资源简介

主旨大意题
一、总体解题思路
宏观上分清文章体裁（记叙文、科普类的说明文 议论文）和捋清文章行文脉络
微观上抓住主题词 （关键词—反复出现词：名词 动词 形容词或短语等）
八大关键信息出处 分布情况
①首尾句 首尾段及各段首尾句或第二句
②因果转折 but, yet, however, though, instead, still, in fact, as a matter of fact ... because, as, for, since, due to, result from, as a result, result in, thanks to,so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, lead to, contribute to ...,now
③正反对比 unlike, by contrast, in comparison, be compared with,however,unfortunately,now
④人观事论 Dr. xx say,.. the report suggests that ... the study shows that....
⑤事例前后 for example, for instance, such as, like,具体数据...
⑥特殊标点 :解释或总结 ——解释或补充说明 设问看答案;反问看本身
⑦修饰修辞 重复、倒装句、强调句...
⑧特殊句式
二、记叙文：主旨一般在首段和尾段出现 （扫读 重点关注首尾段 各段首尾句或第二句以及转折处句子）
第1篇
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]
首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子
每段有每段的中心句 这个中心句可能是全文主旨句 也可能只是本段的主旨 所以为了更全面把握主旨中心 需要每段都要扫读到
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read, using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]
既然是记叙文 一般就从首尾段找主旨
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
As a novelist, l've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy（盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library, Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can. [ 2020全国II卷D篇]
从首尾段提取主题词 可以快速缩小选择范围 提高准确率
即微观上要抓住主题词 那么主题词特征有以下几个
●反复高频出现
●绝大多数以名词为主 动词和形容词为辅
●出现时往往前有铺垫 后有解释说明
I和 library 就是反复出现高频词 并且说的就是I和library的关系
优先排除A和B 都属于无中生有
显然Young属于偷换概念 只有D 和主题词切合 并且逻辑关系是呼应的即I和library的关系
第2篇
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school
fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.[ 2018全国III卷D ]
首先先快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子
（每段有每段的中心句 这个中心句可能是全文主旨句 也可能只是本段的主旨 所以为了更全面把握主旨中心 需要每段都要扫读到）
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school
fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.[ 2018全国III卷D ]
提取首尾段
首先排除A 和D 显然文中没有提及 属于无中生有
文中是帮助孩子学习 而B的向孩子学习显然属于颠倒逻辑
答案C就是直接来自首段尾句
其实当文章自问自答 或者提出了问题 那么后面的回答就是文章的主题
三、科普类文章：主旨一般与研究结果或专家建议观点紧密相关
快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子 寻找观点结论
第3篇
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's challenging, or we think it's unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big advantages. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them."
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to look for an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their waiter reported higher positive (积极的) feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband." says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also."
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a greater sense of belonging (归属感), a relationship with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners." he says [2018II卷D篇 ]
通过每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子 找出观点结论性的词句
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, around by people who are, like us, deeply look at their smartphones or, worse, fighting with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's challenging, or we think it's unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big advantages.
Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them."
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to look for an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their waiter reported higher positive (积极的) feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband." says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also."
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a greater sense of belonging (归属感), a relationship with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners." he says [2018II卷D篇 ]
首段只是一个铺垫 而第二段but转折词后面信息才是关键信息，Small talk是在文中反复出现的高频词 文章结构属于总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释 科普类文章的一大特点 提出一个现象或问题 再提出观点结论 然后进行解释说明
首先就可以排除A和C 那么B和D 那个和主旨更切合呢 B和D结构相同 都是of结构 显然D文中并没有提到ways，而是反复在讲advantages
第4篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle- raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
Oh Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation- -not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts(支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a
living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. I could see them actually walking under the sea.' In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇 ]
快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子 寻找观点结论
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle- raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation- -not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts(支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a
living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. I could see them actually walking under the sea.' In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. [ 2020 全国III卷D篇 ]
显然首段的首句就是一种观点，第二句又用科学研究发现来进一步证实 另外evolution及近义词是反复出现的高频词 文章属于总分结构：总观点+分别解释
这道题难在出题者对选项答案进行了巧妙化处理 并没有直接使用文中的词句 故意进行了变换 增加了难度和迷惑性 不过可以先使用排除法 B选项skills文中并未提及属于无中生有，偏离文章主题 D 选项中的字眼Best绝对化 像这样的选项 除非文中明确指出来了，否则带有绝对性字眼的选项不要选 另外文中说的是better而非best C选项methods文中也未提到 属于无中生有
正面分析A 选项 关键词就是 remodeled 进行拆分 re-再次 -ed过去分词 表完成 状态 model 模式 模型 ——再模型化——重构 改型含义=evolution
出题者为了增加难度 往往把正确答案设定成原文词的同义词 近义词或短语
第5篇
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem lt's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal ' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that
annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）
快速扫读每段的首尾句或第二句及转折处句子 寻找观点结论
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem lt's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.
For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案). "We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers," says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal ' Basically, it's 'I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and..it's not a very nice thing at time. It's a hard business review of your product.
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach." And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. （2019全国IlI卷D篇）
首段提出问题 but转折之后的尾句才是关键信息 而第二段首句直接给出观点回答问题，NASA HUNCH是反复出现的词 典型的总分结构：铺垫+总观点+分别解释 提出问题 解决问题 解释说明
其实有时候归纳出文章主旨并不难，而难在出题人在选项上故意设置陷阱迷惑我们，刁难大家让你误入歧途 所以我们要紧紧抓住主旨去排除错误选项，选择正确选项 本文主旨说的是NASA的HUNCH项目与high school classrooms之间关系HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. 那么 首先可以排除A和C 因为A只讲了NASA 而后面的the home 纯属无中生有 而C选项Nature是属于偷换概念 用于代替NASA显然不对 另外文中也没有提及outdoor classroom
那么D中虽然有HUNCH 但后面讲的是大学准入改革 而HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. 说的是有影响并不是说HUNCH program就是准入改革 风马牛不相及
只有B选项提到了Space 与NASA有关对应 后面还提到homework与high school classrooms紧密相关对应 B选项同时把space和homework联系起来与文中主旨NASA与high school classrooms联系是呼应的 贴合的
总结
解主旨题 要把明确文章体裁 握住文章的行文脉络和结构 从每段首尾句或第二句及转折处句子找主旨段 主旨句 主题词从而归纳出主旨 还要紧扣主旨去选择和排除那么具有迷惑性的错误答案
另外明确了文章了主旨 对于读懂文章和做其他题型都有帮助 毕竟主旨对全文和所有的题都有统摄作用 作者不可能偏离主题去写文章 出题者也不可能偏离主题去出题细节题解题
一、解决三个问题
第一个：顺序问题
先题后文还是先文后题
利弊分析
先文后题 先题后文
利于把握主旨&态度 不利于把握主旨
阅读速度较慢 解题效率高
不利于对内容作预测 适合事实细节题
孰优孰劣 根据个人情况和试题特点而定
如果词汇基础好 阅读速度不错 可以先文后题
如果词汇基础弱 阅读障碍大 可以先题后文
一般来说试题先后顺序和文章段落先后顺序一致 即题文同序 不过有的主旨题比较特殊 需要对全文进行归纳得出 养成标示文章自然段习惯12345 方便题文对照
建议：不但细节题 其他题也最好是先阅读题干再带着问题去阅读文章 这样阅读就有针对性
第二个：文章信息分布不均衡问题
文章信息分布并不均等 而关键信息才是解题的关键 有以下几种信息需要优先关注
即先读重点
八大关键信息出处 分布情况
①首尾句 首尾段及各段首尾句或第二句
②因果转折 but, yet, however, though, instead, still, in fact, as a matter of fact ... because, as, for, since, due to, result from, as a result, result in, thanks to,so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, lead to, contribute to ...,now
③正反对比 unlike, by contrast, in comparison, be compared with,however,unfortunately,now
④人观事论 Dr. xx say,.. the report suggests that ... the study shows that....
