2025届高考英语复习之新高考一轮语法复习(基础A版)学案(含答案)

资源下载
  1. 二一教育资源

2025届高考英语复习之新高考一轮语法复习(基础A版)学案(含答案)

资源简介

高中英语:新高考
一轮语法复习(基础A版)
定语从句知识点整理总结
01定义
定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的
例如,a good book, good就是定语
那么在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句
句型结构
①先行词:被定语从句修饰的词
②关系代词或关系副词(关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的某个成分。)
③定语从句:一般放在先行词的后面
The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。
02关系代词或关系副词的具体用法
1、The student we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
2、We saw the student is the best runner in our school just now.
3、She has a brother name I can not remember
4、The club members are music fans meet in the school
garden every Saturday afternoon.
翻译5、我们认为你是那个我们可以获取到建议的人
(expect advice from)

翻译6、爸爸是那个我可以很容易交谈的人(talk to)

7、It rained the whole day he traveled with his family.
8、This is the reason my parents got home earlier.
9、The study is the place I often have talks with my father.
1. that的用法
由关系代词that引导的定语从句的先行词是人或物。
that在其后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语。
主要特点:
① that在定语从句中作主语时不可以省略,作宾语时可以省略。
②不引导非限制性定语从句。
③that前不加介词。
2. which的用法
由关系代词which引导的定语从句的先行词是物。
which在其后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语。
主要特点:
① which在定语从句中作主语时不可以省略,作宾语时可以省略;引导非限制性定语从句时不能省略。
②which既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。
③which的前面可以有介词。
④which有时可以指代前面句子的全部或部分意思,意为“这一点……”,此时,which引导的定语从句通常位于主句的后面。
3. who的用法
由关系代词who引导的定语从句的先行词是人。who在其后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语。
4. whom的用法
由关系代词whom引导的定语从句的先行词是人。whom在其后面的定语从句中作宾语。
主要特点:
①whom前可以有介词。
②whom在定语从句中可以省略,但其前若有介词时,则不能省略。
5. whose的用法
关系代词whose为关系代词who的所有格形式,用作名词的限定语,whose引导的定语从句既可为限制性的,也可为非限制性的。
先行词既可为人,也可为物。
whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可作主语及动词或介词的宾语。
主要特点:
①whose后必须接名词,相当于“the+名词+of which/whom”。
②whose前可以有介词。
6. as的用法
as也可以用作关系代词,引导定语从句。
主要特点:
①主要与such和the same连用,例如:
We have such books as you never read.
This is the same cellphone as I bought yesterday.
②as还可以单独引导定语从句,意为“正如……,正像……”,先行词是主句的整个句子,as引导的定语从句可位于句首、句中或句末。
7. where的用法
由关系副词where引导的定语从句的先行词一般是表示地点的名词或普通名词。
where在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词+which”。
注意:
①若表示地点的名词在后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语,用that/which引导定语从句,而不用where。
②普通名词,如:position, stage, situation, case, activity等在后面的定语从句中作地点状语时,用where引导定语从句。
8. when的用法
由关系副词when引导的定语从句的先行词一般是表示时间的名词。when在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。
注意:若表示时间的名词在后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语,用that/which引导定语从句,而不用when。
9. why的用法
由关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词是表示原因的名词reason。why在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于for which。
注意:若先行词reason在后面的定语从句中作主语或宾语,用that/which引导定语从句,而不用why。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
01 who whom whose which as when where引导的非限制性定语从句
1、Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
2、Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
3、The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
4、These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
5、She is an artist,which I am not.
她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
6、Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
② which指代主句中的形容词。
7、She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。
8、He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。
④ which指代整个主句。
9、In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
10、He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
11、They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
12、He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
13、He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
02 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词,而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.
这些邻居是北京来的,昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。
“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地,其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
He textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty percent of whom are women.
这家纺织厂有8千多职工,女职工占百分之八十。
1、who/whom/that/此处可省略关系词
2 、who
3、4 Whose(Whose在从句中充当定语,可以指代人和物)
5、We thought you were such a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
6、Dad is a person whom /that/who I can easily talk to.
7、when/on which
8、Why/for which
9、Where/in which
句子成分知识点整理总结
今天我们来讲英语的句子成分,主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语
01主语
主语(subject):主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
My mother is good at playing the piano.
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
02谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,即说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词充当.动词常分为实义动词,系动词,情态动词和助动词.谓语动词有人称和数的变化。
She cleans her room every day.
His mother was saved.
03表语
表语位于系动词之后,与系动词一起构成复合谓语。用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
Her job is to teach English.
