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中考英语总复习
目录
专题一 名词 1
专题二 数词、冠词 7
专题三 介词、连词 14
专题四 代词 21
专题五 形容词、副 词 30
专题六 动词的分类 39
专题七 情态动词、系动词 46
专题八 动词时态 53
专题九 被动语态 59
专题十 非谓语动词 66
专题十一 简单句、并列句 76
专题十二 祈使句、感叹句 84
专题一三 宾语从句 90
专题一四 定语从句 98
专题一五 状语从句 105
专题一 名词
名词的数
概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词及其单复数：可数名词有单复数变化，其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰，还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。
复数的规则构成法：绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图：
规则 例词
一般情况下加-s apple-apples, ruler-rulers
以s, x, ch，sh,结尾的加-es bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes
以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再加-es city-cities, county-countries
以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v,再加-es knife-knives, leaf-leaves
以o结尾的，有的词尾加-es，有的加-s 在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个：tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoes Hero-heroes， Negro-Negroes
2) 复数的不规则构成法：
a．单复同形的：Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量)
b. 熟记下列词的复数变化：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children
c. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词，变复数时要全变：a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变：a girl student-two girl students
3. 不可数名词：不可数名词没有单复数。如：water, meat, air等。在表示数量时，通常用以下方法。
1）用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。
There is little milk at home.
The old man has lots of money.
2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量，应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式，若数字超过一，量词应用复数形式。如：a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread
专有名词：专有名词是表示特定的人，事物， 地点等，如：Tom, China, the United Kingdom. 专有名词的第一个字母一般大写，大部分专有名词前一般不用冠词。
名词的所有格：
概述：名词的所有格在句中是表示所有关系，作定语。
名词所有格的构成：名词所有格包括 –s所有格和of所有格两种形式。无生命的名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the name of the school, the window of the house等。–s所有格主要用于有生命的东西和表示时间，距离，国家等的名词后。构成方法如下：
一般直接在名词后加’s. 如：Jim’s book
复数名词的所有格，若以s/es结尾只加撇号，不以s/es结尾仍加’s。如：
Children’s Day, the teachers’ office.
3)“ and”连接的并列名词的所有格，表示两人“共有”只在后一个名词尾加’s; 表示“各自拥有”，两个名词尾都要加’s. 如：Jim and Lucy’s book（共有）; Jane’s and Tom’s books(不共有)
4）表示店铺或某人的家等处所时，常在名词的所有格后省去shop, house, home等。如：the barber’s, at my uncle’s
5) 表示时间，距离，国家，城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加’s或’表示所有格，如：today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk.
双重所有格
1)名词双重所有格的含义：of+名词所有格称为双重所有格，这种结构中，of前面是一部分，of后面是一个整体。
例如：Mr Wang is a friend of my father's. (=Mr Wang is one of my father's friends.) 王先生 是我父亲的一个朋友.
2)名词双重所有格的构成方法：
a. of前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词，如a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。例如：
Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's 你看过雷锋的故事吗？
They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。
Three classmates of my sister's have found good jobs. 我姐姐的三个同学已经找到了好工作。
b. 有时of前面的名词前面可以用指示代词this, that表示某种感彩。例如：
That answer of Jim's was right. 吉姆的那个回答是对的。
Something is wrong with this eye of mine. 我的这只眼睛出了毛病。
c. of后面带有's的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。例如：
That's a book of Lu Xun's. 这是鲁迅的一本书。
This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。
3)名词的双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构之间的区别：
a.. 句子所表达的侧重点不同。试比较：
He is a friend of my father's. （着重说明“父亲”的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of my father. （着重说明“他”是父亲的一个朋友）
b. of前面是picture等词时，含义不同。试比较：
This is a picture of my teacher's. 这是我老师收藏的一张照片。
This is a picture of my teacher. 这是我老师的一张照片。
实战演练(2×50)
1. June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.
A. Child’s B. Children’s C. Childrens’
2. September 10th is ___ Day in China.
A. Teacher’s B. Teachers’ C. Teacher
3. This is _______ news.
A. such a good B. a very good C. such good
4.—What ______ it is!
—Let’s go out to have a picnic.
A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day
5. Tom and I go to school _____ every day.
A. on feet B. on foot C. by foot
6. –Are those _____
-No, they aren’t. They’re _____.
A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow
7. A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there.
A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen
8. That doctor drank two _____.
A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea
9. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.
A. Bob mother B. Bob’s mother’s C. mother of Bob
10. The tall man with a big nose is _______ classmate.
A. Tom and Carl B. Tom’s and Carl’s C. Tom and Carl’s
11.In ____ time, there will be more tall buildings in our city.
A. few year B. a few years’ C. a few year’s
12. How many ___ do you want every month
A. milk B. water C. apples
13. –Whose is this new bicycle
-It’s _____.
A. Sue and Jim’s B . Sue and Jim C. Sue’s and Jim’s
14. –Would you like _____tea
-No, thanks. I’ve drunk two __.
A. any; bottles of orange B. a little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange
15. –How many _____ do you want
-Two, please.
A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs
16. The bus stop is two _____ from our house.
A. hour’s drive B. hours’ drive C. hour-drive
17. –Where are you going, Amy -_______.
A. To my uncle B. To my uncle’s C. At my uncle
18. Have you read _____
A. a newspaper of today’s B. today newspaper C. today's newspaper
19. Lucy put a lot of ____ in ____ of tea.
A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups
20. Tomatoes, broccoli, and ____ are vegetables.
A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles
21. –Help yourself to some _________.
-Thank you. I really like them.
A. fish B. orange C. cakes
22. The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. a tooth C. teeth
23. We all had ______ last month. Did you travel to anywhere
A. three days’ holiday B. three day’s holiday C. three-days holiday
24. When autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.
A. leaf B. leave C. leaves
25. Tomorrow I'm going to my________. It's a _________.
A aunt...five minutes' walk B aunt's...five minute's walk
C aunt's...five minutes' walk
26. A computer is one of the greatest ________in this century.
A inventors B inventions C invitations
27. We haven't ________ homework to do today.
A many B some C much
28. Three hours________enough for a__________boy to read books.
A is...ten-year-old B are...ten-year-old C is...ten-years-old
29. _________that pair of new_________nice
A Is...shoe B Are...shoes C Is...shoes
30.Mary, I've bought many_______. Now let's make the birthday cake.
A fresh eggs B chocolate milk C food
31. The two ________are my________.
A woman doctors... friends B women doctors... friends
C women doctors... friend
32. These are________houses.
A Lee and my uncle B the Lee's and my uncle's
C theLees' and my uncle
33. We are__________.They are_________.
A Chinese...Germen B Chinese...German
C Chinese...Germans
34. There ______ a pencil and two books on the desk.
A. has B. is C.are
35. A number of students ______ for the school bus now.
A. is waiting B. are waiting C. waits
36. The number of students in the class ______ large.
A. are B. has C.is
37. A _____ is used for keeping warm.
A. stamp B. scarf C. key
38. There is no _______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms
39. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.
---OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's
C. my mother's and father's
40. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three
41. --- What would you like to drink, girls
--- _________, please.
A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two coffee
42 During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for ______
A. fun B. wishes C. interest
43. They are those _________ bags. Please put them on the bus.
A. visitor B. visitor's C. visitors'
44.--- How many students are there in your school
--- There are two ___________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of
45. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven
-- It sounds really wonderful.
A. subject B. music C. book
46. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the TV.
A. place B. room C. field
47. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine B. lessons C. exercise
48. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.
A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes
49. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!
A. a good news B. some good news C. many good news
50. Maths ________ not easy to learn.
A. are B. is C. am
专题二 数词、冠词
一．数词
1.数词概述：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。
2.数词的种类：可以分为两种： 基数词：表示数目多少的数词。序数词：表示先后顺序的数词。
3.基数词的写法和用法
1）1—12的基数词是独立的单词，即： one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight， nine，ten，eleven，twelve。
2）13—19的基数词以-teen结尾。如：14—fourteen，但13，15，18较特殊，13—thirteen 15—fifteen 18—eighteen。
3）20—90的整十位均以-ty结尾。如：60—sixty，但20，30，40，50，80较特殊， 20—twenty 30—thirty 40—forty 50—fifty 80—eighty。
4) 十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”，如：28—twenty-eight，96—ninety-six。
5) 百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加“and”，如：148—one hundred and forty-eight , 406—four hundred and six。
6) hundred（百），thousand（千），million（百万），billion（十亿）等前面即使有具体的数词，也不能在它们的后面加s。
7) .百(hundred),千(thousand),百万(million)等词与介词of连用的时侯，用复数形式，表不确定数目，其前面不可与数字连用
8）.表示“几十”的数词，复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代。
如： He is in his forties. 他四十多岁。
This took place in the 1930s. 这事发生在二十世纪三十年代。
9）.基数词可与其他词构成形容词。
如： Can you say something about your two-month holiday ？(two和month之间有连字符时，month用单数)
4. 序数词的写法和用法
1）．基数词变序数词可利用口诀巧记：“一、二、三，特殊记，八去“t ”，九去“e”，“ve”要用“f”替，见“y”变成“i”和“e”，词尾加上“th”，若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。”
变法如下：first，second，third，eight—eighth nine—ninth，five—fifth，twelve—twelfth，twenty—twentieth，forty—fortieth，twenty-five—twenty-fifth。
其余情况均在基数词后加th。如： six—sixth, nineteen—nineteenth , hundred— hundredth, thousand—thousandth等。
2）. 序数词前常用定冠词the, 表“顺序”。但如果序数词不表示顺序，而表示“又一个，另一个”时，则不能用the, 要用a. 如：Try it a second time. 再试一下。
5. 序数词表示“名次”时，不用定冠词。
He was first. 他得了第一名。
Who was first Who was second？谁是第一名？谁是第二名？
注意:
1.分数的读法：分子必须用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如果大于1，分母须用复数形式。先读分子，再读分母。分子为one时可换用a. 如：
In our class, about a third can speak English well.
Two thirds 三分之二。
2.1/2读作“a(或one)half(而不是a second “一秒钟”)，1/4既可读作“a(或one)quarter”又可读作 “a(或one)fourth”.
3/4:Three quarters
3.小数的读法：小数点的前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同；小数点读作point,小数点后只须将数字一一读出。
15.67 读作: fifteen point six seven
4. 百分数的读法：先读基数词，再读百分号 “%”（读作percent）.
5% 读作: five percent.
5.年代的读法为“两位，两位”地读。整百的后读hundred,整千的后读thousand, 前常加 the year. 如：
1937读作nineteen thirty-seven 或：nineteen hundred and thirty-seven
2000 年 读作 the year two thousand
December the first, nineteen ninety-four 一九九四年十二月一日
二.冠词
1. 冠词概述：冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。
2. 冠词的种类：英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。
3. 不定冠词的用法
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个"，意为one；
2) 代表一类人或物。
　A knife is a tool for cutting with.
　Mr. Smith is a doctor.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a great many / many a / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on /
4. 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。它有以下意义：
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the umbrella.　带上伞。
2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a book.　I've read the book.
他买了一本书。我看过那本书。
3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 活着的人。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：
　　Where do you live 　I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。
　　That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6）用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the hand.　她抓住了我手。
7）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
　 the People's Republic of China　 中华人民共和国 the United States　 美国
8）用在表示乐器的名词之前：　 She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。
9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
10) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow　
the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　 in the sky (water，field，country)　 in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　 in the middle (of),　in the end, by the way,　go to the theatre
5.零冠词的用法
1) 国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary；
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers.
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母。
2）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
　 We go to school from Monday to Friday.　
3）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词
4） 当by 与火车等交通工具连用中间无冠词；by bus，by train；
5）有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class， town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义，
如：go to hospital　　去医院看病
　 go to the hospital　 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
6）不用冠词的序数词；
　a. 序数词前有物主代词
　b. 序数词作副词　 He came first in the race.
　c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,　first of all,　　from first to last

实战演练(2×50)
1. There are ___ days in a year.
A. three hundred sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five
2． ______visitors visit this museum every day.
A. Hundred B. Hundred of C. Hundreds of
3. There are two___ people in the library.
A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of
4. Every year ___ watch NBA on TV.
A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people
5. ____ trees will be planted in our city in 5 years.
A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Two thousand of
6. My brother is in____.
A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade first, Class Third
7. We are going to learn___ this term.
A. book six B. six book C. Book Six
8. Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud.
A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page
9. He will come here ____ tomorrow morning.
A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two
10. He was doing some reading ____.
A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight C. yesterday morning at eight
11. He began to live there____.
A. on his fifty B. at age of fifty C. in his fifties
12 They moved to the USA _
A. in 1980s B. in the 1980 ' C. in the 1980s
13.She was ___ her early twenties when she became a movie star.
A. at B. on C. in
14. There are____ months in a year. December is the____month of the year.
A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve
15. Sunday is the____ day of the week.
A. seventh B. first C. second
16. Autumn is________ season in a year.
A. the fourth B. the third C. a third
17. -What's the date today
-It’s___.
A. Friday B. cloudy C. July 4th
18. Jenny was born _______.
A. on July 10, 1997 B. in July 10, 1997 C. in 1997, July 10
19. Monday is the second day, and_______.
A. Tuesday is the fourth B. Thursday is the fifth C. the second is Tuesday
20. About____ of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.
A. four-fifth B. four-fifths C. fourth-fifths
21. ___ of the students are girls in our class.
A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds
22.___ of the world's books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three quarters B. Three quarter C. Thirds four
23. Tom is____ in the row.
A. a third B. the third C. third
24. The girl wanted to sing____ song at the party yesterday.
A. two B. a second C. the second
25. Now let him have____.
A. the third try B. a third try C. third try
26. Our school is only _______ walk from here.
A. five-minute B. five minute’s C. five minutes’
27. There are ________ days in a week.
A. the seven B. seventh C.seven
28.Please write down the new words in the text of ________.
