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第一节 主语从句
一、引导词
在复合句中充当主句主语的从句叫作主语从句。主语从句的常见引导词有：
（一）从属连词：that, whether, if
（二）连接代词：what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
（三）连接副词：how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever
二、that引导的主语从句
that引导主语从句时只起连接作用，没有实际意义，也不在从句中作任何成分。但that不能省略。
【例】That the earth moves around the sun is known to all. 地球绕着太阳转是众所周知的。
(从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。)
三、whether, if引导的主语从句
whether引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需用it作形式主语。
【例】Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you work at it.
你能否成功取决于你努力的程度。(whether引导的主语从句放在句首)
It is unknown whether/if he has agreed to my plan.
不知道他是否已经同意了我的计划。
(主语从句是whether/if he has agreed to my plan，it作形式主语)
四、连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句
（一）连接代词what, who, which, whose, whatever, whoever, whichever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
【例】What he said just now is true.
他刚才所说的话是真的。(主语从句是What he said just now，what在从句中作said的宾语)
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
王子犯法与庶民同罪。(主语从句是Whoever breaks the law，whoever在从句中作主语)
（二）what引导的主语从句一般按单数对待，但在实际使用中，其单复数取决于其成分的含义。
【例】What the kid wanted was only a new schoolbag.
那个孩子想要的只是一个新书包。(schoolbag是可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数)
What they need are a car and some water.
他们需要的是一辆车和一些水。(a car and some water表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数)
（三）连接副词when, where, why, how等在从句中作状语。
【例】Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
它们为什么突然消失了还是个谜。
(主语从句是Why they suddenly disappeared，why句中作原因状语)
When we’ll go for a picnic isn’t known.
我们什么时候去野餐还不知道。
(主语从句是When we’ll go for a picnic，when在从句中作时间状语）
五、it作形式主语
在通常情况下，that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句尾。用it作形式主语通常有以下四种句型：
（一）It+be+形容词+从句：
It is necessary that... 有必要······
It is important that... 重要的是······
It is obvious that... 很明显······
（二）It+be+过去分词+从句：
It is believed that... 人们相信······
It is known to all that... 众所周知······
It has been decided that... 已决定······
（三）It+be+名词（短语）+从句：
It is common knowledge that... ······是常识
It is a surprise that... 令人惊奇的是······
It is a fact that... 事实是······
（四）It+不及物动词/动词短语+从句：
It appears that... 似乎······
It happens that... 碰巧······
It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想起······
It doesn’t matter whether... ······没有关系
六、whether和if的区别
连接词whether和if在用法上主要有以下两种区别：
（一）whether可以引导所有名词性从句；if主要引导动词后的宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句，此时if和whether可以互换。
（二）whether后可直接跟or (not)，此时不能用if替代whether。
【例】I don’t know whether/if we should go on with the project. 我不知道我们是否应该继续做这个项目。
The question is whether or not her story is true. 问题是她的说法是否属实。
第二节 宾语从句
宾语从句是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物）或介词之后。宾语从句可以由连接代词、连接副词或连接词that/whether/if等引导。另外，that引导宾语从句时常常可以省略，但当一个句子中有多个并列的宾语从句时，第一个从句中的that可以省略，其后从句中的that往往不可省略。
作动词的宾语：
【例】I heard that he would become our leader next month.
我听说他下个月当我们的领导。
作介词的宾语：
【例】We are talking about whether we should admit Tom into our club.
我们正在讨论是否录入Tom进我们的俱乐部。
一、宾语从句的连接词主要有：that, if/whether, wh-类词
that引导的宾语从句 that引导宾语从句时无词义，不作任何成分，口语中一般可以省略 I think (that) you should ask the teacher for help. He said (that) he could finish his task before tomorrow.
if/whether 引导的 宾语从句 if/whether引导宾语从句时，在句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义“是否”的意思，不能省略。（一般情况下，if/whether可以互换，但介词后和不定式前不用if引导） Nobody knows if/whether he will go abroad for further education. I worry about whether I hurt his feeling. I am just wondering whether to help him or let him do it by himself.
wh-类的词 引导的 宾语从句 wh-类的词一般表示疑问，但what，whatever除了可用于疑问句中，还可用于陈述句中 The police asked Tom how the accident happened. Do you know who has won the champion in the football game
【注意】宾语从句的语序：在宾语从句中一般用陈述语气。
【例】I am wondering if you could lend your camera to me. 不知你是否能把相机借我用一下。
二、宾语从句的时态
主句是一般现在时，从句时态不受主句时态限制，可以用任何时态 He thinks his son lied to him. He thinks his son will win the prize. He thinks his son is doing homework.