⑤事例前后 for example, for instance, such as, like,具体数据...
⑥特殊标点 :解释或总结 ——解释或补充说明 设问看答案;反问看本身
⑦修饰修辞 重复、倒装句、强调句...
⑧特殊句式
特别提示 以上重要信息出处对所有题型都有效 不仅仅是细节题
要保持对以上关键信息标志词或短语的敏感度
关键信息处指的是80%往后看 20%往前看 最好是前后都要关注 但重点关注后面
第三个：两大技能
技能一：信息定位：从问题题干中筛选重要信息标记出关键词作为定位词 便于后续回原文定位
关键词定位 定位词
专有名词 用题干中首字母大写的人名 地名 组织机构名 年份等
主题名词 用题干中能体现该句主题或中心的名词
主题动词 用题干中能体现该句主题或中心的动词
生词难词 用题干中出现的生词、难词、长词
缩略词 用题干中的缩略词（一般会大写）
时间数字 用题干中表示时间的词或数字 序数词
特殊符号 用题干中带引号或连字符号的词
形容词、副词 用题干中形容词、副词及最高级
题文同序 根据题干与段落出现先后顺序一致性进行模糊定位
关键词的优先等级为：专有名词及数字（大写人名、地名、机构名等）> 普通名词、动词 > 形容词、副词
要保持对以上关键信息标志词或短语的敏感度
做题五大步骤：
第一步读题干找定位信息
第二步回原文定位
第三步长难句分析
第四步排除错误答案
第五步选定正确答案
第1篇
①When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever- increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地) .
②ln1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President.Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
③About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System-a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Programme has been called one of the most successful conservation programmes ever initiated. (2021全国I卷C篇 ]
What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
What 无效，无法帮助定位
Cause 低效，概括性太强，极易为隐藏信息
Waterfowl 高效，显眼,极小概率被替换
Population 有效，可能被具体数量替换
Decline 有效，可能被同义替换
North America 高效，显眼,极小概率被替换
①When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever- increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地) .
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
不但要定位到某一段 还要定位到这一段的某一句或某几句 要运用题干中的定位词来定位
当然还有一个关键信息词 unfortunately 表明前后对比，说明重要信息在后边
①When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever- increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地) .
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
如果你的词汇量只有初中水平 可以使用排除法 一一排除 答案A
还可以直面硬刚 通过信息处理直接得出答案 这就需要用到技能二了
技能二 信息处理：实质就是对复杂长难句进行句子成分结构分析 目的是找出主干 获得关键信息
（关键信息处）
表转折
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to
状语 形主 谓 间宾 状 形 直宾
定从
decimate a large part of these resources
主语（不定式短语/非谓语动词短语）
不定式 形 宾 后定（介宾短语）
介 形 宾
It takes sb sometime to do sth 从初中开始学校老师就告诉你这是固定搭配让你死记 非也
介宾短语=介词+宾语
非谓语动词短语=非谓语动词+宾语
不但句子 从句可以进行成分分析 短语也可以进行成分分析
着重从标点符号、从句引导词、非谓语动词、介词短语处拆分句子
Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly
主语 谓语 地点状语（抽象）（介宾短语）
ambitious sportsmen.
介 宾 后置定语（介宾短语）
Be killed at the hand/hands of...死于...之手
B of A 就是A的B
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever- increasing populations,
主语 谓语 目的状语（不定式短语）
不定式 形 宾
greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地) .
状语 结果状语（现在分词短语）
现在分词 宾
前后形成了因果关系
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
经过对以上信息处理我们就可以直接从最后一句得出答案 A
当然出题者依然使用套路来迷惑大家 在正确答案上绕了一个弯 我们要对正确答案和答案特征做到心里有数
注意：对于长难句，如果看一眼就能读懂，分清主干和枝叶，就不需要浪费时间去分析成分； 如果这个长难句是答案来源你又看不懂，最好还是分析一下成分，找出主干获得关键信息
二、总结:
㈠、信息定位三原则
够显眼：时间/地点/大写/数字/生僻词...
找实词：名、动、形
少重复：文中各处反复出现词无从定位 无效
㈡、解题步骤三步曲
第一步：找关键定位词 从题干中标出关键词作为定位词回原文定位
第二步：回原文定位
①回文定位到句：即用题中关键词回文定位相对简单，直接定位到了某一句话 也可以留意一下定位句的上一句和下一句，去看看有没有相关的人物观点或事件结论（人观事论）来进行解释说明
②回文定位到段/几句：即用题中关键词回文定位范围较大，无法直接定位到某句话，而是几句话甚至是一个段落
第三步：比对答案句和四个选项，排除错误选项，选出正确选项
㈢、正误选项特征
1、正确选项会有以下两种形式：
①信息改写
也就是正确选项会对原文进行改写，改写的方式包含以下三种，有时候这几种情况同时出现：同义词替换 、前后语序调整 、词性改写。
②信息概括
这种相对较难，正确选项是对原文的概括总结或者正话反说。一般是针对回文定位到几句或者一整段的题。
2、错误选项类型如下：
无中生有：原文找不到相匹配对象
以偏概全：原文和选项的范围不一致
扩大范围：选项范围大于原文
偷换概念：原文和选项的对象不一致
答非所问：选项信息本身正确，但和题目无关
正反混淆：原文和选项信息方向相反 南辕北辙
因果颠倒：原因和结果互换位置
东拼西凑：在原文截取不同句子的部分信息进行拼凑
练习应用
第2篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional ( 情感 ) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills".Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. lt refers to a person's positive qualities.
首先找出题干里的定位词
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
根据定位词回到原文定位 并且要对关键信息标志词敏感
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional ( 情感 ) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills".Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. lt refers to a person's positive qualities.
如果你词汇量只有初中水平 最好用排除法
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional ( 情感 ) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills".Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. lt refers to a person's positive qualities.
A选项与原文相反 ；B选项无中生有 原文没有提及 C选项以答非所问 本身是正确理解的而非误解 那么答案就是D
还可以直面硬刚 通过信息处理直接得出答案
介
Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a
定 主 状 谓 宾 宾补（介宾短语）
介 状 宾 后定 地状（介宾短语）
介
person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation,
定 宾 定从
主 谓 状语（介宾短语）
介 宾
confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills".
desirable /d 'za r b( )l/adj. 可取的, 值得拥有的, 合意的something that is considered a favorable outcome, see e.g. best response
makeup 组成 构造 延伸为性格 天性含义
把 emotional intelligence误解成everything desirable in a person's makeup such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills" 通过desirablecharacter, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills"得知 这些都是积极的因素 所以选D
出题者的套路 弯弯绕又来了：正确选项是对原文的概括总结或者正话反说
第3篇
1.Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
2.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触)with the ground at all times. lt's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
3."Like running, race walking is physically demanding, " she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories per hour.
4."However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, " Dr. Norberg says.
According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with eachstep.
5.As a result, " she says, "some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncommon among race walkers." But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, " she says. It takes some practice. [ 2020全国I卷C篇 ]
Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. lt's more effective in body building. D. lt's less likely to cause knee injuries.
从题干寻找定位词
1.Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
1.Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
2.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触)with the ground at all times. lt's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
3."Like running, race walking is physically demanding, " she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories per hour.
4."However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, " Dr. Norberg says.
According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with eachstep.
5.As a result, " she says, "some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncommon among race walkers." But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, " she says. It takes some practice. [ 2020
race walkers在文中反复出现 如果是主旨题这就是关键词 主题词 但对于细节题来说就是无效的定位词 那只能是conditioned atheletes 来定位 从而定位到第2段
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触)with the ground at all times. lt's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
1.Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C,They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
如果你有初中词汇量 只能用排除法了
A 选项答非所问 并没有指出原因 B选项无中生有 原文并未提及 D. 偷换概念 原文说要swing legs 但并没有说 be good at
通过排除法 得出答案C
还可以直面硬刚 通过信息处理直接得出答案
But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing
定 主 谓 宾从1
定 主 谓 宾 方式状语（介宾短语）
介 宾 后定（介宾短语）
介 宾
and one foot remain in contact (接触)with the ground at all times.
