切因素，我们应该充分利用……/只有这样，我们才能……
目前，《中学生英语报》组织了一场关于城市内是否可以饲养宠物的讨论。请你根据下表所提供的信息，介绍讨论情况，并说明自己的观点和建议。
支持的理由 反对的理由 你的看法
1.安慰空巢老人； 2.增添生活乐趣。 1.造成环境污染； 2.制造噪声，有的甚至会伤人。 ……
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数。
第一步　审题谋篇
审题
写作要求是阐述“城市内是否可以饲养宠物”的讨论结果，写作时应注意下面几点：
1．确定文体：这是一篇议论文，写作时要注意议论文的写作特点。
2．主体时态：文章应以一般现在时为主。
3．主体人称：由于是关于“城市内是否可以饲养宠物”的话题，所以人称应该以第一人称和第三人称为主。
谋篇
第一段：说明讨论的话题——城市内是否可以饲养宠物；
第二段：说明正方和反方的观点及理由；
第三段：表明自己的观点。
第二步　遣词造句
核心词汇　(含本单元词汇)
1．安慰 comfort
2．对……造成威胁 pose a threat to
3．反对be against/object (to)
4．除……之外，也，还besides
5．相反 on the contrary
6．采取措施 take measures
7．阻止……做某事 prevent...from...
连词成句　(含本单元句型)
1．一些学生认为在城市里养宠物是个好主意。
Some of the students think it a good idea to keep pets in cities.
2．没有宠物的陪伴，独自生活的人无法感到安慰。
Without pets accompanying them，people who live alone would not feel comforted.
3．此外，与动物相处融洽会使生活更有趣。
Besides，getting along well with animals will make life more interesting.
4．在他们看来，如果太多人在家里养宠物，对环境不好。
In their opinion，if too many people keep pets at home，it is bad for the environment.
5．宠物可能会发出过多的噪声，甚至对人类安全构成威胁。
Pets may make too much noise and even pose a threat to human safety.
6．我认为在家养宠物并不坏。
I don’t think it is bad to keep pets at home.
7．但我们必须采取一些措施防止它们污染我们的环境，并在带它们外出时要小心。
But we must take some measures to prevent them from polluting our environment and be careful when we take them out.
第三步　句式升级
1．请把第1、2句话合并成含原因状语的句子。
Some of the students think it a good idea to keep pets in cities，because without pets accompanying them，people who live alone would not feel comforted.
2．请把第6、7句话合并成含让步状语的句子。
Although I don’t think it is bad to keep pets at home，we must take some measures to prevent them from polluting our environment and be careful when we take them out.
第四步　组句成篇
用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇英语短文。
Recently our class has had a discussion about whether we should keep pets in cities.
参考范文
Recently our class has had a discussion about whether we should keep pets in cities.
Some of the students think it a good idea to keep pets in cities，because without pets accompanying them，people who live alone would not feel comforted.Besides，getting along well with animals will make life more interesting.On the contrary，the other students are against the idea.In their opinion，if too many people keep pets at home，it is bad for the environment.What’s worse，pets may make too much noise and even pose a threat to human safety.
Personally，although I don’t think it is bad to keep pets at home，we must take some measures to prevent them from polluting our environment and be careful when we take them out.Section Ⅶ　Reading Club
Ⅰ.Read Reading Club 1 on P65 and tell whether the following sentences are true(T) or false(F)．
1．China can give a place in it the official title of “World Heritage Site”．(　F　)
2．There are more than 10,000 stone tablets and tombs in Qufu for tourists to visit.(　F　)
3．The old town of Lijiang looks like a jade ink stone in the first two seasons of a year.(　T　)
4．The narrow alleys，small stone bridges and houses with carved doors and painted windows made Jiuzhaigou a unique natural wonder.(　F　)
5．Jiuzhaigou is home to many protected and endangered species.(　T　)
Ⅱ.Read Reading Club 2 on P66，and complete the chart.