A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. Lesson Eleventh
29.----How old is your sister
------________.
A. She’s fifteenth B. She’s young C. She’s fifteen
30. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story.
A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the
31. Paris is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country.
A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an
32. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse.
A. /, / B. an, a C. A, a
33. Shut _____door, please.
A. a B. an C. the
34.He is now living in ______ European country.
A. a B. an C. /
35. China is ______ old country with ______ long history.
A. an, a B. a, a C. an, the
36. My parents usually go out for ______ walk in ______ evening.
A. the, a B. a, the C. /, the
37. Her ______ first thing is to help her mother clean the room.
A. a B. the C. /
38. The word “floor” begins with ______ “f” and the end with ______ “r”.
A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a
39. June 1st is ______ Children’s Day.
A. a B. the C. ./
40. ______ Huanghe River is _______ second largest river in China.
A. The, the B. A, a C. The, a
41. Paris is one of ______ most beautiful cities in ______ world.
A. /, the B. / ,/ C. the, the
42.Yesterday Mr Smith went to ______ Great Wall at ______ noon.
A. the, the B. /,/ C. the, /
43. We always have ______ milk for ______ breakfast.
A. /,/ B. the, / C. /,a
44．-Did you see my grandfather
-Oh, I saw ______old man sitting on a chair under the tree. Maybe he is.
A. a B. an C. the
45．-Do you see ______man with a dog
-Oh, Yes, ______dog is black.
A. the, a, The B. a, a, C. a, the
46．Who is ______better, Li Ping or Wang Dong
A. the B. a C. ×
47．We go to school five days ______ week.
A. a B. an C. /
48．-In which class is ______ boy in white
-He's in Class 5.
A. the B. a C. an
49. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ soccer.
A. a B. an C. /
50．More college graduates would like to work in _______ west part of our country ______ next year.
A. the, the B. /, / C. the, /
参考答案
1-5 CCABA 5-10 BCABA 11-15 CCCBB 16-20 ACABB 21-25 CABBB
26-30 CCACA 31-35 CBCBA 36-40 BCCCA 41-45 CCABC 46-50 CAACC
专题三 介词、连词
介词
介词概述：介词表示它与后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。介词是虚词，不能单独做句子成分。介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。
常用介词的意义和用法。
⑴ 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：
表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间；
表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：
He was born on the night of May 10th.
I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.
His glasses are on the desk.
My brother is at the bus stop.
⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般过去时态；“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：
He said that he would come back after 6：00.
My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.
⑶ since与for表示时间的用法区别：“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for +(一段时间)”表示“持续一段时间”,都常用于完成时态；如：
My father has worked in this factory since 1970.
My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
⑷ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：
We write with our hands and walk with our feet.
Please speak in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by bus.
It was invented by Adison.
⑸ about与on的用法区别：都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如：
Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.
They are talking about the English test.
⑹ through与across、over的用法区别： through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”； across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over. 如：
Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只袋鼠跑过路面)
There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他们翻过大山到达了那里)/
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)
(7)as与like的区别：两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如：
Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老师的身份和你讲话。)
Let me speak to you like a teacher.(让我像一位老师一样和你讲话)
(8)in front of 与in the front of：in front of“在…的前面”, 与in the front of“在…的前部”。如：
A group of people was standing in front of the hall.
In the front of the hall stood a group of people.
(12)except与besides的区别：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如：
Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公园)(Tom没有去公园)/
Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了数学之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“数学”也是他学的功课之一)　　
连词
1.连词概述：连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词，短语或句子，但不单独做句子成分。按照连词的性质，可将连词分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词如：and，but，or，for等，它们即可连接单词，短语，又可连接句子。从属连词如：when，before ，because等，它们主要引导名词性从句。
2.常见连词的用法：
1）并列连词 的用法： 并列连词有：and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, still, 　
And： 连接单词短语句子 。如：Tom and I study in the same school.
But, or ：I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea
Nothing but除了，只有： I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否则：如： Hurry up or you will miss the train.
for 表示后面的句子是原因。如： He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.
Not only…but also 不仅…而且。可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子。主语并列时，谓语要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.
As well as 以及，同样。并列单词、短语、句子。并列主语时，动词要随前面的主语变化 .如：He works as well as he can
Either…or 既…又…，或…或…，并列主、谓、宾、表及状语 ，如：Either come in or go out.
Neither…nor 既不…也不， 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语，并列主语时，谓语就近一致。如：Neither you nor he is lazy.
Both…and 和，既…也，并列主、谓、宾及表语。I can speak both English and French.
nor 也不，引导句子要倒装 。如：He can not play the piano, nor can I.
so 因此，所以，不和because连用。如：You like swimming, so do I.
从属连词的用法： 从属连词有：after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, because, than, that, whether, so that
after 表示“时间”，在…之后。如：After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.
Although/though 表示让步， “尽管”。如： Although she is young, she knows a lot.
as 表示时间，“当…时”，方式“象…”，原因，“由于、因为”让步，“尽管、虽然” 。如： As it was rainy, we couldn’t go out now.
As if/as though 表方式，“似乎、好像” 。如： He told us such a story as though he had been there before.
As long as/so long as 表条件，“只要” 。如： As long as I am here, I’ll go to help you.
As soon as 表时间，“一…就…”。如： I will call you as soon as I come back.
because 表原因，“因为”。如： I have to practice more because I am not good at English.
before 表时间，“在…之前’’ 。如： You should think more before you do it.
Even if/ even though 表让步，“即使”。如： You should try again even if you failed.
Hardly…when 表时间，“（刚）一…就”。如： Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.
if “假如”，引导条件状语从句。如： We will stay at home if the rain doesn’t stop.
“是否”，引导宾语从句。如； I don’t know if he goes shopping.
In order that 表目的，“为了，以便”。如： We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.
No matter +疑问词 表让步，“无论，不管”。如： No matter what you do, you should try your best.
No sooner…than 表时间，“刚一…就…”。如： No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
once 表时间，“一旦…”。如： Once you read this book, you’ll never forget it.
since 表时间，“自从…以来”.如： He has been in this city since he left school.
表原因，“既然，由于” 。如: Since the job is dangerous, let’s do it more carefully.
so far as/as far as 表条件，“就…而言，就…而论”.如：As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.
So that 表目的，“以便” 。如： Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.
So…that 表结果“如此,以致”。如： He got up so early that he caught the early bus.
than 表示比较，“比” 。如： Things were worse than we thought.
unless 表条件，“除非，如果不” 。如： You will fail in the test unless you study hard.
Until/till 表时间，“直到…为止” 。如： I’ll wait till my mother comes back.
when 表时间，“当…时’’。如： When they got there, the train has left.
whether “是否”引导名词性从句 。如： Whether he can come to see us is unknown.
表让步，“不管/无论、是否”。如：Whether she is rich or poor, she is always happy.
while 表时间，“当…时” 。如： While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.
whenever 表时间，“无论什么时候”。如： Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.
实战演练(2×50)
1.----How old are you
----I’m fifteen. I was born ________ 1990.
