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高中英语语法--非谓语动词
分词
现在
过去
目录
非谓语动词的定义与特征
现在分词的形式与形态变化
现在分词的句法功能
过去分词的句法功能
关注事项
做题步骤
With结构
非谓语动词的定义、特征
01
“非”谓语即就是“不是”谓语，把不能、不必做谓语的动词，用另一种形式表现，
什么是非谓语动词呢？
分词（过去/现在分词）
动名词
动词不定式
英语句子只能有一个主谓结构
若出现更多动词，则：
加连词（and / but / so…）
放入从句中，做从句谓语
变为非谓语动词
doing/done
doing
to do
三种形式
就是非谓语的形式
“非”谓语动词，虽然不做谓语，但具备动词的特征，即：
时态变化与语态变化
形态变化
动作先后关系
主被动关系
形式 动作时间
doing 同时（进行）
to do 将要（将来）
done 已发生（完成）
语态
时态
特征与成分
动词不定式
动名词
分词（过去/现在分词）
具有名词的特征
具有名词、形容词和副词的特征
在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语
在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等
具有形容词和副词的特征
在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等
现在分词的形式与形态变化
02
分词·现在分词
形式
doing
否定形式
not doing
时态语态
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
时态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
常作状语
一般式
他们边唱边说向公园走去。
现在分词的被动语态
表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
They went to the park, singing and talking.
现在分词的主动语态
做完作业，他开始打篮球。
Having done his homework, he played basketball.
动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生
现在分词的被动语态
常作状语
一般式
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
现在分词的被动语态
与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作
The problem being discussed is very important.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作
现在分词的句法功能
03
现在分词做定语
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
单独做定语，放在所修饰的名词前
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.
正与老师谈话的人是我们班长的父亲。
分词短语做定语，放在名词后
in the following years
in the years that followed
the man speaking
the man who is speaking.
现在分词作定语相当于定语从句的功能
表示进行的动作是进行时
现在分词做表语
be + doing
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
The present situation is inspiring.
既可能表示现在进行
也可能是现在分词做表语
表示特征
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate.
他让小汽车在门口等着。
现在分词作宾语补足语
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch
等动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语
现在分词作状语
时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
原因状语
方式状语，
表示伴随
条件状语
结果状语
目的状语
让步状语
独立主格
独立成分
Being a League member, he is always helping others.
由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
现在分词作状语
条件状语
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
结果状语
目的状语
时间状语
原因状语
方式状语，
表示伴随
让步状语
独立主格
独立成分
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
He went swimming the other day.
几天前他去游泳了。
现在分词作状语
让步状语
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
独立主格
独立成分
时间状语
原因状语
方式状语，
表示伴随
条件状语
结果状语
目的状语
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 等车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
过去分词的句法功能
04
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.
当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前；过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
过去分词做定语
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
过去分词做表语
注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
boiled water（开水）
fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货）
the risen sun（升起的太阳）
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
过去分词做宾语补足语
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
过去分词做状语
时间
原因
条件
伴随
让步
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.
地耕好了，他开始撒种子
过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格
with复合结构
05
“with+宾语+宾语补足语”
“with+宾语+宾语补足语”
with+宾语+形容词
He often sleeps with the windows open.
他常开着窗睡觉。
Don’t speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。
with+宾语+副词
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
with+宾语+名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.
他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。
with+宾语+介词短语
She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。
He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他头枕着胳膊睡着了。
+现在分词
+过去分词
+不定式
“with+宾语+宾语补足语”
with+宾语+现在分词
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
with+宾语+过去分词
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
with+宾语+不定式
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
With so many people to help us, we are sure to finish it in time. 有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。
+形容词
+副词
+名词
+介词短语
With the meeting over，we left the meeting-room.
会议结束后，我们离开了会议室。
With the teacher ill，we have to study by ourselves.
由于老师生病了，我们不得不自学。
With time permitting，we will visit the summer Palace.
如果时间许可的话，我们将参观颐和园。
He entered the room with his nose red with cold.
他进屋来了，鼻子都冻红了。
“with+复合宾语结构”作状语
表示行为方式或伴随、表示时间、表示原因、表示条件、表示补充说明
The woman with a baby in her arms is Li Ping’s mother.
抱小孩的那个妇女是李平的母亲。
The southern part of the island is a separate country，called the Republic Ireland with Dublin as its capital.
该岛南部则是另外一个国家，叫做爱尔兰共和国，首都是都柏林。
“with+复合宾语结构”作定语
The next morning the lake was found with a thin sheet of ice on.
第二天早上，人们发现湖面上结了一层冰。
She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on boss sides.
她看见一条小溪，两岸长满红花绿草。
“with+复合宾语结构”作作主语补足语和宾语补足语
注意事项
06
Do you know the woman talking to Tom
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
常作表语的过去分词： amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
分词作表语
The situation in our country is encouraging . (现在分词作表语)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)
My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
现在分词、动名词、现在进行时的区别
能回答how-question 的是现在分词
能回答what-question 的动名词
既不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 让某事一直做着
注意的四种结构
I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词
seat
prepare
hide
dress
Having finished the homework , I went home .
Being a Party member , I should work hard .
Given more time ,I can do my work better .
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy.
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder .
He is old enough to join the army .
分词做状语与不定式的区别
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。
时间
原因
条件
伴随
目的
结果
a running horse
现在分词 = a horse that is running
a fallen leaf
过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen
a walking stick
动名词 = a stick for walking
something to do
不定式 = something that I should do
分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting .
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum .
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions .
将来
不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别
正在进行
过去
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful .
解析：
Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；
seen 与city 是动宾关系
分词做状语，分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
×

做题步骤
07
分析句子结构, 辨别“谓与非谓”
一、判断形式，找固定搭配
当非谓语动词充当宾语时，可以先看谓语动词有无固定搭配。
二、找逻辑主语，判断主被
主被动关系（与句子主语的关系、与逻辑主语的关系）
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
三、比较两个动作，分析非谓语动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序
看搭配、找主被、定先后
看搭配
找主被
定先后
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