Causes of Natural Disasters Examples of Disasters
Overpopulation: people move to the cities and build homes from 1.whatever materials they can find which can easily collapse during earthquakes，especially after 2.heavy rain. Global warming caused by the huge amounts of CO2 produced 3.by factories and vehicles. The 4.destruction of the world’s forests. Reduced rainfall: 5.severe droughts in Somalia and Kenya in 2017；6.a huge forest fire in Canada in May 2016. Volcanic eruptions: 3 volcanic eruptions at almost the same time in 7.Indonesia in 2016；Mount Tambora in 8.1815 whose dust rolled across the Earth’s skies. Earthquakes: a massive earthquake in central Italy in 9.August 2016. Landslides: a landslide hitting 10.Mocoa in Colombia in April 2017. Hurricanes: Atlantic hurricanes are 11.40% stronger now than they were 30 years ago.
claim vt.声称；断言；主张 n．声称；(根据权利而提出的)要求
claim to be/do声称是/做……
It is claimed that...有人主张……；据说……
make a claim提出索赔
(1)The cheat claimed to be(be) an expert in curing all kinds of cancers.
(2)The injured passenger made a claim for $2,000 to the insurance company.
[写作佳句]
(3)据说，除了努力学习，你还应该参加一些课外活动来放松自己。
It is claimed that apart from studying hard，you should also take part in some after-class activities to relax yourself.
result in 产生，导致(＝cause/lead to)
result from由于；由……造成
as a result结果，因此
as a result of作为……的结果；因为……
(1)Nowadays，many students get stressed out as a result of too much homework.
(2)Obviously，it was his carelessness that resulted in the academic failure.
(3)The extinction of the various mammal speciesresulted from too much hunting.
[写作佳句]
(4)70%的人重视太空探索，认为探索太空产生了很多好处，例如使用卫星进行通信和天气预报。(result in)
70% attach importance to space exploration，believing that exploring space has resulted in a lot of benefits，such as using satellites for communication and weather forecast.
amount n．数量；金额 v．总计；等于
“a large amount of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
“large amounts of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
amount to总计为……；等于
(1)The people affected by the disaster have got a large amount of help from people all over the world.
(2)The heartbreaking news is that the number of the injured amounts to over one hundred.
[写作佳句]
(3)(话题写作之饮食健康)青少年吃垃圾食品的数量逐年上涨，这逐渐损害了他们的健康。
The amount of junk food teenagers eat goes up year by year，which gradually ruins their health.
as 引导原因状语从句
As factory farms do not use many workers，the costs are low and the production is high.(教材P62 Para.2)
因为工厂化农场不需要用很多工人，成本低，并且产量高。
结构分析：As factory farms do not use many workers为as引导的原因状语从句，as在此意为“由于，因为”。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
·as作从属连词的其他用法总结：
①引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候；随着……；一边……一边……”；
②引导方式状语从句，表示“按照，如，像”；
③引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”，但要用部分倒装结构；
④引导比较状语从句，表示“像……一样地”。
·as作关系代词引导定语从句，表示“正如”。
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
(1)随着时间的推移，他们变得没有以前那么雄心勃勃和充满激情了。
As time goes by，they get less ambitious and passionate than before.
(2)(应用文写作之建议信)如果你按照老师告诉你的那样做，你一定会取得进步。
If you do as teachers have told you，you are sure to make progress.
(3)尽管这个男孩还是个孩子，但他在保护环境方面发挥了自己的作用。
Child as he is，the boy does his part in protecting the environment.
(4)(看图作文)如图所示，一对年轻夫妇正在向湖里扔垃圾，有说有笑。
As is shown in the picture，a young couple are throwing rubbish into the lake，talking and laughing.
训练9　Reading Club(A)
[分值：39.5分]
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
1．My deskmate finds it impossible to write an essay(论说文) within half an hour.
2．Organic(有机的) farming has its own disadvantages in contrast to factory farming.
3．It is incredible that the company has earned billions of dollars in the past decade.
4．The outstanding tennis player has beaten her opponent(对手) in all of their previous 6 matches.
5．Different people have varied skills.For instance，Mr Brown is an excellent designer.
6．The institute claimed(宣布) that they had invented a new material that could replace plastics.