My brother‘s hobby is playing football.
宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面,分别称为动宾和介宾。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或者结果,一般指物,间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,一般指人。名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式、动名词形式、从句等都可以做宾语。
She enjoys reading.
I don't believe what he said.
She found it necessary to learn a foreign language.(it作形式宾语,真正的宾语为后面的不定式)
She gave me two books.=She gave two books to me.
此处语法点:give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb.
04定语
定语是用来描述名词或者代词的修饰语,它常和名词一起构成名词短语,定语有前置定语和和后置定语,前置定语多是单词的形式,后置定语多是短语或者从句,定语一般由代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语来充当
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词)
Her brother is a teacher.(代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语)
She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句)
05状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的句子成分, 说明方式、 原因、结果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方式、程度、目的、伴随情况等。可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。(位置灵活,句首,句中,句末都行)
I will be back in a while. 时间状语
They are playing on the playground. 地点状语
He was late because he got up late. 原因状语从句
I got up so late that I missed the train. 结果状语从句
06宾语补足语:
位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。
The story made us happy.
这类常用的及物动词有 :
make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let.
同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语,对前者加以说明的成分。(后者就是前者)
We young people should respect the old. 名词
He himself will do the experiment. 代词
He told me the news that our team won the game. 同位语从句
动词语态知识点整理总结
主动语态和被动语态的概念
先看两个例句:
1.Many people speak English.
2.English is spoken by many people.
第1句是主动语态,表示主语是动作的执行者。即speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。第2句是被动语态,表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。主语English是动词speak的承受者。
英语的谓语动词有2种语态:主动语态和被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者,后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
1.一般现在时:am/is/are+taught
Many trees are planted on the street every year.
每年在街道上种很多树。
2.一般过去时:was/were+taught
When was the mobile phone invented?
手机是什么时候发明的?
3.一般将来时:will/shall be+taught
A new park will be built in our hometown next year.
明年我们的家乡将建一个新公园。
4.现在进行时:am/is/are being+taught
The computer is being repaired now.
现在电脑正在修理
5.现在完成时:have/has been+taught
Many children in Britain have been allowed to have their own bank cards.
很多英国的孩子被允许有自己的银行卡.
6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+taught。
The book in the library should be taken good care of.
图书馆的书应该好好保管。
7.过去完成时:had been+taught
Before you come,the meeting had been cancelled.
在你来之前会议已经取消。
8.过去将来时:would/should be+taught
He said Mr Brown would be sent to work in Shanghai.
他说布朗先生将被派到上海去工作
9.过去进行时:am/is/are being+taught
An operation was being operated on her then.
那时她正在接受手术。
特殊形式的被动语态
1.不定式的被动结构
今天有很多工作要完成
There is a lot of work to be down today.
2.短语动词的被动结构
将含有短语动词的主动句转为被动句时,原短语动词中的介词或副词不能遗漏。
常见的这类短语动词有:take care of,look after,take off,look at,listen to,laugh at等。如:
She is looking for you now.
→You are being looked for by her now.
They laughed at him at the meeting.
→He was laughed at by them at the meeting.
They have sent for the doctor.
→The doctor have been sent for.他们去请医生了。
3.带双宾语动词的被动结构
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:
My mother gave me a watch on my birthday.
→I was given a watch (by my mother) on my birthday.(间接宾语作了主语)
A watch was given to me (by my mother) on my birthday.(直接宾语作了主语)
4.[see sb.do sth.]句型改为被动语态应注意的事项
在[see(hear,make,let,watch,etc.)+宾语+动词不定式(省略to)]的句型中,被动语态须将不定式形式补齐,即加上to。如:
He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.
→The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.
Mother never lets me watch TV.
→I am never let to watch TV by mother.
5.含有宾语从句的被动结构
常用形式主语it替代被动句的主语,变成
“It is +过去分词+原来的宾语从句”的结构,有时还可以变为“sth/sb+过去分词+to do”的结构
They say Tom is a handsome boy.
→It is said that Tom is a handsome boy.
→Tom is said to be a handsome boy.
据说汤姆是个帅哥。
何时使用被动语态
1.不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:Some new bikes were stolen last night.一些新自行车在昨晚被盗了。(不知道自行车是谁偷的)
This house was built in 1981.这座房子竣工于1981年。
2.强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The glass was broken by Tom.玻璃杯是汤姆打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你的家庭作业必须及时完成。
3.动作的执行者是无生命的事物
许多房屋在地震中倒塌了
Many houses were destroyed in the earthquake.
4.出于礼貌,不提出动作的执行者
请您准时到这里来
You' re requested to get here on time.
主动语态变被动语态的方法
1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2.把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。
例如:All the people laughed at him.
→He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
→The bikes are made by them in the factory.
He cut down a tree.
→A tree was cut down by him.
【注意】
1.主动语态和被动语态的动词时态应保持一致
He bought a new car last month.
→A new car was bought by him last month.
2.含有被动意义的[have/get+宾语+过去分词]