A. in B. at C. on
2. I study for a test _________ working with a group.
A. in B. by C. at
3. A tsunami(海啸) happened in some southern Asian countries________ December, 2004.
A. at B. on C. in
4. Tim’s mum is worried _______ her son’s study as he plays computer games too much.
A. for B. about C. with
5. We should return the books to the library ______ time.
A. about B. on C. by
6. ________ your help, my maths has improved a lot.
A. With B. Without C. Under
7. A thief stole my wallet_______ the night of May 1st.
A. at B. in C. on
8. James is looking ________ his cat everywhere. Have you seen it
A. like B. at C. for
9. It’s not always necessary to look up the words ________ the dictionary while reading. Sometimes we need to guess.
A. on B. in C. at
10. Zhangjiajie is famous _______ its beautiful mountains.
A. from B. at C. for
11．Children get gifts ____ Christmas and ____ their birthdays.
A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in
12. The plane is starting___five minutes.
A. in B. at C. for
13. Lucy sits____ the third row, ____Jim's right.
A. on; on B. in; at C. in; on
14.Shanghai is___ the east of China, but Japan is ___ the east of China.
A. to; in B. in; to . C. on; to
15. 1 like rice dumplings ____ meat ____ them.
A. in; on B. with; on C. with; in
16. When you are ___ trouble please ask help ___ us.
A. in; from B. in; for C. on; from
17. He put up a map ___ the back wall because there was a hole ___ it.
A. on; on B. at; in C. on; in
18. This kind of TV is made____ China. .
A. in B. from C. at
19. There are some birds singing___ the trees.
A. in B. on C. at
20. Don't read ____ the sun. It's bad ___ your eyes.
A. in; to B. under; for C. with; to
21.Some planes are flying___ the city.
A. through B. over , C. on ,
22. A mother camel was walking ___ her son ___ the desert.
A. without; along B. with; through C. next to; pass
23. The river runs____ the city.
A. cross B. through C. over
24. My uncle lives ____ 56 Changan Street.
A.on B. of C. at
25. They are waiting ___ a bus ___ the bus stop.
A. for; in B. on; at C. for; at
26. Is there any difference ____ these two sentences
A. for B. in C. between
27. Our headmaster showed the visitors ____ our school.
A. to B. for C. around
28. Nobody knew it ____ me.
A. except B. beside C. besides
29. Do you know any other foreign language____ English.
A. without B. beside C. besides
30. --- Can you play football
--- Yes, I can, ______ I can't play it very well.
A. or B. and C. but
31. There is something wrong___my bike.
A. at B. in C. with
32. -His sudden death surprised his wife.
-It was so bad. His wife was surprised ____ his death.
A. by B. with C. at
33. Don't laugh____ him, everyone will make mistakes.
A. at B. to C. about
34. What did you have ___ breakfast
A. at B. as C. for D. about
35. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but B. also C. and
36. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but B. or C. since
37. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library
A. or B. as C. so that
38. I'll give her the gift ______ Mary arrives.
A. so B. before C. as soon as
39. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn't say anything.
A. neither…nor B. either…or C. so…that
40. I can't sleep well at night, ______I often feel sleepy in the day.
A. so B. because C. and
41. Study hard, ______ you will fall behind.
A. and B. but C. or
42. _________ John _______I are policemen.
A. Neither ... nor B. Either ... or C. Both ... and
43. He didn't go to sleep ______he finished his homework.
A. till B. before C. until
44. Wait for me in the room _______ I come back.
A. until B. and C. so
45. Go along the road, _______ you'll find the bookstore at the end of it.
A. when B. and C. or
46. You'll be late ______ you don't get up early tomorrow morning.
A. if B. when C. before
47. The scientist knows two languages. He can speak _________ English _________ French.
A. either; or B. neither; nor C. both; and
48. His hobby is ______ reading_______ collecting stamps. It’s growing flowers.
A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor
49. Neither he nor I _______ from Canada. We are from Australia.
A. is B. are C. am
50. Mr Smith comes from America, and he has studied Chinese in China for 5 years. So you can talk with him ________.
A. either in English or in Chinese B. not in Chinese but in English
C. just in English, not in Chinese
答案： 1-5 ABCBB 6-10 ACCBC 11-15 BACBC 16-20 BCAAB 21-25 BBBCC
26-30 CCACC 31-35 CCACC　36-40 AACCA 41-45 CCCAB 46-50 ACCCA
专题四 代词
代词概述
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
二、代词分类
英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用主要分为：人称代词、物主
代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词。
人称代词及其用法
1）人称代词主格和宾格
人称 单、复数 主格 宾格
第一人称 单数 I me
复数 we us
第二人称 单数 you you
复数 you you
第三人称 单数 he him
she her
it it
复数 they them
人称代词的用法
人称代词主格在句子中担任主语。
例如：She likes watching movies.她喜欢看电影。
They have been to America twice..他们到过美国两次。
人称代词宾格在句子中担任动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如： We listen to them and they help us.我们听他们，他们帮我们。
---Who is knocking at the door --It’s me.—谁在敲门？—是我。
物主代词及其用法
1）形容词性和名词性物主代词
人称 单、复数 形容词性 名词性 词义
第一人称 单数 my mine 我的
复数 our ours 我们的
第二人称 单数 your yours 你的
复数 your yours 你们的
第三人称 单数 his his 他的
her hers 她的
its its 它的
复数 their theirs 他们的
2）物主代词的用法
① 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句子中担任定语修饰名词，一般不单独使用。
例如：This is my book. Your book is over there.这是我的书。你的书在那里。
They are our new friends.他们是我们的新朋友。
②名词性物主代词语法上相当于名词，意义上相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，经常用其来避免和前面提到的名词重复。
例如：This is my dictionary. Where is yours (=your dictionary) 这是我的词典。你的（词典）在哪里？
My idea is just the same as his(=his idea).我的想法正如他的（想法）。
3、反身代词及其用法
1）反身代词的构成
人称 单、复数 词形 词义
第一人称 单数 myself 我自己
复数 ourselves 我们自己
第二人称 单数 yourself 你自己
复数 yourselves 你们自己
第三人称 单数 himself 他自己
herself 她自己
itself 它自己
复数 themselves 他们自己
2）反身代词的用法
① 反身代词在句子中担任动词宾语或介词宾语。
例如：The boy is too young to look after himself.这男孩太小了无法照顾自己。
They did the job all by themselves.这件工作他们完全是自己做的。
反身代词常用词组
例如：teach oneself自学 learn by oneself自学 enjoy oneself玩得愉快
hurt oneself伤了自己 help oneself to自便 come to oneself苏醒
by oneself单独；亲自
指示代词及其用法
指示代词：单数this（这）、 that（那）；复数these（这些）, those（那些）
指示代词的用法
this/these用于指代近距离的人或事物。
例如：This is my friend and these are his new books.这是我的朋友。这些是
他的新书。
that/those用于指代远距离的人或事物。
例如：Look！That girl in red is Kate.瞧！那个穿红衣服的女孩是凯特。
打电话时用this介绍自己，用that询问对方。
例如：This is Mar speaking. Is that Mrs Jones 我是玛丽，您是琼斯夫人吗？
不定代词及其用法
不定代词是比较复杂的一类代词，在词形上有简单的不定代词和复合不定代词两种形式，分别列表如下。
表一：初中阶段常见的简单的不定代词
不定代词 常用词义
some，any 一些（人或物）；任何（人或物）
many，much 许多（人或物）
few，little 几乎没有（人或物）
a few，a little 有少数或少量（人或物）
both 两者都
all 三者及以上都
either 两者之一；或者……或者
neither 两者都不
none 三者及以上都不
another 三者以上中的任意一个
one 一个
other，others 其他的（泛指）
the other，the others 其他的（特指）
表二：复合不定代词
one body thing
some someone某人 somebody某人 something某事
any anyone任何人 anybody任何人 anything任何事
no no one没有人 nobody没有人 no thing没有东西
every everyone每人 everybody每人 everything每一件事
不定代词的用法
在实际使用中，普通不定代词多数时候用作形容词修饰名词。
some和any。两者均可修饰可数和不可数名词。一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。但在说话人想要得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议的疑问句中用some。
例如：There are some students in the classroom, but there aren’t any teachers.