7．Chemical products are widely used over agricultural land，which causes serious pollution.
8．It is cruel(残忍的) of human beings to kill millions of poultry to satisfy their appetite.
9．He said that he was not involved in the murder but the police thought he was guilty.
10．There was a historic temple(庙) in the scenic valley，which attracted thousands of tourists annually.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分)
1．One important reason for their success is employee involvement(involve)．
2．At the sight of this cruelty(cruel)，they could hardly contain their anger.
3．Polluted water that contained poisonous chemicals(chemistry) flowed into the river，killing thousands of fish in it.
4．Keep in mind that you had better not involve other people in your trouble.
5．Mr Wang complained that large amounts of money were(be) spent by his wife in buying new clothes.
6．The injured person didn’t take medicine as he had been told.Otherwise he wouldn’t have suffered so much.
7．Nobody claimed to be(be) responsible for the collapse of the building，leaving the government in trouble.
8．That is to say，most cases of cancers result from the unhealthy lifestyle and lack of workouts.
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
There are many heritage sites in the world.The following are four sites in UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
Dinosaur Provincial Park，Canada
The park is best known for its extensive fossil(化石) beds，within which 35 species of dinosaurs from about 100 to 65 million years ago have been identified.There are also fossilized remains of fish，reptiles，and amphibians.The area was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Salonga National Park，Congo
This is the largest tropical rainforest reserve in Congo，covering about 36,000 km.The park was established in 1970.The thick forest provides habitats for various animals like parrots，elephants and monkeys.Park visitors observe the animals from motorized riverboats.The park was entered into the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984.
Hadrian’s Wall，Britain
This is a Roman barrier that guarded the border of Britain.Hadrian，the Roman emperor from 117 CE to 138 CE，went to Britain in 122 CE and was the first to build a wall,73 miles long，to separate the Romans from the barbarians.There was no intention of fighting from the wall top; the soldiers there were trained to encounter the enemy in the open.In 1987，Hadrian’s Wall was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Easter Island，Chile
This place is famous for its huge stone statues.The first European visitors，the Dutch，named it Easter Island in memory of their day of arrival.The small and hilly island was formed by volcanoes.Easter Island was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1995.
语篇解读　这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录的四个旅游景点。
1．Which site would you like to visit if you want to see wild animals
A．Easter Island.
B．Dinosaur Provincial Park.
C．Hadrian’s Wall.
D．Salonga National Park.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据Salonga National Park，Congo部分第三句和第四句“The thick forest provides habitats for various animals like parrots，elephants and monkeys.Park visitors observe the animals from motorized riverboats.”可知，如果想看野生动物可以去萨隆加国家公园。故选D。
2．What was the original purpose of building the Hadrian’s Wall
A．To defend against the Romans.
B．To honor the British soldiers.
C．To protect the Romans from attack.
D．To keep watch on the wall top.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据Hadrian’s Wall，Britain部分的“This is a Roman barrier...to separate the Romans from the barbarians.”可知，建造哈德良长城的最初目的是保护罗马人免受攻击。故选C。
3．Which of the following was first listed as a UNESCO World Heritage
A．Dinosaur Provincial Park，Canada.
B．Salonga National Park，Congo.
C．Hadrian’s Wall，Britain.
D．Easter Island，Chile.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据Dinosaur Provincial Park，Canada部分最后一句、Salonga National Park，Congo部分最后一句、Hadrian’s Wall，Britain部分最后一句以及Easter Island，Chile部分最后一句可推知，最先被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的是加拿大恐龙省立公园。故选A。
B
(2024·山东潍坊期中)
The 97-year-old botanist，Margaret Bradshaw，is the chief caretaker of Teesdale’s rarest flowers.“Everything about Teesdale is unique，” says Bradshaw with pride—and the authority of someone who has just written a 288-page book on the subject.Bradshaw has been recording rare plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great decreases.Her data was the first to prove that—and the need to do something about it.
