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现在完成时知识清单
学习目标：
1. 概述： 现在完成时的定义
2. 现在完成时的结构 have/has done
3. 现在完成时常见时间标志词及其用法
4. 现在完成时的用法
5. 考点 (延续性动词&非延续性动词：have gone to & have been to & have been in/at)
概述：
现在完成时：(1) 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响
(2) 表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作
包含“已完成”与“未完成”两种意义。
e.g. We have lived here since 2000.
e.g. When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I have changed my mind.
现在完成时的结构：
肯定句 主语 + have/has+ done (过去分词) + ...
否定句 主语 + have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t) + done + ...
一般疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + done ... 回答：Yes, 主语 + have/has. / No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.
e.g. I have had lunch. / I haven’t had lunch yet. / Have you had lunch yet Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t.
e.g. He has already watched the film. / He hasn’t watched the film. / Has he watched the film
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
e.g. They have heard of it. / They haven’t heard of it. / Have they heard of it / Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
现在完成时常见时间标志词：
1. 归纳总结：
(1) already 已经；yet 还，仍然；recently 最近；lately 最近；never 从不；
ever 曾经；only twice 仅两次；before 从前；by this time 到这个时候；just 刚刚
(2) since + 时间点：since then 从那时起；ever since 从那以来；since last year 自从去年以来；since three years ago 自从三年前；…
(3) for + 时间段：for a long time 很长时间了；for about eight years 大约八年了；…
(4) in the past/last three years 在过去的三年里；so far 到目前为止；up to now 迄今为止；over the years 多年以来；…
2. 具体用法：
(1) already用于肯定句；放在助动词与过去分词之间 (have/has already done …) / 句末
(2) yet用于疑问句“已经”；用于否定句“还”；常放在句末
(3) just“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间 (have/has just done...)
(4) ever“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间
Have/Has … ever done ...
(5) never“从来没有”，常与before连用，多放在助动词与过去分词之间
have/has never done … before
(6) before“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。
(7) since + 过去某个时间点；since + 从句（非延续性动词的一般过去时）
(8) for + 时间段
e.g. He has just come back from Beijing. e.g. Have you ever been to Shanghai
e.g. I have never travelled by plane before e.g. I haven’t heard of it before.
e.g. I have been here since 1990. e.g. I have been in Beijing for two years.
e.g. Great changes have taken place since you left.
现在完成时的用法
1. 强调过去的动作对现在产生的影响
常与just, already, yet连用，谓语用非延续性动词。
e.g. He has just gone out. 他刚刚出去了。
e.g. I have already finished my lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
e.g. Have you heard the news yet
2. 强调直到现在为止的生活经历
常与 never, ever, (only) once, twice, three times 等连用，可以用how many times 提问，谓语用延续性动词。
e.g. He has never been late for school. 他上学从未迟到过。
e.g. --- Have you ever climbed that mountain 你爬过那座山吗？
--- Yes, several times. 是的，爬过几次。
e.g. --- How many times have you ever been to England 你曾经去过英国几次？
--- Only once. 只去过一次。
3. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，且有可能继续延续下去
这种用法常与 for、since 表示的时间状语连用，可以用how long提问，谓语用延续性动词。
e.g. --- How long have you lived here --- I have lived here for about ten years.
e.g. We have been very busy since the new term began.
4. 代替将来完成时
现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，代替将来完成时，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。
e.g. If you have finished the book before I leave, please lend it to me.
如果你在我离开之前读完了这本书，请把它借给我。
e.g. Don't get off until the bus has stopped. 车停稳之前不要下车。
5. 在“It/This/That is/will be the first/second/… time + that 从句”句型中，that 从句要用现在完成时。
e.g. This is the first time (that) I’ve been to London.
考点：
1. 延续性动词 & 非延续性动词
(1) 延续性动词：表示能够延续的动作，可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
e.g. learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, …
非延续性动词/瞬间动词/终止性动词：表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即
结束。
e.g. go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, buy, die, fall, stop, open, kill, close, join, …
表示时间段的短语：for + 时间段；since从句；since + 时间点 (+ ago)；how long...
(2) 非延续性动词在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，但在否定句中可以。
肯定句：非延续性动词“不加”一段时间；若有，需换成延续性动词
否定句：非延续性动词“可加”一段时间
e.g. We haven't come here for ages. 我们多年没来这里了。
e.g. The rain hasn't stopped since three hours ago. 三个小时了，这雨还没停。
e.g. I have joined the Youth Volunteers. 我加入了青年志愿者。
e.g. I have been in the Youth Volunteers for five years. 我成为青年志愿者五年了。
(3) 非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：
① 非延续性动词转化为延续性动词 ★★★★★
非延续性动词 延续性动词
buy have
borrow keep
open be open
close be closed
begin/start be on
come be here
go be there
become be
finish be over
die be dead
catch a cold have a cold
put on wear
get up be up
wake up be awake
fall asleep be asleep
fall ill be ill
lose not have
join be in … / be a/an …
leave be away
arrive/reach be
marry / get married be married
总结：延续性动词多为 --- be / be + adj.(/adv./n./prep./…) / keep / have
e.g. It has been three years since he joined the army.
= He has been a solider for three years. = He has been in the army for three years.
② 将时间状语改为过去的时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时。
e.g. He has come here for five days. ( )
He came here five days ago. ( ) = He has been here for five days.
③用“It is + 一段时间 + since 从句(从句谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式)”句型
e.g. It is two years since the old man died. e.g. It is five days since he came here.
e.g. He has died for three years. ( )
He has been dead for three years. ( ) = He died three years ago.
= It is three years since he died.
【练】判断下列句子的正误，如有错误，请修正。
1. I’ve left this school for eight years.
2. He has borrowed my dictionary for two days.
3. I haven’t gone to see him for several months.
答案：
1. 错误。 I’ve been away from this school for eight years.
I left this school eight years ago. / It is eight years since I left this school.
2. 错误。He has kept my dictionary for two days.
He borrowed my dictionary two days ago. / It is two days since he borrowed my dictionary.
3. 正确。
2. have gone to & have been to & have been in/at
have gone to 表示“已经去了某地”---“去而未归”；
have been to 表示“曾经去过某地”---“去过已回”；
have been in/at 表示“已在某地”---“待了多久”。
in + 大地方；at + 小地方；have been + 副词，不用介词
e.g. It can't be John. He has gone to town.
那不可能是约翰，他进城了。（在路上或在城里）
e.g. John knows the way well. He has been to the city before.
约翰很熟悉那里的路。他以前去过那个城市。（现在不在那个城市）
e.g. The Greens have been in China for two years. 格林一家在中国已两年了。
e.g. Li Lei’s aunt has been at this school for ten years. 李雷婶婶在这个学校已10年了。
e.g. The Greens are in China now. They have been here for half a year.
歌诀助记：
英语现在完成时，谓语结构要牢记。
“have/has+过去分词”，主要用法有两个：
动作发生在过去，影响结果到现在，
常用 just 和 already，过去的动作或状态；
一直延续到现在，for 和 since 把时间带。
【练1】--- Lucy, is your uncle a teacher
--- Yes, he is. He __________ (teach) history for nearly 20 years.
【练2】It’s nice to see you again. We __________ (see) each other since 2014.
【练3】--- Paris is a wonderful place. --- So it is. I _______ there twice.
A. have been B. have gone C. went D. will go
【练4】The couple next door _______ since last year.
A. has been married B. has got married C. got married D. married
答案：has taught; haven’t seen; A; A

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