宾从2
主 系 表（介宾短语） 时状（介宾短语）
介 宾 后定（介宾短）
介 宾
lt's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity
定 定 主 强调句 谓 宾 定 定 宾补
This strange form makes race walking such an attractive activity
It is +被强调部分+that+其余部分 （英语写作中的高分句）
C选项special rules与原文的rules require相呼应
我们来看第二题
2.What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. lt's more effective in body building. D. lt's less likely to cause knee injuries.
从题干中找定位词
What advantage does race walking have over running
根据题文同序原则 第1和2 段 不要找 要去3 4 5这三段去找 并且找的是race walking 比running优势的地方 这时要结合关键信息八大定位来处理
3."Like running, race walking is physically demanding, " she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories per hour.
4."However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, " Dr. Norberg says.
According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with eachstep.
5.As a result, " she says, "some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncommon among race walkers." But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, " she says. It takes some practice
三段都出现了定位词和关键信息标志词 因为横跨三个段 跨度较大 需要进一步概括和信息处理
"Like running, race walking is physically demanding, " she says.观点1
比状（介宾） 主 系 状 表
介 宾
According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn
原因状语（介宾短语） 主 后定（现在分词短语） 谓
短语介词 定 宾 非谓语 状语（介宾短语）
副 连
about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn
状 定 宾 方状（介短） 非限制性定语从句
主 系 状 表 状 定 比较状语从句
walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1, 000 or more calories
非限制性定语从句
per hour.数据来说明观点1 主 状 谓 状 定 宾
方状
概括大意：观点是race walking 和running都要消耗体力，但消耗的卡路里不同并且race walking比 running消耗的少 显然这不是优势
as...as的知识点 同级比较 和...一样 （在英文写作中也是高分句）
She is as fat as me
副 形 介
She is as fat as I am
副 形 连
4."However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, " Dr. Norberg says.观点2
主 状 谓 宾 状 状 比较状语从句
介
According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight
原因状语 主 谓 宾 方式状语 （介宾短语）
状 状 宾（介宾短语）
后定（修饰four times）
per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body
主 非限制性定语从句 谓 状 状 宾 后定
weight with eachstep.数据来说明观点2
方状
概括大意：观点是race walking 撞击身体没有running那么厉害，runners遭受撞击是身体重量四倍而race walking遭受撞击是身体重量1.4倍 显然这是race walikng的优势
2.What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. lt's more effective in body building. D. lt's less likely to cause knee injuries.
但是四个选项没有一个提到撞击优势 显然这并不是出题者想要的答案 只好接着分析下一段
5.As a result, " she says, "some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are
结果状语 主 后定（介宾短语） 谓 宾 主 系
uncommon among race walkers." 观点3
表 抽象地点状语（介宾短语）
But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people
定 定 主 谓 定 宾 地点状语 主
with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.举反例说明观点
后定 谓 宾 地点状语
概括大意：观点是running会引起一些受伤 比如膝盖受伤 但这一伤害在race walkers中并不常见 接着通过反面举例说race walking会在脚踝和臀部产生相当大的压力 那么可知race walking优势在于不容易让膝盖受伤 但会在脚踝和臀部处受伤害
2.What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It's more popular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. lt's more effective in body building. D. lt's less likely to cause knee injuries.
根据分析再结合选项 只有D正确 A选项无中生有 B选项与原文不符 文中说的是race walking有优势也有劣势 C无中生有
总结
两大顺序 八大信息处 两大技能 两大清醒 五大做题步骤
1.先题后文 1.首尾段及首尾句 1.会找定位词 1.明白正确答案如何同义替换的 同义词替换 、前后语序调整 、词性改写 第一步读题干找定位信息
2.题文同序 2.因果转折 2.熟练句子成分结构分析 从标点符号、从句引导词、非谓语动词、介词短语处拆分句子 明白错误答案如何胡编乱造的 无中生有：以偏概全：偷换概念：答非所问：正反混淆：因果颠倒： 东拼西凑： 第二步回原文定位
3.正反对比 第三步长难句分析
4.人观事论 第四步排除错误答案
5.事例前后 第五步选定正确答案
6.特殊标点
7.修饰修辞
8.特殊句式
以上所有题型皆可适用 研读真题都要遵循推断题
一、题型分析
1、分类:
推理判断题 高级的细节题或隐藏的主旨题
观点态度题 积极的 支持的 赞同的
消极的 否定的 批评的
客观的 中立的
写作目的题 文章或者某段某部分写出来的目的 用意 企图是什么
文章出处题 文章可能来自哪里 比如报纸或哪个板块 杂志 纪录片
题干标志词：infer/learn about /imply/suggest/conclude/indicate...或者没有标志词
解题策略：
第一：立足原文，只推一步（高度忠实于原文 选项不能是对于原文的简单重复，也不能过度推断）换词改写 不能照抄原文 紧扣主旨不能脱离
误区：
①主观臆断，肆意揣测 防止以自己的观点代替作者的观点，以自己的经验、态度、喜好去判定
②由文中其他事实或证据推出结论，并非由主干向观众证据所得
第二：仔细分析题干和选项提供的信息，准确定位原文，研读线索信息
第三：除非文中明确给出否则选项中一般不可以出现绝对的词语或概念（always，never，absolutely等）
分类解析
第一类 表面上为推断题实际上是高配版的细节题
第1篇
If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people's e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. The 'if it bleeds' rule works for mass media," says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. "They want your eyeballs and don't care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer." [ 2016全国III卷D篇]
What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer
A. They're socially inactive.
В. They're good at telling stories.
C. They're inconsiderate of others.
D. They're careful with their words.
首先分析题干 infer这是个推断题 而后面的大写人名Debbie Downer可以帮助我们快速定位回原文 然后往前看 你会发现有个but 这显然转折之后就是关键信息，也是答案来源
But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.
时间状语从句 主 谓 状语 宾从
主 谓 宾 伴随状语 宾 主 谓
介 定 宾
But后面是个时间状语从句 我们重点分析主句信息you care a lot more how they react 那么care感彩是积极正面的 而Debbie Downer这样人显然与care相反
A中提到社交上事情文中并没有 偏离主题 风马牛不相及
B中good虽然属于积极一面，但文中也没有提到他们的擅长 优点
C中 in是否定前缀 ate是形容词后缀 含义为充满...的 那么inconsiderate就是不考虑 也就是不关心 和care正相反
D中careful是care形容词 感彩一致 并且文中没有说关心的是言词
解这题一是要定位准确 二是要理清其中逻辑关系和感彩
第2篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion(时状) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur -unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year", says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species(物种). It's destroying the environment. It's them or us.”says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of
Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—l think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.
Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her
creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
2. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan {2020全国II卷C篇}
A. It's formal.
B. It's risky.
C. It's harmful.
It's traditional.
根据题干定位词 地名和人名 可以快速定位到文中Morgan says....in New York这句话 这就是答案来源地
句中破折号后面I think...这句话是对前句的解释说明 那么显然前句才是关键信息句
To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them
目的状语（不定式短语） 同位语从句
不定式 间宾 定语 直宾 主 谓 宾（省to的不定式做can宾语）
Without伴随状语
定 宾（动名词短语）
动名词 宾 状语（介短）
介+宾
不定式表将来 说明Morgan says的是将来期待的事情 与现状是相反的 既然将来是期待穿皮草不被丢油漆 那么现状就是穿了会被丢尤其 另外从后面破折号解释时用的be going to 也说明是将来的事而不是现状
答案就显而易见了 穿皮草会被泼油漆 显然是危险的
解这题一是要定位准确 二是要理清其中逻辑关系和时间线
第3篇
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden
Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try, as is the knobbly(疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.[2016全国II卷C篇]
What can we learn about Decio
A. It is a new variety,
В. It has a strange look.