主句是过去时，从句要用过去时 He said that his son was doing homework. He said that his son would go to college next September.
宾语从句表示是客观真理或自然现象，无论主句是何种时态，从句用一般现在时 The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
三、宾语从句的其他常用语法
（一）动词find, feel,think, consider, make,believe,suppose等后接宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
【例】We have made it clear that our purpose is to learn knowledge.
我们已经明确表明我们的目的是学知识。
（二）在肯定句中，doubt后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句；在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后面常接that引导的宾语从句。如：
【例】I doubt whether/if they can swim across the river. 我拿不准他们能否游过河去。
I don’t doubt that he will give a satisfactory answer. 我相信他会给出一个令人满意的答案。
Do you doubt that she can run the race 你怀疑她能参加赛跑吗？
第三节 表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，通常谓语连系动词之后，可以后接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。表语从句基本结构为：主语+连系动词+表语从句。有时也可以用as if/though引导表语从句，其结构为：it looks/seems... as if/though.
【例】Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week. 我们的计划是一周去那里一次。
Fame and personal gain is what they’re after at present. 他们目前追求的是名利。
It seems that she forgot to bring me the book. 她似乎忘了给我带那本书。
易混辨析
当主句的主语为reason，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that来引导，而不用why或because，构成句型：The reason ( why...) is/was that...
【例】The reason why he did not join us was that he had to attend a lecture.
他没有加入我们的原因是他得参加一个讲座。
第四节 同位语从句
同位语从句是在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句。用于解释说明所修饰的名词的具体内容。常见的后面跟同位语从句的名词有：news, advice, conclusion, demand, doubt, fact, rumor, hope, idea, information, message, order, problem, suggestion, thought, truth, evidence等。
一、同位语从句通常由that引导，同样只起连接作用，不充当任何成分也没有任何意义。
【例】The idea that the black cat brings bad luck is ridiculous. 认为黑猫会带来厄运的想法是荒谬的。
It is a fact that she has done her best. 她尽了自己最大的努力，这是事实。
He made the suggestion that they go for a drive. 他建议他们开车去兜兜风。
二、同位语从句的引导词除了that以外，还有whether,what, which, who, when, where, why, how等。
【例】The students asked me the question whether the book was worth reading.
学生们问我这本书是否值得一读。
The question who will be their new manager is still not clear. 尚不清楚谁会是他们的新经理。
I have no idea why he was so excited at that time. 我不知道他当时为什么那么兴奋。
知识巩固
一、单项选择
1.I wonder ________ you could also give me more information about how to apply to be part of this festival.
A.that B.if C.what D.which
2.________ we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
A.If B.What C.That D.Whether
3.All students want to know _________ they will pass the exam or not.
A.why B.that C.whether D.which
4.The reason why he was late was ________ he missed the first bus.
A.why B.because C.whether D.that
5.The reason _______ he was late was _______ he was ill.
A.Why, which B.why, why C.why , what D.why , that
6.Can you make sure ________ the gold ring
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
7.________ excites me most is that young people today are digital citizens.
A.What B.It C.That D.Who
8.The news ________ these products will no longer be available in the market must be true.
A.that B.in which C.whether D.for which
9.Do you know _________ Joseph left so early
A.what B.when C.where D.why
10.That is ______ many experts (专家) are worrying about.
A.what B.why C.whom D.which
11.Actually ________ our kids really need is parents’ company.
A.that B.who C.whether D.what
12.Mother asked me ______.
A.what was wrong with me B.what is wrong with me
C.what wrong was with me D.what wrong is with me
13.There are so many toys in front of him. ______he will take away has not been decided.
A.What B.Whether C.That D.Which
14.However, Tu Youyou had an idea ________ Chinese herbs might hold the secret.
A.that B.which C.what D.whether
15.Frankly speaking, I had no idea ________ next.
A.what I should do B.how I should do
C.what should I do D.how to do
16.The teacher said that the sun ________ in the east and ________ in the west.
A.rose; set B.rises; sets C.raises; sets D.raised; set
17.It was announced that a charge for plastic bags ______ next year.
A.will be introduced B.would be introduced
C.will introduce D.would introduce
18.He said that he ________ there for three years.
A.has studied B.had studied C.studied D.was studying

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