I had(got) my hair cut.我请人给我理了发。
He had his money stolen.他的钱被人偷了。
Mike had his leg hurt while playing the game.麦克在玩游戏时腿受伤了。
3.谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
某些感官动词 look smell taste feel sound prove
The idea sounds great.这个主意听起来不错
某些表示主语特征、状态的动词 wash write sell read open cut shut keep等
That book sells well.那本书卖得很好
某些表示开始结束的动词 start begin open close stop end等
The meeting ended at 7:30.会议于7:30 结束了
某些表示“发生”“爆发”“传播”的不及物动词 如happen,take place, occur ,break out,spread等
Suddenly,the fire broke out.忽然,火灾发生了
4.非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
某些表示“需要”之意的动词,如need want require
表示“需值得”之意的动词,如deserve, be worth后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
非谓语动词语态知识点整理总结
非谓语动词是指动词在句子中不独立作谓语时采用的形式,包括
不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)
动词不定式的用法
不定式的基本构成是“ to +动词原形 ”有时候可以省略不定式符号to,否定形式是“ not + to +动词原形 ”
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词3大特征,在句子中可以作以下成分:
1、作主语
It is +名词+ to +do sth.句型
It is our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
保护环境的清洁是我们的职责。
2、作表语,表示主语的具体目的和内容等
Her wish is to become a singer.
他的愿望是做一名歌手。
3、作宾语
①一些谓语动词后只能跟不定式作宾语:afford,agree,decide,determine,expect,hope,manage,refuse,want,believe,wish,offer,pretend,promise,care,choose,demand,fail,arrange等
②在find ,think 后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it替代,而将真正的宾语放在后面。
I find it hard to learn English well.我发现学习英语很难。
4、作宾语补足语
①可以用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask,tell,invite,get,allow,want,expect,advise,order等
My parents often tell me not to eat too much junk food.
我父母常常告诉我不要吃太多垃圾食品。
②可以用“to be +形容词”做宾补的动词有consider,think,believe,suppose,know,feel,find,take等
5、作状语
①All the Chinese people must work hard to realize China Dream.
为了实现中国梦,所有的中国人都需要努力工作。(目的状语)
②用在sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad等词后面(原因状语)
I am sorry to be late again.我很抱歉又一次迟到了。
③The room is large enough to hold 1000 people.
这个房间足够大,可以容纳1000人。
6、作定语,需放在被修饰的词后面
①不定式和它所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系
Have you got anything to do this evening?
你今天晚上准备做些什么呢?
②不定式补充说明它所修饰的名词或者代词的内容,相当于同位语
Mo yan is the first Chinese to win the Nobel Literature Prize.
莫言是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国人。
③如果不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有相应的介词,但当修饰名词 time ,place,way时,其后介词常省略
We are looking for a place to lie(in).我们在找躺的地方。
动名词的用法
动名词是由动词原形+ing 构成,有动词和名词的特征,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等,不可以做谓语。
在句子中可以做以下成分:
1、作主语
Studying abroad can be a good experience.
留学是一种很好的经历。
His not knowing English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
他不懂英语,这给他带来许多麻烦。
(动名词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数)
2、作宾语
I regret telling her the truth.
我后悔告诉她事实真相了。
I strongly object to your delivering the speech.
我强烈反对你发表讲话。(作介词宾语)
3、作表语
Our only worry is George’s overestimating himself.
我们唯一担心的就是乔治高估了他自己。
4、作定语,放置于所修饰的名词前,表用途,所属等
动名词固定搭配
1. consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
2. practice doing sth. 练习做某事
3. imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
4. finish doing sth. 完成做某事
5. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
6. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
7. keep doing sth. 一直做某事
8. put off doing sth. 推迟做某事
9. admit doing sth. 承认做某事
10. suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
11. risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
12. advise doing sth. 建议做某事
13. allow doing sth. 允许做某事
14. avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
15. appreciate doing sth. 感谢做某事
16. delay doing sth. 拖延做某事
17. deny doing sth. 否认做某事
18. escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事
19. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
20. discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事
21. excuse doing sth. 原谅做某事
22. fancy doing sth. 想象/喜爱做某事
23. mind doing sth. 介意做某事
24. mention doing sth. 提及做某事
25. forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
26. miss doing sth. 错过做某事
27. prohibit doing sth. 禁止/阻止做某事
28. permit doing sth. 允许做某事
分词(过去分词)的用法
动词过去分词的形式表示已经完成的或被动的动作。动词的过去分词具有动词的属性
1、作表语
①及物动词过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系 ,表示主语的状态,即表示被动,又表示完成。
例:The vase is broken.
花瓶破了。
②不及物动词过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成。
例:Mary is retired.
玛丽已经退休了。
2、作定语
做定语的过去分词相当于形容词,逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词做主语,即表被动又表完成。不及物动词的过去分词做定语,只表示完成。
We only sell used books in our bookstore.
我们只卖用过的书。
The Talent Show given by their friend was success.
他们的朋友举办的才艺秀取得了成功。
3、作宾语
I heard the song sung in French.
我听别人用法语唱过这首歌。
4、作宾语补足语
I‘ll have my car mended.我要去修车子。
分词(现在分词)的用法
1、作表语
The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。
2、作定语
The woman selling books is his mother.
卖书的那个人是他的妈妈。
3、作状语
He stood there for an hour watching the game.
他在那儿站了一个小时看比赛。
4、作宾语补足语
Don‘t keep us waiting for you.别让我们等你。

展开更多......

收起↑

资源预览