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语法精讲——定语从句
定语从句
知识点01 概念及句型
概念:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词，叫作先行词。从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，引导定语从句，同时又代替先行词，作定语从句的一个成分。
【句型剖析】I like music that I can dance to.
该句中that I can dance to是定语从句，music为先行词，that是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词music，that不能译为“那那个”的意思，而是先行词music的意思，在定语从句中作宾语。如将该句分成两个句子，主句为I like music，从句还原成一个句子为I can dance to music。其中that代替了I can dance to music中的music，在定语从句中，that是关系词被放到从句最前面，起引导作用。整句译为：我喜欢我能跟着跳舞的音乐。
注意：1关系代词和关系副词不能译为它本身的意思。
2定语从句翻译时译在先行词前面，译为：“…的”。
知识点02 由关系代词引导的定语从句
概念:关系代词引导定语从句，代替先行词，并在句中充当主语宾语定语等主要成分。
【句型剖析】常用的关系代词有：who（指人，作主语或宾语）；whom（指人，作宾语）；whose（通常指人或物，作定语）；which (指物，作主语或宾语)；that （指人或物时，作主语或宾语）。例如：
1)The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One.
正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
2）He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
3）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
4）This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
知识点03 关系代词的省略
【句型剖析】关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如：
1）The man (that/whom/who) you know is a famous professor.
你认识的那人是一个知名教授。（中间的引导词that/whom/who可以省略，上面例句中第二句第四句的引导词也可以省略）
2）This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. 这是我正在找的手表。
知识点04 关系代词的位置
【句型剖析】关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，视介词的位置而定。例如：
1）This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。（关系代词在从句中作介词with的宾语，第一句with放在从句中动词的后面，前面关系词可用whom who 或that，第二句中with放在先行词和从句之间，只能用关系词可用whom。）
2）The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
注意：1若介词放在先行词与从句之间，即关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who，that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that，此时whomwhich不能省略。
2定语从句中谓语动词如果是“动词+介词”构成的短语动词，一般不把这样的介词提到关系代词前。例如：
He has a little son (whom/that) he has to look after. (句中look after短语动词，after不能放在whom/that的前面，我们不能这样说：He has a little son after whom he has to look.)
知识点05 只用that作关系代词
【句型剖析】只用that作关系代词的场合
1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, something, none, all, the one等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。例如：
1）Tell us everything that you know, please.请告诉我你知道的事。
2）Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能为你做的事吗？
3）I’ve read all the books that you gave me.我已经读了你给我的所有的书。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。
2当先行词被序数词修饰时或被形容词最高级修饰时。例如：
1）This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.这是我看到过的最长的桥。
2）The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3先行词既包括人又包括物。例如：
1）He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.他谈论他曾经拜访过的老师和学校。
2）Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned 你能记得我们学过的那个科学家和他的理论吗？
4先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰的定语从句。例如：
1）He is the very person that the police are looking for.他是警察寻找的那个人。
2）This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 这是我想买的那本好字典。
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。
5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。例如：
1）Who is the man that came this morning 谁是今天早上来的人？
2）Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 最适合我的T恤是那件？
知识点06 只用which作关系代词
【句型剖析】只用which作关系代词的场合
1若介词放在先行词与从句之间，即关系代词前，指物时只可用which。例如：
1）The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
2先行词为that, those时，引导词用which。例如：
1）What’s that which was put in the car 放在车子里面的东西是什么？
3一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：
1）Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看那本我刚刚从新开的图书馆借来的小说。
知识点07 只用who作关系代词
【句型剖析】只用who作关系代词的场合
1在there be结构中，先行词是人时，只用who。例如：
1）There is a young man who wants to see you.有一个年轻人相见你。
2为了避免重复或引起歧义，有两个定语从句时，一个用that，另一个用who。例如：
1）The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai. 那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，他来自上海。
3当先行词是I, you, he, they时（常用于谚语之中），只用who。例如：
1）He who plays with fire gets burned.玩火自焚。
知识点08 由关系副词引导的定语从句
【句型剖析】由关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词有：when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语）；where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语）；why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。例如：
1）This is the city where I was born. 这是我出生的城市。
2）I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
3）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
请告诉我你误机的原因。
【句型剖析】关系副词在意义上相当于一定的“介词+which”结构。例如：
1）Is this the reason why they came
Is this the reason for which they came 这是他们为什么来的原因吗？
2）He left the day when I came.
He left the day on which I came. 他在我来的那天离开的。
3）This is the house where I lived two years ago.
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是两年前我住的房子。
4）His father died the year when he was born.
His father died the year in which he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
知识点09 关系代词与关系副词的选择
【句型剖析】用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用。如果定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词，而其后又没有宾语，或从句中缺主语或表语，这时就用关系代词引导定语从句。如果定语从句的谓语动词是不及物动词，或已有了宾语主语和表语等成分，就用关系副词引导这个定语从句。试比较：
1）This is the city where I was born.这是我出生的城市。
This is the city (which/that) he has visited这是他参观过的城市。
分析：第一句中从句主干完整，即I was born in the city. 缺地点状语，故用关系副词；第二句中从句谓语动词visited缺宾语，即He has visited the city，故用关系代词。
2）I don’t know the reason why she is late.我不知道她迟到的原因。
That is the reason (which/that) everybody knows.这是每个人都知道的原因。
3）Do you still remember the day when he arrived 你仍记得他们到达的日子吗？
Do you still remember the day (that/which) we spent together
你仍记得在一起度过的日子吗？
【经典练】
1．—What are you doing, Jane
—I’m looking for the first gift ______ my uncle gave me last week.