教室里有一些学生，但没有老师。
---Would you like to have some tea or coffee ---Neither, thanks.
--想要喝茶还是咖啡？--谢谢，两个都不要。
many 和much。many修饰可数名词的复数形式，much修饰不可数名词。
两者均可以和表示程度的副词so，too，as，how连用构成too many/much, so many/much, as many/much as, how many/much.
例如：I have too much work to do.我有太多的工作要做。
How did you make so many mistakes 你怎么会犯这么多错误？
Please speak English as much as possible.请尽量说英语。
few, a few 和little, a little. few和a few修饰可数名词，little和a little修饰不可数名词。few，little表示否定，a few，a little表示肯定。
例如：He is a new student in the school, so he has few friends.他是本校的新生，所以几乎没有朋友（表示否定）。
I have so little money that I can’t afford the new magazine. Can you lend me some 我几乎没钱了，买不起这本杂志（表示否定）。你能借我一些吗？
---Can I have a few words with you, Mrs Brown –Sure, I have a little time. –布朗夫人，我可以和你说几句话吗（表示肯定）？--当然可以，我有一点点时间（表示肯定）。
④ both和all。both只能用于指代两者，all指代三者或以上的人或物。
例如：My parents are both teachers. Both my brother and I are students. We all live in Changsha.我父母亲都是老师。我哥和我是学生。我们都生活在长沙。
⑤ either， neither和none。either只能是“两者中取其一”，neither是“两者都不”，是both的反义词，none“都不”是all的反义词。
例如：Either you or your sister has to help your dad in the garden.你或者你姐姐得帮助你爸爸在花园里干活。（只要一个人帮助爸爸干活即可）
---Would you like some milk or coffee –Neither. Just water, please.—你想要牛奶还是咖啡？--都不要，水就可以。
They are all teenagers. None of them should be allowed to smoke.他们都是青少年，谁都不应该获许抽烟。
⑥ other, others, the other, the others.概括地说，不带the的为泛指，带the的为特指，带s的指代复数的人或物，不带s的指代单数的人或物。
例如：Beijing is larger than the other cities in China.北京比中国其他城市大。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others(=other people)。雷锋乐于助人。
I have only two good friends. One is Jack, the other is David.我只有两个好朋友，一个是杰克，另一个是大卫。
I bought six new books yesterday. One is English, the others(=the other books) are Chinese.我昨天买了六本书。一本是英语，其余的（书）都是中文。
⑦ one, another, one指代上文提到过的单数可数名词，避免重复。another指的是三者以
上中的任意一者，还可以表达“额外添加”的意思。
例如：This building is taller than that one.这个建筑比那栋高。
I have already spent half an hour on the job, but I need another ten minutes to finish it.
我已经花了半个小时做这件工作，但是我还要十分钟才能够完成。
⑧ 复合不定代词的句法功能可以参考some、any、no、every的用法。但下列几点必须
注意：
a）复合不定代词在句子中担任主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
例如：Is there anything wrong with the computer 电脑出问题了吗？
Everybody is here. Let’s begin the meeting.大家到齐了，我们开会吧。
b）修饰复合不定代词的形容词要放在他们的后面，做后置定语。
例如：Be quiet, please. I have something important to tell you.请安静，我有重要
的事情要告诉你们。
疑问代词及其用法
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。
疑问代词 主要用法 例句
who “谁”，主格形式作主语 Who can answer the question Who is the man over there
whom “谁”，宾格形式，口语中往往 被who代替 Whom/whom are you talking to
whose “谁的”所有格形式 Whose exercise book is this Whose is this exercise book
what 询问不定书目中的“哪个”、 “哪些”，没有范围的限定；也 可用于询问某人的职业 What are you going to do What class are you in What is your mother
which “哪个”、“哪些”，询问一定 范围内特指的人或物 Which class are you in, Class 1 or Class 2
实战演练(2×50) 计分:
1 ---Is that man in blue your father ---No, _______ is my headmaster.
A. he B. him C. she
2. ---Laura, this is my backpack. Where is _______ ---Mine is over there.
A. your B. yours C. his
3. ---Is the woman who walked past just now your teacher ---Yes, she teaches _____ Chinese.
A. us B. our C. ours
4. ---Is David _________ cousin or theirs ---He is my cousin.
A. your B. yours C. you
5. Excuse me, _____pen is broken. May I use ________
A. my, your B. I, yours C. my, yours
6. ---Is this your MP4, Mike ---No, it’s ______.
A. his B. her C. my
7. We must learn English by __________.
A. us B. our C. ourselves
8. Could you lend me ______ bike I lost ______ last Saturday.
A. your, my B. your, mine C. yours, mine
9. ---Who taught _____ German ---Nobody. She learned all by _______.
A. she, her B. her, herself C. hers, herself
10. --- Which would you like, bread or rice --- ______ of them. I’m full now.
A. Either B. Neither C. All
11. ---_______does your cousin look like ---He’s tall and thin.
A. What B. Who C. Which
12. Believe yourself. You’re better than ________. You’re the best. Wish you success.
A. anyone else B. some else C. else anyone
13. Most young people find _______ exciting to watch a football match.
A. it B. this C. that
14. ---_______ are you talking about ----The Olympic Games in Beijing.
A. What B. How C. Whom
15. ---What about this T—shirt ---I don’t like the color. Please show me _____one.
A. other B. the other C. another
16. ---Did you enjoy ____ at the party, Jimmy –Yes, Mum. I enjoyed ___very much.
A. yours, ourselves B. yourselves, myself C. yourself, myself
17. They three were all very tired, but ______ of them would stop to have a rest.
A. some B. none C. all
18. There is ______ knocking at the door. Go and see who it is.
A. someone B. anybody C. nobody
19. Do you know the girl between Lucy and ______
A. she B. his C. me
20. ---Could you tell me ______ to do next ---Nothing more. Let’s have a rest.
A. what B. how C. when
21. ---Can we put our sports shoes here ---Oh, yes. Put ______ here, please.