C. It is rarely seen now.
D. It has a special taste.
根据题干定位词Decio定位到it can be quiet...by the Roans 这句话 其中such as Decio说明后面是对前面的举例说明 那么前面句子就是关键信息
it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence
形主 谓 状 宾（不定式短语） 主语（不定式短语）
不定式 宾 定语（介宾）
介 定 宾 状语 定语（介短）
介 宾
调整语序
to see the range of classical apples still in existence can be quite an eye opener
看到classical apples（such as Decio）是相当开眼界 说明这些苹果并不常见 才会让你大开眼界 那么这时候答案就很明显了
另外也可用排除法
classical和Decio which was grown by the Romans 过去时 都说明很早就被罗马人种植的传统苹果 自然并不是什么新品种故排除A
Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try,
as is the knobbly(疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else
主 系 表 主 系 表 定 比较状语
这段话很有迷惑性 很多考生都栽在这里，其实as前后是不同的两句话，as 前面一句在说的是Decio 而后面说的是Cat's Head 另外一种苹果 这里的as引导的定语从句修饰Cat's Head 说明其knobbly的特征 后面which引导定语从句修饰Cat's Head进一步收说明其新奇性 故可排除B
D选项与原文 it doesn't taste of anything special相反直接排除
解这题一是要定位准确 二是要理清其中逻辑关系
第4篇
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the population of the world was hunter-gatherers, small, closely connected groups developed their own speech different from each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
5. What can we learn about languages in hunter-gatherer times
A.They were developing very fast.
В. They were similar to each other .
C. They were large in number.
D. They were closely connected.
根据题干定位词可定位到When the population of the world was hunter-gatherers, small, closely connected groups developed their own speech different from each other.这是一个时间状语从句
着重分析主句
small, closely connected groups developed their own speech different from each other
定 状 定 主 谓 定 定 宾 定 定（介短）
A可以排除 文中没有说语言发展很快
B中similiar显然与different相反
C 既然每个小groups都可以发展出自己的语言 那么可以推断出语言数量很多
D 文中说groups 是closely 而非语言 这属于偷换概念
当然如果不能直接推断出来也可以留意一下定位句的上一句和下一句，去看看有没有相关的人物观点或事件结论（人观事论）来进行解释说明 那么下一句Some language experts believe....中 12,000 languages 也能说明数量很多
解这题一是要定位准确 二是要理清其中逻辑关系
正误选项特征
1、正确选项会有以下两种形式：
①信息改写
也就是正确选项会对原文进行改写，改写的方式包含以下三种，有时候这几种情况同时出现：同义词替换 、前后语序调整 、词性改写。（不出现表实绝对概念的单词，如: absolutely, never, all, only等词。多用留有余地的单词: may, might, could, possibly, probably, often, usually, somet imes,等）
②信息概括
这种相对较难，正确选项是对原文的概括总结或者正话反说。一般是针对回文定位到几句或者一整段的题。
2、错误选项类型如下：
无中生有：原文找不到相匹配对象
以偏概全：原文和选项的范围不一致
偷换概念：原文和选项的对象不一致
答非所问：选项信息本身正确，但和题目无关
正反混淆：原文和选项信息方向相反
因果颠倒：原因和结果互换位置
东拼西凑：在原文截取不同句子的部分信息进行拼凑
第二类 表面上为推断题实际上主旨题
第5篇
While: famnous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the centerstage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize -which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture-on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award. Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (САA). His office is located at the
Xiangshan campus of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations. The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(J).
Wang's works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed, " he said.
Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, he said.
'Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are," said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined, with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said. [ 2018全国II卷C篇]
What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang
A. Spread them to the world В. Keep them at museums.
C. Teach them in universities D. Recreate them in practice.
根据题干中的Wang 我们会发现文章中很多地方都出现Wang 让人无从下手 那么我们就要去找关键信息 因为出题肯定在关键信息处 要求我们必须具备从文字海洋中跳出来高瞻远瞩，练就一眼识破关键信息的火眼金睛，增强对关键信息的敏感度
八大关键信息出处 分布情况
①首尾段及首尾句 首尾段及其余各段首尾句（个别会在第二句或最后一句）
②因果转折 but, yet, however, though, instead, still, in fact, as a matter of fact ... because, as, for, since, due to, result from, as a result, result in, thanks to,so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, lead to, contribute to ...,now
③正反对比 unlike, by contrast, in comparison, be compared with,however,unfortunately,now
④人观事论 Dr. xx say,.. the report suggests that ... the study shows that....
⑤事例前后 for example, for instance, such as, like,具体数据...
⑥特殊标点 :解释或总结 ——解释或补充说明 设问看答案;反问看本身
⑦修饰修辞 重复、倒装句、强调句...
⑧特殊句式
那么我们可以直接抓住以下三句话
In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, he said.
主 状 谓 宾 定从1 定从2
The study of traditions should be combined, with practice
主 定 谓 伴随状语
Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said
主 定 系 表1 表2
概括大意：传统本身也意味着一直在发展和创造中 并与实践并行 否则这种传统的再创造就是虚假的 空洞的
What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang
A. Spread them to the world В. Keep them at museums.
C. Teach them in universities D. Recreate them in practice.
这样可以直接选择D 出题者采用的是变换词性方式设定正确答案
本题考的其实是一个专家的观点：如何对待传统 也就是本文的主旨
主旨来自于：主旨段 主旨句 主题词或者高度概括
第6篇
Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifyingvoice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite," Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan. What l'm hoping to accomplish is that mu generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. lt's actually color, and it' s actually digital."
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. "The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same," says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party, Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music," says Moran. For me, it's the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion lie Are we, as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context," says Moran, So I want to continue those dialogue. Those are the things I want to foster.[ 2017全国I卷C篇]
8. What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
题干中人物Moran依然在很多地方出现 还是要抓关键信息because出现句子前后就是我们要重点关注的信息
It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same," says Moran.
Moran认为jazz 必须继续前行 因为世界在变化 那么只有C 选项贴合
也可用排除法
A 说jazz逐渐消失 显然与Moran观点相反 属于正反混淆 这道题很有迷惑性 原文中第一段提到 in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older 这是个事实但题干提问的是根据Moran观点可以得出什么而不是提问根据这一事实可以得出什么
B 其实选项也可以进行定位 我们根据black and white可以定位到jazz is not black and write anymore 显然也是属于正反混淆
D 根据选项定位到The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958 显然1908或1958并不代表50年就会有一次变化 属于无中生有
如果你是初中水平 读不懂文章想用排除法 除了可以用题干定位 也可结合使用选项定位提高效率
第7篇
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and lan Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring
plants can get these chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It's a plant's way of crying out. But is anyone listening Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don't know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn't a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There's a whole lot going on.
What can we infer from the last paragraph
The world is changing faster than ever.
People have stronger senses than before
The world is more complex than it seems
People in Darwin's time were more imaginative
回到最后一段，基本这一段没有阅读难度，大意都能读出来，再研究选项会发现 AC主语是the world 而BD主语是people 显然我们可以直接排除people 因为文中根本没有说people怎么样 其中B与原文Our senses are weak相反； D 的people imaginative与原文的Charles Darwin imagined 属于任意扩大范围 偷换概念
那么AC哪个贴合主旨？A是世界变化更快 C选项是世界比看起来复杂
根据人观事论 最后一段主要说的是达尔文的观点，达尔文认为世界比人们感知到的更加far busier, noisier and more intimate 高度表达了文章的主旨 答案显而易见了 C才对
其实我们也可以从各段首尾句或第二句也可以判断出C对 因为D 原文根本就没有提到 而是在讲植物受到攻击后的反应及与周边的交流 并且这种交流是怎样的 做了很多研究的科学家也不知道
所以那些结论性的 观点性的更加贴合主旨的选项才是正确答案
总之越是抽象 复杂的问题 无法定位 无从下手的问题 越要紧扣主旨来做解题 任何题型都要捋清文章行文脉络结构 抓住关键信息和紧扣主旨 因为主旨统摄全文
第三类：作者观点和态度题
做此类题时注意:
1、学会判断作者的措辞，弄清楚作者的情感态度，是褒是贬，还是中立。所以我们要关注与作者相关的形容词、副词和例子。
2、记住询问语气态度的题的选项里，常出现的褒义词有:
useful, interesting, enthusiastic (热情的)，admiring（令人钦佩的）
pos itive (积极的)，satisfied, friendly, optimistic (乐观的)等。
3、记住询问语气态度的题的选项里，常出现的中性词有:
Indifferent（一般的， 冷淡的)，concerned关心的，humorous, ambiguous (模棱两可的)，neutral (中立 的)，
ob ject ive (客观的)， matter-of-fact (实事求是的)，cautious (谨慎 的)，uninterested, unconcerned
4、记住询问语气态度的题的选项里，常出现的贬义词有:
disappointed (失望的)，critical (批判的)，negative,hostile (敌对的)，pessimistic (悲观的，ironic (讽刺的)等。
第8篇
one afternoon last week, I saw three tearful children from my son’s school being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year-old had stomach pains, retching (干呕) into 8 bowl. Talking to other mothers later, I heard about other chiIdren with stomachache or difficult sleeping the night before.