A．whom B．who C．that D．what
2．—What kind of movies do you like
—I like the movies ________ are about Chinese history.
A．who B．whom C．whose D．that
3．—Why is Xiao Ming so popular with his classmates
—Because he often helps the people ________ are in need.
A．which B．what C．who
4．Do you know the woman ________ is giving a lesson in space now
A．who B．whom C．which D．whose
5．Look! That thin man is the hero ________ dove into the river to save the child yesterday.
A．what B．who C．which D．why
6．Is the river ________ through that town very large
A．which goes B．goes C．that go D．went
7．—Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV
—Sure. It’s a great TV program ________ can develop the habit of reading．
A．who B．whose C．what D．that
8．I prefer music _____ I can dance to.
A．if B．that C．when D．what
9．Du Chinese is an app ________ helps to improve your Chinese reading skills and the app also has lots of learning materials for your learning level.
A．who B．which C．in which
10．When I am down or tired, I prefer movies ________ can make me laugh.
A．who B．that C．when
答案
1．—What are you doing, Jane
—I’m looking for the first gift ______ my uncle gave me last week.
A．whom B．who C．that D．what
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——你在做什么，Jane？——我在寻找我叔叔上周给我的第一份礼物。
考查定语从句。分析句子可知空格后是定语从句，修饰先行词gift。先行词有序数词the first 修饰，且表示物应用that引导，that在从句中做宾语。故选C。
2．—What kind of movies do you like
—I like the movies ________ are about Chinese history.
A．who B．whom C．whose D．that
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——你喜欢什么类型的电影？——我喜欢讲中国历史的电影。
考查定语从句关系代词辨析。who先行词为人，在从句中作主语、宾语；whom先行词为人，在从句子作宾语；whose先行词为人，在从句中作定语；that先行词为人或事物，在从句中作主语、宾语。根据“I like the movies...are about Chinese history.”可知，“movies”为定语从句的先行词，此处为事物，在从句中作主语，that“先行词为人或事物，在从句中作主语、宾语”符合语境。故选D。
3．—Why is Xiao Ming so popular with his classmates
—Because he often helps the people ________ are in need.
A．which B．what C．who
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——为什么小明在同学中那么受欢迎？——因为他经常帮助有需要的人。
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，本句是定语从句，先行词people指人，关系词作主语，应用who引导定语从句，故选C。
4．Do you know the woman ________ is giving a lesson in space now
A．who B．whom C．which D．whose
【答案】A
【详解】句意：你认识现在正在上太空课的那位女士吗？
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，woman是先行词，指人，关系词作从句的主语，应用who引导定语从句，故选A。
5．Look! That thin man is the hero ________ dove into the river to save the child yesterday.
A．what B．who C．which D．why
【答案】B
【详解】句意：看！那个瘦男子就是昨天跳入河里救孩子的英雄。
考查定语从句。what不引导定语从句；先行词是人，用who或that引导；先行词是物，用which或that引导；先行词表原因，用why引导。根据“That thin man is the hero... dove into the river”可知，先行词为“the hero”，指的是人，需要用关系代词who作主语，引导定语从句。故选B。
6．Is the river ________ through that town very large
A．which goes B．goes C．that go D．went
【答案】A
【详解】句意：穿过那个城镇的河流很大吗？
考查定语从句。根据“Is the river...through that town very large ”可知，设空处及“through that town”构成定语从句，修饰前面的主语“the river”，排除B和D；又因定语从句引导词在从句中充当主语，含义上等于“the river”，所以，定语从句的谓语需用三单。故选A。
7．—Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV
—Sure. It’s a great TV program ________ can develop the habit of reading．
A．who B．whose C．what D．that
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——你喜欢中央电视台的每周脱口秀《朗读者》吗？——当然喜欢。这是一个很好的电视节目，可以培养阅读的习惯。
本题考查定语从句。who引导定语从句，修饰人；whose引导定语从句，作定语；what什么，引导名词性从句；that引导定语从句，修饰事物和人。此处修饰先行词TV program，表物，用that引导定语从句，故选D。
8．I prefer music _____ I can dance to.
A．if B．that C．when D．what
【答案】B
【详解】句意：我更喜欢能跳舞的音乐。
考查定语从句。if如果；that定语从句中，先行词指物或人，在从句中作主语或宾语；when当……时；what什么。分析句子结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词music，指物，在从句中作宾语，故选B。
9．Du Chinese is an app ________ helps to improve your Chinese reading skills and the app also has lots of learning materials for your learning level.
A．who B．which C．in which
【答案】B
【详解】句意：Du Chinese是一款帮助你提高中文阅读能力的应用程序，该应用程序还为你的学提供了大量的学习材料。
考查定语从句。who谁；which哪一个。根据“Du Chinese is an app ... helps to improve your Chinese reading skills”是含定语从句的复合句；先行词指物，关系词应用which，作从句的主语。故选B。
10．When I am down or tired, I prefer movies ________ can make me laugh.
A．who B．that C．when
【答案】B
【详解】句意：当我心情低落或者累的时候，我更喜欢能让我大笑的电影。
考查定语从句。who谁，指代人；that指代人或物；when什么时候。根据“movies ... can make me laugh.”可知，此处定语从句缺少主语，应用疑问代词，排除选项C，且此处指代的是物。故选B。

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