A. them B. their C. they
22. ---______did Mr Wang leave in a hurry ---Perhaps to meet a friend. Who knows
A. Where B. For what C. With whom
23. _____ isn’t easy to learn a foreign language well. But don’t give it up.
A. That B. It C. This
24. ---Hello! ---_______is Mary speaking. Is ______ Lily --- Yes, speaking.
A. This, this B. This, that C. That, this
25. ---Who told you Sam and Kitty got married --- A friend of _______.
A. you B. her C. mine
26．There are many tall buildings on _______ sides of the street.
A. either B. all C. both
27 I asked both Mary and Lucy to my birthday party, but ________ of them can come.
A. both B. neither C. all
28．---Mum, Li Ming bought a parrot yesterday. Could you please buy ____ for me
---Sure. But you must take good care of it.
A. one B. it C. that
29．The weather in Hengyang is different from ______ in Beijing.
A. one B. it C. that
30．As we all have grown up, we should learn to look after ________.
A. ourselves B. us C. myself
31．Never say you’re a fool. Everyone is good at ________.
A. something B. anything C. everything
32 I like pop music, but _______ my father _______ my mother likes it.
A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor
33．---When shall we go to the museum, this afternoon or tomorrow morning
---_______ is OK. I’m free these days.
A. Both B. All C. Either
34 There are only _________ new words in the passage, but I know _____ of them.
A. some; all B. a few; none C. lots of; a few
35 ---Who is singing in the next room --- _______ must be Marie.
A. It B. She C. This
36．The machines made in China are cheaper than ________ made in Japan.
A. ones B. that C. those
37 ---Two Evening Papers, please! ---Only one copy left. Would you like to have ___, sir
A. one B. it C. this
38 ---Do you like talking with your friends on the phone or on mobile phone
---_________. I enjoy using QQ.
A. Either B. Neither C. None
39 The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim’s.
A. those B. that C. ones
40．We can’t leave our grandparents by _________.
A. they B. them C. themselves
41．---Can I talk to you for a minute, Brian ---Sure. I have ______ time.
A. a few B. little C. a little
42．---Is _______ here today ---No. Han Mei isn’t here. Maybe she’s ill.
A. someone B. anyone C. everyone
43．---Have you finished your task ---No, I’ll finish it in _______ ten minutes.
A. less B. other C. another
44．Mrs White has two children. _______ is a driver, and ______ is a nurse.
A. One; another B. One; the other C. One; other
45．The old woman asked _______, “What should I do ”
A. herself B. her C. hers
46．Either you or I _______ right.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
47 We found _______ necessary to protect the environment.
A. it B. this C. that
48．It was ________ fine day that they went to the park.
A. so a B. a so C. such a
49．_________went surfing at the beach because of the terrible weather.
A. Someone B. No one C. Nothing
50．---______ did Mr Wang leave in a hurry ---Perhaps to meet a friend. Who knows
A. How B. Where C. For what
1-5 ABAAC 6-10 ACBBB 11-15 AAAAC 16-20 CBACB 21-25 ABBBC
26-30 CBACA 31-35 ACCBA 36-40 CBBAC 41-45 CCCBA 46-50 BACBC
专题五 形容词、副 词
一、形容词
1、 形容词概述
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。大部分形容词直接说明事物的性质或特征，有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的，beautiful美丽的。有的形容词只能作表语，没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid害怕的，asleep睡着的。
2、 形容词的用法
1）作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前面。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为词尾的词语即复合不定代词时，要放在这些词之后。
例如：What an interesting movie it is! 多有趣的一部电影啊！
There is nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.今天的报纸没有什么有趣的内容。
2）作表语放在系动词后面。
例如：The food smells delicious. 食物闻起来很香。
3）位于宾语后做宾语补足语。
例如：You must keep your classroom clean and tidy.你们必须保持教室干净整洁。
4）少数形容词只能作表语，如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, well（健康的）,ill，sorry，glad，sure，pleased等。
例如：He is alone in the classroom.他独自在教室。
She has been asleep for three hours.她睡了三个小时了。
5）某些形容词之前加上冠词the表示一类人，如 the rich, the poor, the young, the old, the deaf, the blind, the living, the dead, the hungry等。
例如：The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。
The young should be polite to the old.年轻人对老年人应该有礼貌。
二、副词
1、 副词概述
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子。
2、 副词的分类和用法
1） 时间副词：如now，today，yesterday，soon等，在句子中担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。
例如：There is going to be a class meeting tomorrow.明天将有一个班会。
They visited the aquarium yesterday. 他们昨天参观了水族馆。
2） 频度副词：如sometimes，often, always, usually等，在句子中担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。
例如：They have never seen each other before.他们以前从未见过面。
What do you usually do on weekends 你们周末通常做什么？
3） 地点副词：如here, there, home, somewhere, anywhere，outside等，在句子中担任地点状语。
例如：I have looked for my pen everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.我到处找了我的钢笔，但哪儿都没看见。
4） 方式副词：如slowly, quickly, fast, luckily, easily等，在句子中担任方式状语。这类副词大都由“形容词+ly”构成。
例如：Please speak more slowly so that we can hear you clearly.请慢点说以便我们能够听清楚你说的内容。
5） 程度副词：如very, quite, rather, too, much, so等，在句子中修饰形容词或其他副词，作状语。
例如：It’s much too hot in Changsha these days.这些天长沙太热了。
The little boy can play the guitar very well.这小男孩吉他弹得非常好。
6） 疑问副词：如when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far，how old等，放在句首构成特殊疑问句。
例如：How soon will your father be back home 你爸过多久回到家？
How often do you go to the movie 你们隔多久看一次电影？
7） 关系副词：如when, where, why, how等，用来引导相关从句。
例如：What were you doing when the UFO landed UFO着陆时你在干什么？
I ‘d like to go somewhere where people are friendly. 我想去人们友好的地方。
3、副词的位置
总的来说，很多副词的位置比较灵活，在句子开头、中间、结尾都可以。但是请注意下面几点：
1）频度副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。
例如：He is never late for school.他上学从不迟到。
He usually goes to see his grandparents on Saturday. 他通常周六去看望爷爷奶奶。
2）enough修饰形容词或副词时要放在被修饰词的后面。
例如：The little boy isn’t old enough to go to school. 小男孩没到上学的年龄。
He ran fast enough to catch the thief. 他跑得够快，抓住了小偷。
三、形容词和副词的比较等级
1、 形容词和副词比较等级的构成
绝大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级（原形）、比较级和最高级，他们的构成规则大致相同。列表如下：
表一：规则变化
构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节 词和少 数双音 节词 一般直接在词尾加-er，-est tall short taller shorter tallest shortest
以不发音的e结尾的加-er，-st nice large nicer larger nicest largest
以辅音字母加y结尾的，先改y为i，再加-er，-est heavy early heavier earlier heaviest earliest
以重读闭音节结尾、且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-er，-est thin big thinner bigger thinnest biggest
多音节词和部分双音节词（尤其是带词缀的双音节词） 在原级前加more，most interesting important quickly more interesting more important more quickly most interesting most important most quickly
表二：不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
many, much more most
bad,ill, badly worse worst
little less least
far farther较远（字面意义） further进一步（引申意义） farthest最远（字面意义） furthest最大限度（引申意义）
old older年纪较大的（用于比较级） elder较年长的（只用作定语） oldest年纪最大的（用于最高级） eldest最年长的（只用作定语）