What caused so much pain Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive independent schooI, but not at a village primary school. For the chiIdren who can fly Iike the wind, sports day cause no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is nightmare (噩梦) . Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire schooI and their parents, it can prove a disease.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event. Perhaps an
afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be less stressful for the chi Idren and a lot more fun to watch.
1. What is the author’s attitude towards sports day
A. CriticaI.批评的 （贬义）
B. Neutral.中立的（中性）
C. Positive.积极的（褒义）
D.Ambiguous.含糊的（中性）
定位到最后一段的首句
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event
I wish 直接表明作者的态度
abandoned and replaced表明持有贬义的态度=CriticaI A选项
第四类：作者写作目的
这时要仔细阅读题干，明确问题考察角度
第一个角度：如果考查文章整体的写作目的，就要要看文章的体裁。
What ‘s the writer' s purpose of writing this passage
体裁：记叙文 说明文 议论文 应用文
第二个角度：如果考查细节目的类，看文章的定位句及其相关内容(观点 结论 理论等)。
The writer uses the example of.. to show that...
表达写作目的常用的动词:
explain (解释)，introduce (介绍)，sell (出售)，prove (证明) , encourage (鼓励)，call on (呼吁)，propose/ advise/ suggest (建议)， persuade (劝说)，comment (评论), criticize/praise (批评/表扬)， tell (讲述)， analyze (分析)，present (呈现)， show (展示)，attract(吸引),amuse (逗某人笑)，entertain (给...带来娱乐)
第9篇
Puns can be funny but they sometimes make important points. Here ' s a fashion tip: " skinny genes make skinny jeans : So don't worry if your jeans don't fit. Look at your parents!
4. In the last paragraph,that the fashion tip wants to express__
A. buy a tightfitting jeans can help you stay in shape
B. Your genes decide what jeans you I ike
C.it's your fami ly's fault to be too fat to put the jeans on
D. jeans consist of your different genes
skinny genes make skinny jeans 瘦的基因决定瘦的牛仔裤=基因决定体型和穿着
文中冒号：关键信息处对前面双关语进行进一步解释说明
A说是紧身牛仔裤决定体型 与原文基因决体型穿着相反 纯属颠倒是非 B 很有迷惑性 这里的Like偷换了fit 这个概念 属于偷换概念错误 D 一是无中生有 二是不符合常识 C贴合原文
第五类：文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的关键词、内容、结构和体裁来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等;广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认;产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，药品有服用时间、次数、药量等;来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强。
(1)旅游景点的介绍
来自Travel guide /travel brochure
(2)新产品介绍(包括影片、演出、课程、网站等)
来自ad/advertisement
(3)生活类(比如:健康、教育、时尚、名人、娱乐等)
来自maganize/journal（sections）
(4)科普和研究报告
来自science report/maganize
(5)活动介绍
来自notice/announcement
(6)文章前有时间、城市或通讯社名称一一
来自newspaper
(7)网络:来自网络的文章文体不限判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语，mouse (鼠标], post (帖子)，twitter, Youtube等 。
来自website
第10篇
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces . At present, these technologies are still expensive,though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low cost device (装置) that gets around this probIem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard...
Where is this text most Iikely from___
A. A diary.
B. A guidebook.
C. A novel.
D.A magazine .
标志性词汇：说明这一篇科普类文章=杂志
第六类：无从判断是什么推理题 甚至都无从定位
怎么办？依然要遵循抓住重点关键信息+紧扣主旨来解题
第9篇
1.You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans- -between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
2. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called Strawpocalypse," a pair of 10-foot- tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
3. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that S part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
4. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, "Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.
5. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. [ 2021全国II卷C篇]
What are Von Wong's artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
В. Introducing eco-friendly products.
Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
What are Von Wong's artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
В. Introducing eco-friendly products.
Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers
A. Calming
В. Disturbing
C. Refreshing
D. Challenging
捋清文章行文脉络结构 抓住关键信息 紧扣主旨来解题
通过快速扫读 可以看出文章行文脉络结构：首段先提出问题 然后给出答案表明主旨中心 接着其余各段都在解释说明首段
关键信息就在首段but之后，前面的都是铺垫，
But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
sculpture/'sk lpt /n. 雕刻, 雕塑 雕刻品 vt. & vi. 雕刻, 雕塑
out of 双介词=from 来自
He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use
主 谓 定 宾 地点状语（介宾短语） 目的状语（现在分词短语）
plastic products.
这里的目的状语表明艺术家企图和态度
10.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
В. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
根据主旨关注塑料废物环保的意识可以直接选C
也可以用排除法 A文中根本没有提到 属于无中生有 B与文中介绍的塑料垃圾正相反 D 文中指的是塑料垃圾 而这里的垃圾属于扩大范围
本题解题思路在于抓关键信息和紧扣主旨
11.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
В. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
根据主旨关注塑料废物环保的意识，可以直接选排除BC 因为只有A和D 在向人们传达环保积极信息切合主旨 回到第三段去找关键信息
首句Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled
尾句Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
都在说明recycle的难度 直接选A 而D替代物文中根本没有提到
本题解题思路在于抓关键信息和紧扣主旨
12.What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers
A. Calming 平静的
В. Disturbing 让人不安的
C. Refreshing 精神换发的
D. Challenging 有挑战性的
题干问通过当众将Truckload of Plastic倾倒进大海里会产生什么影响或效果 目的也是引起人们的关注和反思
从感彩上来说 只有B选项让人不安的符合主旨中心 A 平静 C令人耳目一新的；使人精神振作的 D 挑战 都不合适词义猜测题
题型分析：考察角度
①熟词生义/生僻难词
②短语
③句子
④代词: it/one/they/this/these...
解题思路
①根据文中解释说明猜测
②根据文中逻辑关系推测
③根据主旨中心统摄作用，围绕主旨中心猜测
有直接提示 ①文中解释说明 相同词性/变换词性+解释/逻辑+结构呼应找答案 （90%相同词性 10%词性变换）
②文中逻辑关系
无直接提示 ③文章主旨来统摄 归纳主旨找答案
根据解释猜测词义
文中属于解释类的标志
①是什么: be/be called被称为/be defined as被定义为/mean意思是/refer to指的是
②换言之: that is (to say)/in other words/ namely即...
③举例子: like, such as, for example/ instance ...
④标点符号:“——" ":”
⑤同位语，定语从句，插入语...对前面进行诠释或补充说明
解释说明 文字提示 ①是什么: be/be called被称为/be defined as被定义为/mean意思是/refer to指的是..
②换言之: that is (to say)/in other words/ namely即...
③举例子: like, such as, for example/ instance ...
语法结构提示 ④标点符号:“——" ":”
⑤同位语，定语从句，插入语...对前面进行诠释或补充说明
真题解析
[2021全国乙巻B篇]
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter(29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey(调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Admit.
В. Argue.