The main reason for the decrease of these plants is an unusual one.The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced by half by 2000，as the uplands were generally believed there were too many sheep.Bradshaw says while sheep are hunted in some upland areas，reducing herding in Teesdale has been destructive.Longer grass overshadows the delicate(娇嫩的) flowers，taking away the light they need to grow.As a result of her findings and her work with farmers who herd the land—as well as Natural England，which manages it—sheep numbers are increasing and the timing of herding is being carefully managed.This has led to the partial recovery of some plants.
At 93，she set up Teesdale Special Flora Research and Conservation Trust to record rare plants.A keen horse rider，at 95，she did a 55-mile horse journey across Teesdale，raising almost $ 10,000 for the Trust.When asked about the secret to longevity，“Just keep going，” she says.“Keep at it.Don’t sit down and just watch TV.”
“I recognise I’m getting older and I’ve been trying to get more people to take over and do the records.They don’t believe I won’t be here forever，” Bradshaw says.Despite Bradshaw’s guardianship of this land，and the love and energy she has put into saving it，the future here is unknown.The last words of her book speak to this endless loss.“This is our heritage，this unique plant species，mine and yours，” she writes.“In spite of trying，I have failed to prevent its decrease，now it is up to you.”
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了97岁的植物学家玛格丽特·布拉德肖 Margaret Bradshaw 是提斯代尔最稀有花卉的主要看护人，她希望让更多的人接力保护这一自然遗产。
4．What is Margaret Bradshaw’s main work with the rare plants
A．Writing a book.
B．Preventing their decrease.
C．Collecting their data.
D．Directing farmers to grow plants.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Bradshaw has been recording rare plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great decreases.Her data was the first to prove that—and the need to do something about it.”可知，布拉德肖关于珍稀植物的主要工作是收集它们的数据。故选C。
5．What contributed to the reduction of rare plants in Teesdale
A．Not enough sheep. B．Lack of fund.
C．Poor management. D．Too many sheep.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“The main reason for the decrease of these plants is an unusual one.The number of sheep in Teesdale had been reduced...Longer grass overshadows the delicate(娇嫩的) flowers，taking away the light they need to grow.”可推知，没有足够的羊吃草导致了提斯代尔稀有植物的减少。故选A。
6．What can we learn from Bradshaw’s words in the last paragraph
A．Unity brings strength.
B．Many hands make light work.
C．Youthful at heart，regardless of age.
D．Advance what the forerunners began.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句和最后一句可推知，布拉德肖希望更多人参与记录和保护工作，推进先行者开创的事业。故选D。
7．Which might be a suitable title for the text
A．Teesdale：Home to Rare Plants
B．Battling for Teesdale’s Wildflowers
C．Bradshaw：A 97-Year-Old Gardener
D．Exploring Teesdale’s Unique Plants
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。通读文章，尤其根据第一段和最后一段内容可知，文章主要讲的是玛格丽特·布拉德肖为守护提斯代尔的最稀有花卉所作的努力以及她希望更多人参与这一事业的呼吁。故B选项“为提斯代尔的稀有花卉而奋斗”适合作文章标题。故选B。
训练10　Reading Club(B)
[分值：32.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Everglades National Park is located in the state of Florida.It is the largest wilderness in the entire country and makes up 25% of the wetlands in the state.The Everglades is home to several rare and endangered species.It is also the third largest national park in the US，after Death Valley National Park and Yellowstone National Park.Each year，about 1 million tourists visit the park.On a global level，it has been announced as a World Heritage Site.
Unlike most other national parks，Everglades National Park was created to protect an ecosystem(生态系统) from being damaged.In 1947，President Harry Truman spoke at the official opening of Everglades National Park，saying the goal of creating the park was to protect forever a wild area that could never be replaced.
10,000 different islands make up Everglades National Park.There exists natural wildlife on each of these islands.The Everglades is home to about 30 species that are endangered.In addition，more than 350 bird species and 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish live within the park.The Everglades is also home to 40 species of mammals(哺乳动物)．
There are many ways to explore the Everglades.Visitors can see alligators(短吻鳄) while hiking the Anhinga Trail.The Everglades is one of the few places on Earth where freshwater alligators and saltwater crocodiles live in the same area.Visitors using airboats are likely to see large groups of birds.Some visitors might enjoy riding bicycles through Shark Valley.Others may want to move slowly through the water where they can see insects and wildlife closely.