2、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法
1）两者之间进行比较用比较级。其常见句子结构为：A +谓语动词+比较级+than+B。
例如：This tree is taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树高。
Lily has more friends than I. 莉莉比我朋友多。
Tom runs faster than Jim. 汤姆比吉姆跑得快。
注：可以用程度副词a little, a lot, a bit, much, even, still, far等修饰比较级，表示比较的程度差异。
例如：It is much hotter in Changsha than that in Beijing in summer.长沙的夏天比北京的夏天热得多。
He studies English a lot harder than the other students in his class.他学英语比班上其他同学努力得多。
2）在三者或三者以上的人或物之间进行比较时用最高级，形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，副词最高级前the可加可不加，句子中常有in或of短语来表示比较的范围。其常见句子结构为：A+谓语动词+the+最高级+比较范围。
例如：Changjiang is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。
Rruce runs fastest of the three. 布鲁斯是三个人中跑得最快的。
3）表示A和B在某一方面相同或不及时用同级比较。其常见句型为：A+谓语动词+as+原级+as+B。其否定结构为：A+谓语动词(not)+as/so+原级+as+B。
例如：English is as important as Chinese.英语和语文一样重要。
Math is not as interesting as History. 数学不如历史有趣味。
He speaks English as well as Chinese. 他英语和汉语说得一样好。
She doesn’t do her homework as carefully as her brother.她做作业不如她哥哥细心。
4）选择疑问句比较级和最高级的句型分别为：“疑问词+谓语动词+比较级，A or B？”和“疑问词+谓语动词+最高级，A，B or C？”
例如：Which is bigger, the sun or the earth 太阳或地球，哪个更大？
Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon 太阳、地球或月亮，哪个最大？
Who plays soccer better, David or Martin 戴维或马丁，谁足球踢得更好？
Who plays soccer best, David, Martin or Bill 戴维、马丁或比尔，谁足球踢得最好？
5）表示“越……就越……”时，其句型为“the +比较级，the+比较级”。
例如：The more trees, the better. 树木越多越好。
The harder you study, the better grades you will get. 学习越努力，成绩就越好。
6）表示“越来越……”时，用比较级的叠加形式，即：比较级+ and+比较级。
例如：It’s getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了。
The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 城市越来越漂亮了。
实战演练(2×50) 计分:
1 In Huaihua it’s ________ in summer, but it is even _______ in Changsha.
A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hotter C. hotter, hot
2 The sea looks very _____ when the sun is shining on it.
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. the most beautiful
3 Can you go shopping with me I have _______ to buy.
A. something useful B. useful something C. nothing useful
4 At my birthday party, my friend Helen is _______ to make us all _______.
A. enough funny, laugh B. funny enough, laugh C. enough funny, to laugh
5 The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. What _____ news to us all at that moment!
A. an exciting B. an excited C. exciting
6 His father began to work as ________ as he was seventeen.
A. old B. early C. far
7 Henry is a little _________ than Bill.
A. strong B. stronger C. strongest
8 ________, the healthier you will be.
A. The more money you get B. The taller you are C. The better habits you have
9 The doctor told Mary to eat _________ vegetables and _______ meat because she was getting fatter and fatter.
A. much; little B. more ; less C. many; few
10 ---What do you think of the lecture(演讲) of Li Yang’s Crazy English
---I think it’s ________, but someone thinks it’s much too _______.
A. wonderful enough; bored B. enough wonderful; boring
C. wonderful enough; boring
11 She told us a story. Her voice sounded ________.
A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly
12 ---I think our chemistry teacher is working hard. He teaches us _______.
---Yes, but he hasn’t come today. He doesn’t feel _______.
A. good; well B. well; well C. well; good
13 ---Mum, could I have an MP3 like this
---Certainly, we can buy _______ one, but as good as this.
A. a cheap B. a cheapest C. a cheaper
14 This sweater doesn’t suit me. It’s a bit small. Could you give me ______ one
A. a large B. a larger C. the largest
15 This math problem is ________ that one.
A. not so easy as B. more easy than C. easy than
16 When winter comes, the days get ________.
A. short and short B. shorter and shorter C. long and long
17 Paul is the _______ of the two children in his family.
A. most fattest B. fattest C. fatter
18 ---This cake is delicious. ---Well, at least it is ________ the one I baked last week.
A. as worse as B. as better than C. not worse than
19 They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _______.
A. much brighter B. more bright C. less bright
20 ---Why didn’t you enjoy the talk ---It was ________ talk that I had ever listened to.
the most interesting B. the least interesting C. more interesting
21 Shanghai is bigger than _________ in Australia.
A. any city B. any cities C. any other city
22 ---You have got the same shirt as I ---Yes. Mine is ______, but not so ______ as yours.
A. better; expensive B. better; more expensive C. more better; expensive
23 Now the air in our town is _______ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it.
A. very good B. much better C. even worse
24 It’s _______ today than yesterday.
A. quite colder B. a little colder C. much cold
25 Who runs ______, Tom or Jim
A. fast B. faster C. fastest
26 We should use ______ plastic bags to protect our environment.
A. more B. less C. fewer
27 ---________ is Lucky 52 shown on CCTV-2 ---Every week.
A. How far B. How often C. How long
28 My classmates don’t smoke. I don’t, ________.
A. too B. neither C. either
29 ---What do you think of the football match ---Wonderful. They have never played ______.
A. best B. better C. worse
30 Though the player is over thirty, he can still run ______ some younger players.
A. as fast as B. so fast as C. much fast than
31 ---You are standing too near to the TV. Can you move a bit _______
---OK, Mom. Is it all right here
A. faster B. slower C. farther D. nearer
32 Though he has studied ____ at Russian for ten months, he can still _____ speak the language.
A. hard; hard B. hardly; hardly C. hard; hardly
33 Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can run ______ to catch up with him.
A. fast enough B. enough fast C. slowly enough
34 Of all the students, Linda draws ________ carefully.
A. most B. much C. more
35 Wang Ping does ______ in physics of all the subjects.
A. badly B. most badly C. worst
36 ---How does Bill drive now, Sue ---He drives _______ me.
A. much more careful than B. as careful as C. even more carefully than
37 Please write to me as______ as possible.
A. soon B. quickly C. fast
38 ou will realize the importance of mastering a foreign language ______ in the future.
A. sometime B. some times C. sometimes
39 It’s _______ a beautiful stamp.
A. quite B. too C. very
40 Bob never does his homework _______ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as
41 Among the three boys he works perhaps the ____________.
A. hard B. harder C. hardest D. most hard
42 She always finishes her homework on time. She _______ leaves it for tomorrow.
A. always B. never C. usually
43 The more we look at the picture, ______.
A. the better we liked it B. the less we like it C. we like it less
44 Who used to get up ________ in your class during the summer trip
A. earlier B. earliest C. the most early
45 ---Do you prefer music to drawing ---No. I like drawing _______.