C. Remember.
D. Remark.
文中出现破折号 说明后面就是对前面的解释说明.concede词性是动词 那么就要找破折号后面的动词来对应
19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
主 谓 宾从
a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket.
主 谓 宾从
say与concede都是动词+两个句子结构上呼应
19 percent say（that）...正是对a third concede that...的具体解释 那么say与concede就是对等呼应的，从选项中找出与其意思最接近的就是答案
say/se /vt.说，讲；宣称，说明；认为，据说；发音，读；确信，确定（事实）；（对某人）意味着；表达，传达；指明，表明；假设，比如说；让某人做（某事）；复述，诵念；念，背诵；替（某人或某事）说好话（坏话）
argue/ ɑ ɡju /v.主张，认为；说服；争论，争辩；争吵；提出质疑；提出理由 重点含义在争论上（ 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。）In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statements typically used to persuade someone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion。
remark/r mɑ k/vt. & vi. 谈论, 评论vt. 注意到… 重点含义是评论上
admit/ d'm t/vt. & vi. 承认, 供认
答案A 意思最接近 concede=say=admit
当然可以把选项逐一代入原文替换看看是否符合语境和语义连贯 从而通过排除法来验证答案
[2020全国111 B篇]
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Il" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on" in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Listing completely.
完整地列出
B. Directing professionally.
专业地指导
C. Promoting successfully.
成功地推动
Watching carefully.
认真地关注
monitors是动词 那就要在解释说明中找动词来对应
One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.定语从句属于解释 对这个长难句进行拆分
One nonprofit organization is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.
主 谓 定 宾 时状
which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment
主 谓 宾 定 地状
Which monitors...引导的定语从句正是对 one nonprofit organization的解释说明，结构上呼应 monitors与keeping tabs on 都是动词属于对等呼应 从选项中找出与其意思最接近的答案为D选项 keeping tabs on=monitors=Watching carefully.
根据逻辑关系推测
文中属于逻辑类的标志
1.1转折关系but/yet/ however/while/ otherwise/ unlike/ instead/ rather than/unfortunately...
1.2因果关系 because/as a result（of）/the result/so/oe=owing to...
1.3对比关系 by contrast/ compare to/ on the contrary...
1.4递进关系 in addtion to/furthermore/besides/not only...but also...
1.5并列关系 属于并列结构上的解释说明
真题解析
[2017全国II卷C篇]
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
What does the underlined word displaced" in the paragraph mean
A. Tested.
B. Separated.
C. Forced out.
D. Tracked down.
Tested.测试 Separated.孤立 Forced out.驱赶 Tracked down.追踪
displaced是动词 那么就要去找动词来对应
but转折词表明前后含义对比不同的逻辑关系
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area
主 状 谓 状 状
but they were gradually displaced by human development
主 状 谓 状
seen here and there与 gradually displaced 结构上呼应 seen与displaced都是动词
前句说here and there 到处都有 那么but后必然是与到处都有相反情况出现 那么就可以直接排除A和D 进而比较B和C 只有C 更适合 not seen here and there=displaced=forced out
另外通过后面句子By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area是对but的进一步的举例解释说明
but they were gradually displaced by human development
wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area
词性相同 结构上呼应 displaced=disappeared=forced out
[2021新高考I卷C篇]
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
What does the underlined word decimate" mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire.
获得
в. Export.
出口
C. Destroy.
毁灭
D. Distribute.
分配
decimate是动词 当然要去找动词来对应
前后对比的标志词unfortunately 说明 前后含义对比不同
it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources
非谓动词+宾语
Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely
谓动 +宾语
之前是take care of ，之后不幸事发生了显然decimate是与take care of 相反的行为并且都是动词
to decimate a large part of these resources与 had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely结构上呼应
那么选项C 比较贴合 not take care of= decimate=Destroy
另外通过后面的句子
Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,greatly reducing waterfowl habitat
这两句是对Unfortunately的进一步举例解释说明kill、were dried、reducing都是动词 结构上呼应
kill、were dried、reducing=decimate=destroy 答案依然是C
[2020新高考I巻D篇)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
What does the underlined word beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters.
大吃大喝人
В. Overweight persons.
过重的人
C. Picky eaters.
挑食的人
D.Tall thin persons.
高瘦的人
beanpoles 是名词 那就要去找名词来对应
文中表示对比的词 contrary to 说明前后句是反向比较的
you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions
主 谓 宾 伴随状语
介 宾 定从
it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
主 系 表 后定 定从
句式变换you really need to avoid the beanpoles with big appetites
avoid eating with heavier people与avoid the beanpoles with big appetites结构上呼应并且the beanpoles与heavier people 都是名词且相反 对比选项 只有D合适 no heavier people=the beanpoles=Tall thin persons.
围绕主旨中心猜测词义
从核心关键词入手找答案；从主旨段 主旨句归纳或反复出现的词或短语
[2021天津卷B篇]
The poignancy (酸楚) of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
The underlined part leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as_____.
A. letting go of the past
放下过去
В. looking for a new job
寻找新工作
C. getting rid of a bad habit
摆脱坏习惯
D. giving up an opportunity
放弃机会
主旨中心句为段落最后一句话 I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind 其余都是对中心的举例说明 那么选项中最能体现中心的就是A 选项
[2021全国甲卷C篇]
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding,where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杠), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud,shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe!" probably mean
A. Be careful!
小心
B. Well done!
做的好
C. No way!
没办法
D. Don't worry!
别担心
文中safe meant cool.it meant hello.it meant don’t worry about it 是本段主旨中心 那么对比选项 只有B选项贴合主旨
总结:在文中努力找解释 找逻辑 找主旨来破解词汇题
[2019全国1I卷B篇]
Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano,Albaz, Marc Jacobs---and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hill.
What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean
A. learning from
学习
looking down on
看不起
C. working with
协作
D. competing against
竞争
Take on是动词 那就要找动词来对应
文中最后一句中的破折号和and的递进关系就是对前面的进一步解释说明
Jason Wu are taking on Galiano,Albaz, Marc Jacobs
主 谓 宾
---and beating them hands down in design and sales
非谓 宾
taking on 和beating ...down 都是动词且结构呼应
那么与beating them hands down 含义贴合的就是D taking on=beating ...down=competing against
[2018全国1卷C篇]
In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
Which of the following best explains dominant underlined in paragraph 2
A. Complex.
复杂的
B. Advanced.
先进的
C. Powerful.
强有力的
D. Modern.
现代的
文中such as 举例对前面进行说明
dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
dominant是形容词 答案四个选项也是形容词 但such as 后面句子中并没有形容词 显然这里出现了词性变换但含义不变的情况 能起到解释作用的就是动词taking over 那么take over 就是对dominant的诠释 take over 是接收；接管之意
那么对比选项C比较贴合 dominant=take over=Powerful.
大总结
在文中努力找解释 找逻辑 找主旨来破解词汇题
有直接提示 ①文中解释说明 相同词性/词性变换+解释/逻辑+结构呼应找答案 （90%相同词性 10%词性变换）
②文中逻辑关系
无直接提示 ③文章主旨来统摄 归纳主旨找答案
解释说明 文字提示 ①是什么: be/be called被称为/be defined as被定义为/mean意思是/refer to指的是..
②换言之: that is (to say)/in other words/ namely即...
③举例子: like, such as, for example/ instance ...
语法结构提示 ④标点符号:“——" ":”
⑤同位语，定语从句，插入语...对前面进行诠释或补充说明
逻辑关系 1.1转折关系but/yet/ however/while/ otherwise/ unlike/ instead/ rather than/unfortunately... 1.2因果关系 because/as a result（of）/the result/so/oe=owing to... 1.3对比关系 by contrast/ compare to/ on the contrary... 1.4递进关系 in addtion to/furthermore/besides/not only...but also... 1.5并列关系 属于并列结构上的解释说明
文章主旨 从关键信息处 核心关键词入手找答案；从主旨段 主旨句归纳或反复出现的词或短语阅读理解大总结
正确答案=定位+改写
等级 特征 应对办法
送分题 定位清晰+几乎不改写 仔细阅读
中等题 定位模糊+大规模改写 题文同序+定位词+关键信息+主旨+选项特征+改写手法
选拔题 定位模糊+大规模改写
第1篇
Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum
Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book. They end around 21:00.