According to experts，changes to the Everglades are becoming a danger to several different kinds of wildlife.They say it is a result of actions the US government began more than 50 years ago，and settlers began even earlier.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作为世界文化遗产之一的位于美国佛罗里达州的大沼泽地国家公园。
1．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
A．Florida is famous for its large wetlands.
B．There are three important national parks in the US.
C．Visitors think highly of Everglades National Park.
D．Everglades National Park is very valuable.
答案　D
解析　段落大意题。根据第一段中的“It is the largest wilderness...endangered species.”以及“On a global level，it has been announced as a World Heritage Site.”可知，第一段主要从多个角度来说明大沼泽地国家公园的重要性。故选D。
2．How does the author describe the richness of wildness in the park
A．By giving examples.
B．By listing figures.
C．By giving a definition.
D．By making a comparison.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的 “The Everglades is home to about 30 species that are endangered...40 species of mammals(哺乳动物)．”可知，作者通过列举数据来描述这个公园野生物种的丰富性。故选B。
3．What can we get from the passage
A．Visitors can explore the Everglades in many ways.
B．Visitors are not allowed to stay in the water in the park.
C．President Harry Truman first suggested setting up the park.
D．Everglades National Park is the largest national park in the US.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句可知，游客有很多方式探索大沼泽地公园。故选A。
4．What will be further discussed if the passage is continued
A．How the endangered wildlife lost their lives.
B．What settlers have done to save the wetlands.
C．How the park’s environment was badly changed.
D．What the government has done to protect the park.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，美国政府的行为导致了公园的变化，这将危及其中的生物，可推知文章接下来会进一步讨论公园的环境是如何恶化的。故选C。
B
There is always something that happens in the world that everyone fears will happen to their town，city or country: natural disasters.The scariest part of it is that no one will ever see it coming.Though technology helps us prepare，it never actually tells the people what time it’s going to hit.It is always estimated，but the result is never 100% accurate.
However，that is not the point of this article.Two different natural disasters in two different parts of the world have happened in the past few weeks.One was a major flood that has hit Louisiana in the United States.The other was an earthquake that hit Amatrice，Italy.However，there is a major difference in the news coverage(新闻报道) of the two tragedies.
As for the flooding in Louisiana，it is reported that this disaster is the worst to hit the United States since super-storm Sandy and it’ll cost at least $ 30 million.In only the first couple of weeks,13 people had died.However，like me，many people did not hear about this tragic event.I did not learn about it until about three weeks after it happened.
In Italy，however，it covered all media instantly.The earthquake in Italy happened on Tuesday morning.That same day，I was on Twitter and that was all over the news feed.Every other post was about the earthquake.Some would have the opinion that Amatrice，Italy was one of the most beautiful towns in that country.I got in deep sorrow because there were more people killed in this quake than the flooding.So far，they have had a total of 73 dead and over one-hundred missing.
I understand that technically the earthquake in Italy was worse than the floods in Louisiana.However，I believe that if a natural disaster happens，they all should be equally covered and taken equally as serious.We are one world united and should be there for all of the people out there who are in need of help.We may not be able to accurately predict disasters，but we can surely lend a hand out for the needy.
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章比较了媒体对两次自然灾害的报道，作者认为自然灾害无大小，新闻媒体都应该及时报道，严肃对待。
5．What really concerns the author about the two natural disasters
A．The death and the injured.
B．The media report.
C．The government’s responsibility.
D．Their economic loss.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句和第三段的最后两句，以及第四段的第一句可知，对于这两个自然灾害，作者关注的是媒体的报道。故选B。
6．Why did the author learn about the flood so late
A．He didn’t care about the flood.
B．He felt nervous about the news.
C．The media didn’t cover it in time.
D．The flood frightened the author a lot.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段的最后两句可知，因为媒体的报道不及时，很多人包括作者三周后才知道路易斯安那州发生的洪灾。故选C。
7．How does the author feel about the earthquake in Italy
A．Proud. B．Critical.