A. well B. most C. better
46 Don’t worry. We’ve got ________ for all of you.
A. big enough a room B. enough big a room C. a big enough room
47 Can you imagine that _______ little ants can carry ______ many big worms
A. so; so B. such; such C. such; so D. so; such
48 ---Did Han Meimei pick a lot of apples
---Yes. She picked _______ than any of us.
A. many more B. much more C. the most
49 ---Who jumped the _______ of all in the long jump ---Li Lei did.
A. longest B. longer C. farthest
50 Beijing has _____ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours.
A. so B. very C. too
01-05 BAABC 06-10 BBCBC 11-15 ABCBA 16-20 BCCAB 21-25 AACBB
26-30 CBCBA 31-35 CCAAC 36-40 CAAAB 41-45 CBBBC 46-50 CCACA
专题六 动词的分类
一、动词概述及分类
根据其句法功能，动词可以分为四大类，列表如下。
动 词 1、实义动词（行为动词） 及物动词 +宾语，构成主谓宾句型
+双宾语，构成主谓双宾句型
+复合宾语，构成主位复宾句型
不及物动词
2、连系动词 be, seem, look, sound, smell, turn, get, become等+表语，构成主系表句型
3、助动词 be +doing，构成进行时
+done，构成被动语态
have +done，构成完成时态
+been doing，构成完成进行时态
肯定式do（does，did）； 否定式：don’t（doesn’t，didn’t） 帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一般过去时构成疑问句； 帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一般过去时构成否定与
will, shall, should, would +动词原形构成将来时
4、情态动词 can, may, must, might, could等 后接动词原形一起构成谓语
二、实义动词及用法
实义动词也叫行为动词，是四类动词中唯一能独立作谓语的一类动词。根据其句法功能可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词
及物动词本身意义不够完整，需要后接宾语才能使其意思完整。
1）动词+宾语，构成主谓宾句型。
例如：Could you please clean the blackboard 请你擦黑板好吗？
We learn English every day. 我们每天学习英语。
2）动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语 / 动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，构成主谓双宾句型。有的动词必须在后面带表示人的间接宾语和表示物的直接宾语，即两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。
例如：Who teaches you English 谁教你们英语？
Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.请把那本书递给我。
My mother bought me a snow globe on my birthday.
= My mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.
我过生日时我妈买给我一个雪球。
常见的带双宾语的动词有：pass, give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, cook, teach, tell, write, read, return, ask, show等。
3）动词+宾语+宾语补足语，构成主谓复宾句型。有的动词必须在宾语后再加上形容词、副词、名词、不定式、-ing形式、介词短语等做宾语补足语，构成复合宾语，句子意思才能够表达完整。
例如：Please keep the door open. 请让门开着。（形容词open做宾补）
I often see the children play in the park。我经常看见孩子们在公园里玩。（不带to的不定式play做宾补）.
You can call me Mrs Jones.你们可以称呼我琼斯夫人。（名词Mrs Jones做宾补）
动词see, hear, watch, make, let, have, notice, find等经常以动词不定式或-ing形式做宾补。
2、不及物动词
1）不及物动词自身意思完整，无需再接宾语。
例如：Horses run fast。马儿跑得快。
He sings well. 他唱得好。
2）很多不及物动词也可以用作及物动词，还有的不及物动词后带上某个介词就成了带宾语的及物动词。
例如：They are reading. 他们在朗读。（read为不及物动词）
They are reading English. 他们在朗读英语。（read为及物动词）
He is waiting at the bus stop.他在公交车站等。（wait为不及物动词）
He is waiting for me at the bus stop.他在公交车站等我。（wait for为及物动词，带me做宾语）
三、连系动词
连系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和其后面的表语一起构成合成谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。
常见的连系动词有be， become（变得、成为）， get（变得）， look（看起来），seem（似乎、好像），turn（变得），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来）等。除be以外的连系动词大多数时候是实义动词，他们用作连系动词时多数没有进行时态，也没有被动语态。
例如：He is angry.他生气了。
He got angry at the news.听到这个消息他生气了。
That sounds good.那听起来不错。
Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临，树叶转绿。
China is getting stronger and stronger.中国正变得越来越强大。
四、助动词
助动词本身没有词义或意思不完整，不能单独作谓语。它们的主要作用是帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句或否定句等。
1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were）
1) be+doing（现在分词）, 构成进行时
例如：They are listening to music.他们在听音乐。（be的现在时形式帮助构成现在进行时）
They were walking down the street when the UFO landed.（be的过去时形式帮助构成过去进行时）
2）be+done（及物动词的过去分词）, 构成被动语态
例如：The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.电灯泡是由托马斯.爱迪生发明的。（be的过去时形式帮助构成过去时的被动语态）
The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打扫。（be的现在时形式帮助构成现在时的被动语态）
The problem will be solved next week.这个问题将在下周得到解决。（be的将来时形式帮助构成将来时的被动语态）
2、have (has, had)
1）have/has/had+done（动词的过去分词），构成完成时态。
例如：They have already done their homework.他们已经完成作业。（have+过去分词构成现在完成时）
He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。（has+过去分词构成现在完成时）
The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站时公交车已经离开。（had+过去分词构成过去完成时）
2）have/has/had+been+doing（动词的现在分词），构成完成进行时态。
例如：How long have you been collecting shells 你收集贝壳有多长时间了？
He has been studying English since five years ago.他从5年前开始就一直在学习英语。
3、助动词do/ does/ did
助动词do/ does/ did主要帮助构成疑问句，也可用于倒装句、强调句或代替上文提到过的行为等。他们的否定式don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t帮助构成否定句。
例如：Does he often play sports after school 他经常放学后做运动吗？
We don’t speak Japanese.我们不说日语。
Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off 他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗？
She didn’t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。
4、助动词will, shall, would, should
助动词will, shall主要用于构成一般将来时，其中will可用于各人称，而shall一般只用于第一人称。would，should是will，shall的过去式，可以用于构成过去将来时，但很多时候被用作情态动词。
例如：There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.将来会有更多的树木，更少的污染。（帮助构成一般将来时）
Shall we go to the park on the weekend 我们周末去公园好吗？（一般将来时，用于提出建议）
They said they would come the next day.他们说他们第二天来。（帮助构成过去将来时）
Would you mind my turning down the radio 你介意我关小收音机吗？（用于礼貌地提出建议）
You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下休息。（用于提供建议）
5、情态动词can, may, must, might, could等
情态动词具有一定的词义，用以表达说话人的态度或情感，必须和后面的实义动词一起构成合成谓语。（请详见专题七 情态动词）
实战演练(2×30) 计分:
1 Good news, boys! There is going to ______ a basketball match next week.
A. have B. has C. be
2 Kangkang hardly has lunch at school on Sunday, ________
A. does he B. has he C. doesn’t he
3 You had a good time during the May Day holiday, _______ you
A. hadn’t B. didn’t C. haven’t
4

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