November 7th
The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early civilengineers".
December 5th
Ice for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering, Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London's ice trade grew.
February 6th
An Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.
March 6th
y ts and A ts-Tham s Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.
Online bookings:www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book
More into:www.can lmuseum.org.uk/whatson
London Canal Museum
12-13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT
www.canalmuseum.org.uk www.canalmuseum .mobi
Tel:020-77130836
21.When is the talk on James Brindley
A. February 6th.
B. March 6th.
с. November 7th.
D. December 5th.
22.What is the topic of the talk in February
A. The Canal Pioneers.
B. Ice for the Metropolis
C. Eyots and its- Thames Islands
D. An Update on the Cotsword Canals
Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames.
A. Miranda Vickers
B. Malcolm Tucker
Chris Lewis .
Liz Payne
第2篇
1.The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say sunshine". I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part- particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold- weather root vegetables- was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.
2.The market, which was founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m., rain or shine, along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries, the red-painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck; and most of all, the tomatoes: amazing, large, soft and round red tomatoes.
3.Disappointed by many a broken, vine-ripened( 蔓上成熟) promise, I' ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless. But I homed in, with uncertainty, on one particular table at the Brown's Grove Farm's stand, full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal- and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn't be experiencing again for months.
4.Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown's Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where- luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. Without even seeing the menu, I knew I'd be ordering every tomato on it.
24: What did the author think of her winter life in New York
Exciting. 激动人心的
Boring. 无趣乏味的
Relaxing. 轻松自在的
D. Annoying.烦恼的
模糊定位：如果根据New York定位会发现直到第三段才出现，显然不符合题文同序原则，第1题到第三段才有答案 出题者一般不会这样出题，显然New York定位的地方并不是答案来源
这时根据题文同序和定位词winter life再结合选项特征 可以定位到首段首句找答案
The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter
The freezing Northeast+to spend time this winter是对winter life in New York改写
（改写无处不在，出题者对定位信息和答案都会进行改写）
答案改写：答案B boring是对no fun 的改写 并且是否定反义词的改写手法
如果词汇储备不足 使用排除法 把选项一一代入原文替换进行排除
25.What made the author's getting up early worthwhile
A. Having a swim.
B. Breathing in fresh air
С. Walking in the morning sun.
D. Visiting a local farmer's market.
本题依然是模糊定位：getting up early在原文中并没有出现，但是出题者对定位词进行了改写即最后一段的最后一句worth the early wake-up call. 并且结合关键信息but也可以定位到最后一句worth the early wake-up call.是对getting up early worthwhile的改写（改写无处不在，出题者对定位信息和答案都会进行改写）worth动词变成了worthwhile名词
but the best part- particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold- weather root vegetables- was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.定位信息+词性变换+同义复现的改写手法
答案改写：选项D Visiting a local farmer's market.是对adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market的改写
26.What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter
They are soft 质地柔软
They look nice 卖相好
They taste great 吃着很棒
They are juicy 多汁的
本题依然是模糊定位：tomatoes反复在文中出现不是一个好的定位词 还要结合sold New York和winter去定位 还有关键信息处（第1、2句和but处） 这样符合sold+tomatoes+New York+winter四个定位词的只有Disappointed by many a broken, vine-ripened( 蔓上成熟) promise, I' ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless.
I' ve refused to buy winter tomatoes for yeas改写tomatoes sold in New York in winter
定位信息句式主动变被动
答案改写：答案B they look nice 是对how attractive they look的改写
句式变换+同义复现的改写手法
what was the author going to that evening
go to a farm
Check into a hotel
Eat in a restaurant
Buy fresh vegetables
模糊定位：根据题文同序+定位词that evening+ 关键信息破折号—可以定位到最后一段的—I was planning to have dinner that very night.
定位词改写：that very night是对that evening 的改写
答案改写：选项C Eat in a restaurant是对have dinner的改写 同义复现改写手法
第3篇
1.Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory. There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programs reflecting the artist's showman qualities.
2.The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through thebrain.
3.The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限). From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras," explains the PompidouCentre.
4.The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.
Which of the following best describe Dali according to Paragraph 1
Optimistic 乐观的
Productive 多产的
Generous 大方的
Traditional 传统的
非常模糊定位：虽然题干说是第1段 但这么多句子无法马上定位到位，这时要结合关键信息首尾句和第二句以及选项特征来定位 显然根据选项特征分析都是对Dali这个人的高度概括反推到原文找出哪些句子是可以体现这些高度概括的，这就需要耐心的读一下。
第1句的most popular不能体现任何一个选项 接着读第2句an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more这一句是对选项B的体现 答案是B Productive 多产的
接着读第3句reflecting the artist's showman qualities.没有体现任何一个选项并且showman qualities说明很有创造力也从侧面提现了B选项Productive 多产的
答案改写：正确答案是对原句的高度概括的改写手法
what is Dali’s The Persistence of Memory considered to be
one of his masterworks 名作之一
successful screen adaptation 一次成功的银幕改编
an artistic creation for the stage 一个舞台艺术创作
One of the beat TV programs一个有节奏的电视节目
定位比较清晰：
Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory.
展览作品有两类一类是著作 一类是名著 后面指出the best pieces, most importantly是The Persistence of Memory这个著作那么反推一下
The Persistence of Memory=the best pieces, most importantly=masterworks
答案改写：one of his masterworks是包含The Persistence of Memory.的改写手法 这是一种包含与被包含的逻辑关系改写手法 这里答案是对原文的高度概括
30. How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali
A. By popularity.
B. By importance.
C. By size and shape.
D. By time and subject.
定位清晰：第2段第2句
The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through thebrain.
答案改写：exhibits是对exhibition改写 follows是对arranged改写 选项D是对 a path of time and subject的同义复现 这是词式变换（单数变复数）+句式（主动变被动）+同义复现的改写手法
总结
定位
方式 题文同序 定位词 关键信息 主旨 选项特征
文章顺序与做题顺序一致 题干定位词或改写 八大关键信息处 主旨段 主旨句 主题词（反复出现关键词） 四个选项结构 逻辑和含义
改写手法
否定反义词的改写手法
定位信息+词性变换+同义复现的改写手法
句式变换（主动变被动）+同义复现的改写手法
对原句的高度概括的改写手法
包含与被包含的逻辑关系改写手法
词式变换（单数变复数）+句式变换（主动变被动）+同义复现的改写手法阅读理解大总结
主旨与行文结构统摄法
明显主旨 关键词—主题词 反复出现词、短语及同义变换
关键句—主题句 观点 结论 句子成分与结构分析
关键段—主题段 主题句+解释说明+举例说明+总结
文章结构—行文结构 总分总/总分/分总/分总分/分总分总/小总1分+小总2分=大总
不明显主旨 主题词+主题句+各段主题归纳概括总结
细节服务于主旨 主旨统摄细节 避免把细节当成主旨
考试时阅读文章要把握主旨+行文结构而不是沉迷于每一个词每一个句都要读明白
当然平时分析试卷时还是要把文章中不熟悉的生词和复杂句子搞明白
第1篇
My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn't fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day late, when I saw : newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy- -five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn't got any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
My color television has given me nothing but a headache 首句就是主题句
其余都在解释说明
分清题干问的是主旨还是细节
[2015全国II] B
Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self- -conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places - and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
3.Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, peqple who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.
4.Don't forget the clock-or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
5.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10- inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short. wide glass than a tall. skinny glass.