C．Pitiful. D．Sad.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的倒数第二句可知，意大利的地震造成很多的人员伤亡，这让作者陷入深深的悲伤之中。故选D。
8．What does the author really want to say in the text
A．Italy isn’t good at predicting the natural disasters.
B．All natural disasters should be covered equally.
C．The world should be united into one instantly.
D．America should help Italy predict natural disasters.
答案　B
解析　主旨大意题。根据最后一段的第二句可知，作者认为，不管发生什么样的自然灾害，新闻媒体都应该及时报道，严肃对待。故选B项。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
How to Find Your Muse(灵感)
Through Creative Pursuits
Have you ever heard the famous quote “Genius is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration”？ 1 Some artists，writers，poets，musicians，and even scientists look to a muse as the source of their creativity or genius.The following tips can help you to find your muse.
Listen to music.
Songs，and music in general，can help you relax. 2 Music，specifically lyrics，can also transport you to a specific time or place and provide you with ideas to help spark your own creativity.
Write whatever comes to mind to get your creativity flowing.
You may not have any concrete ideas，but simply writing something down can help generate creative thoughts.Consider it a form of brainstorming.Remember that you can always start over or revise previous thoughts before you finish a final draft.Writing，in and of itself，can help you generate thoughts. 3 It is best if you do this type of writing by hand，because it will connect you more fully to the writing process.
4
Even if you stick to one type when you write，you can borrow smaller concepts，the latest trend，personality preferences，scenery ideas，and so much more from reading different types of books.Each story was probably inspired from the author’s own exploration of other books or tales and things that happened to or around him in his daily lives.
Try doodling(涂鸦) or drawing to relax and stimulate your creativity.
5 Instead，try spontaneous(自发的) activities，such as doodling or abstract drawing，as a way to be creative without the pressure that can come with creating finished art.
A．People find inspiration in all sorts of creative activities.
B．Read a lot of different stories to find creative inspiration.
C．Try free writing or journaling for 15 minutes every day.
D．Inspiration is something that comes easily for some people，but is a struggle for others.
E．The lyrics and the melodies you listen to can lighten thoughts that might weigh you down.
F．Have fun and encounter your artistic side without worrying about finding innovative ideas.
G．You can express yourself artistically without producing a professional drawing every time.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了如何创造性地寻找灵感。
1．答案　D
解析　前文提到一句名言“天才是1%的灵感加上99%的汗水”，即天才的实现要有灵感和努力。后文“Some artists...creativity or genius.”说明一些著名人物把灵感视为他们的创造力或天赋的源泉。选项D“灵感对某些人来说很容易获得，但对另一些人来说却是一种难事”承上启下，选项中的Inspiration与上句的inspiration和下句的muse呼应。故选D。
2．答案　E
解析　前文提到了歌曲和音乐可以使人放松。下文特别提出音乐中歌词还有着激发创造力的作用。因而空处也应讲述音乐的作用。选项E“你听到的歌词和旋律可以减轻让你焦虑的思想”切题，故选E。
3．答案　C
解析　根据本段标题“想到什么就写什么，激发你的创造力”并结合前文“Writing，in and of itself，can help you generate thoughts.”提到了写作可以激发创造力和灵感，可知空处应承接前文，讲述要尝试写作。选项C“尝试每天15分钟的自由写作或写日记”切题，且与下文中this type of writing呼应。故选C。
4．答案　B
解析　下文“...so much more from reading different types of books.”说明通过阅读也可以激发你的创造力和灵感。因而空处作为段落标题句，应说明通过阅读不同类型的书来寻找灵感。选项B“阅读许多不同的故事来寻找创造性的灵感”切题，故选B。
5．答案　G
解析　根据段落标题可知，涂鸦或者画画可以实现放松，激发你的创造力。根据空后内容可知，要使用涂鸦等自由轻松的创造性方式。因此G项“你可以用艺术的方式表达自己，而不必每次都画专业的画”切题，且与下文中Instead呼应。故选G。

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