25. The text is especially helpful for those who care about
A. their home comforts
B. their body shape
C. house buying
D. healthy diets
28. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Is Your House Making You Fat
B. Ways of Serving Dinner
C. Effects of Self-Consciousness
主旨句
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
=Open the curtains and turn up the lights+Mind the colors+Don't forget the clock-or the radio+Downsize the dishes.
figure
/'f g / /'f ɡj /
n. 图形；数字；（人的）体形；人物；画像；价格
vi. 出现；计算；扮演角色
vt. 描绘；计算；认为；象征
词汇阅读理解的基础=拼写+发音+各种词性+各种含义
行文结构 总=分1+分2+分3+分4
写作布局 主题句
主旨 第1段 总 Your house may have an effect on your figure Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
行文结构 第2段 分 Open the curtains and turn up the lights.
第3段 分 Mind the colors.
第4段 分 Don't forget the clock-or the radio
第5段 分 Downsize the dishes
我们抓住了主旨 很多题都会迎刃而解
25. The text is especially helpful for those who care about
A. their home comforts
B. their body shape
C. house buying
D. healthy diets
直接选B项 shape是对主题词figure的同义改写
28. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Is Your House Making You Fat
B. Ways of Serving Dinner
Effects of Self-Consciousness
Is your home environment relaxing
本身就是主旨题 考查文章主旨 直接可以选A项 因为只有A才与主题词house和figure最贴切 D选项将relaxing与主题figure风马牛不相及
[2014辽宁] A
1.A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops(笔记本电脑).
2.Students are increasingly using laptops for note taking because of speed and legibility(清晰度). But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.
3.Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes mindlessly" by taking down word for word what the professors said.
4.In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.
5.The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.
6.The researchers' report said, While more notes are beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears."
7.In another experiment aimed at testing long term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam. These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
24. The passage is likely to appear in
A. a newspaper advertisement
B. a computer textbook
C. a science magazine
D. a finance report
提出一个论点（主旨）
第1段 提出一个论点（主旨）
A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops
第2段the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.承上对主旨解释说明
Researchers performed experiments 启下用两个实验来论证
第4 5 6 段In the first experiment讲第一个实验
In another experiment aimed 讲第二个实验 并且最后一句得出结论呼应首句主旨进行总结
These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
写作布局 主题句
主旨 第1段 总 A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops
行文结构 第2段 分 the research has found....承上
第3段 分 Researchers performed experiments.... 启下
第45 6段 分 In the first experiment
第7段 总 These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
24. The passage is likely to appear in
A. a newspaper advertisement
B. a computer textbook
C. a science magazine
D.a finance report
文章来源题 根据主旨和主题词study research experiment 可以直接选C项
CD篇
问题分析
体裁较难：说明文或议论文
出题者往往会隐藏主旨 复杂化行文结构来迷惑考生增加难度
总体思路：抓住主旨+理清行文结构+跳读例子和解释说明
思路 明显 不明显
抓住主旨 八大信息关键处 主题段 主题句 主题词归纳总结
行文结构 模式 特点
篇章结构 分总分总 铺垫引子（背景知识/特殊经历/相关或相反内容）+主旨观点+分别论述+总结呼应
分总分
问题分析型 现象+分析+观点
观点解释型 观点+举例解释+结论
每段结构 总分型/分总分型 开头总观点+后面分别解释说明
先抑后扬型 先说一个观点接着否定新说一个观点
推导递进型 ...therefore...however...so...but...反复的反转 这时就要全面的去看待 不能以偏概全
跳读 文章要读不可全读 关键信息处要重点读着重分析 例子和解释说明可扫读忽略：数字 大写字母 人名 地名 组织名等 专有名词
八大关键信息出处 分布情况
①首尾句 首尾段及各段首尾句或第二句
②因果转折 but, yet, however, though, instead, still, in fact, as a matter of fact ... because, as, for, since, due to, result from, as a result, result in, thanks to,so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, lead to, contribute to ...,now
③正反对比 unlike, by contrast, in comparison, be compared with,however,unfortunately,now
④人观事论 Dr. xx say,.. the report suggests that ... the study shows that....
⑤事例前后 for example, for instance, such as, like,具体数据...
⑥特殊标点 :解释或总结 ——解释或补充说明 设问看答案;反问看本身
⑦修饰修辞 重复、倒装句、强调句...
⑧特殊句式
平时备考策略
研读外刊时文 从源头熟悉文章
词汇积累 尤其生词 同/多义词 生僻词 高频词 词性变换 熟悉替换改写手法
八大信息出处要敏感 多背多标
熟练长难句成分与结构分析
明确正确选项如何改写的 错误选项如何设置的
抓主旨+行文结构+扫读跳读训练
7、记录反思总结自己的错误思路并和正确思路比较看出差别从而找到努力方向
[2020-全国卷III阅读C]
1.With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独) , more families are choosing to live together.
2.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three- storey Victorian house in Bristol - - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
4."We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house," says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: "We spoke more with Nick becauseI think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law."
5.And what does Nick think "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would."
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
7.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25 - - 34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
8.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
What is the text mainly about
Lifestyles in different countries.
Conflicts between generations.
A housing problem in Britain.
A rising trend of living in the UK.
写作布局 主题句
主旨 第1段 总 提出一现象：more families are choosing to live together
行文结构 第2345段 分 举一个家庭的生活例子来说明这一现象
第67段 总 数据说明the numbers have been rising for some time/ Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common呼应第一段
第8段 分 据其他国家例子说明where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted
11.What is the text mainly about
A.Lifestyles in different countries.
B.Conflicts between generations.
C.A housing problem in Britain.
D.A rising trend of living in the UK.
根据主旨more families are choosing to live together和行文结构就可以直接选出D项 文章讲的就是多代家庭生活在一起的现象 A.第8段虽然举了印度但这一例子也是为了说明where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted而不是说不同国家的生活方式 B项文中并没有说冲突无中生有 C项也没有说住房问题也是无中生有
2020全国I卷D
1.The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
2.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MlT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they' re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. " We re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
3.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team tound that thev could create a faint light for three- and- -a-half hours. The light, about one- -thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
4.in the future. the team hopes to develop a version Of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one- -off treatment that would last the plant' s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off switch wnere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
5.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) -such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway- -a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
6.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution- -free
写作布局 主题句
行文结构 第1段 铺垫引子 The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects.指出长久以来人和植物之间联系是科学研究的对象
第2段 主旨 总 The engineers have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions.工程师改变植物成分让其具有多样的不同寻常功能
第3段 进一步具体化主旨 小总 One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables 其中一项工程就是用普通蔬菜让植物发电发光
第4段 分 in the future. the team hopes to develop a version Of the technology...将来工程团队要发展新的植物技术让植物能有开关功能
第5段 分 通过举反例传统灯光长距离输电损耗说明光照在美国电能损耗占比7%
第6段 呼应主旨 总 Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.植物发光可以解决降低长距离输电损耗进而节省能源
这篇文章很具有迷惑性 第一段并不是主旨 而是一种铺垫只是为了引出下文的主旨
这是出题者有意为之 就是让考生误以为第一段就是主旨 然而我们根据行文结构分析发现 从第二段开始文章转向写植物发光问题 并且plants glow这一关键词反复出现说明是主题词文章是围绕plants glow展开的
所以一定要从文章总体和行文结构上分析各段在文中的作用和内在联系，进而把握主旨
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution- -free
分一下这道题答案态特征 都出现了 glowing plants并且都是对此进行提问，哪一个提问更适合做标题揭示文章主旨呢
A选项 grow更多glowing plants 而文中并没有提到要种植更多的发光植物而是说发光植物优点
B选项 how live with glowing plants而文中并没有提到如何与发光植物相处问题而是说发光植物的价值
D选项glowing plants made pollution- -free而文中并没有提到发光植物免污染功能
C选项与最后一段呼应Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy正好能回答Could glowing plants replace lamps
总结
考试时一要站在文章主旨和行文结构高度上解读文章和做题 多标记主题段 主题句 主题词
要建立整体宏观思维 不要沉迷于一词一句的解读
要森林和树木一起看 着重从森林角度看树木
避免只见树木不见森林 避免把细节当成主旨来看
当然平时备考分析试卷时不但要分析主旨和行文结构还是要把文章中不熟悉的生词和复杂句子搞明白

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