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高考题型逐个击破-阅读理解之推理判断题
题型解读
推理判断题解题三步曲
1．定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。
2．字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。
3．深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。
推理判断题干扰项特征
1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。
2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。
3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现only, all等词语。
4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
推理判断题五大解题技巧
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住关键词或短语利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断定结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。考虑主人公特定心理和情绪状态褒贬性来推断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者思想倾向和感彩隐含在字里行间。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。严格根据文章中所陈述的事实论点例证来推理。
阅读理解推理判断题分类点拨
人物态度推断题
一是乐观支持类：positive肯定的favorable 支持的，赞同的supportive支持的approval赞成的
二是客观中立类：objective客观的neutral中立的cautious谨慎的
三是消极反对类：negative否定的opposite相反的unfair公正的doubtful怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的critical批评的ironic讽刺的。
方法点拨：第一，不要加入自己的态度。第二，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。
文章出处推断题
技巧点拨：这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：
旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。
广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here.
新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容，下面陈述细节。
研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
预测下段推断题
技巧点拨：1)从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。2)从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
解题技巧
题型特点要清楚
(一)推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。
新题速递
（一）
（2024·云南昆明·三模）Bangladesh's floating gardens, built to grow food during flood seasons, could offer a continuous solution for parts of the world which are likely to suffer from flooding because of climate change, a new study has found.
Bangladesh's floating gardens began hundreds of years ago. The gardens are made from native plants that float in the rivers and operate almost like rafts (筏), rising and filling with the waters. Historically, they were used to continue growing food during rainy seasons when rivers were filled with water.
The farmers layer the plants about three feet deep, creating a version of raised-bed gardens that float in the water. Then, they plant vegetables inside those rafts. As the raft-plants rot away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.
But as climate change affected the volume of water in those rivers, the researchers wanted to understand whether Bangladesh's floating gardens could be a continuous farming practice. They interviewed farming families and found strong evidence that floating gardens provide stability, both in the amount of food available to feed rural populations and in a farming family's income.
They found that farmers typically use hybrid (杂交) seeds, which must be repurchased each year, to grow a diverse range of vegetables in the floating gardens. The gardens are also sensitive to pests, so farmers end up spending some money on both pesticides and fertilizers. But even with those expenses, they found, benefits outweighed costs. One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.
However, before gaining profits, farmers often take out high-interest loans (贷款) to cover the investment costs of filling the beds and stocking them with plants. Luckily; there are also lower-interest loans from responsible government or non-governmental organizations, which could ease that burden.
1．How do vegetable plants grow according to the text
A．By absorbing nutrition from raft-plants. B．By taking shelter from climate change.
C．By living together with hybrid seeds. D．By moving up and down with raised beds.
2．What might be a reply from farming families interviewed
A．“Our life becomes tough when rivers flood.” B．“Fewer vegetables are planted when water rises.”
C．“We harvest much more food during rainy seasons.” D．“Climate change has little influence on our income.”
3．What does the underlined word “outweighed” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Affected. B．Brought. C．Beat. D．Equaled.
4．What can be inferred from the text
A．A solution to climate problem has been found. B．The gardens are built with rotted native plants.
C．Farmers earn more from traditional rice fields. D．Low-interest loans lighten the stress of farmers.
（三）
（2024·福建龙岩·二模）When I was young, I had a wrong understanding of being great. I believed I was special and different and should be rich and famous because of my talent. I was going to live my dream rather than being a “normal” person. But as time passed, reality set in and my perspective changed.
I am a teacher, married to a salesman with a baby and a mortgage（按揭贷款）. Could my life be more normal Yet, I am okay with this.
Were I to have a conversation with my twenty-year-old self, she wouldn't understand why I'm not going to NYC to get an audition （试演）. In four years my coworkers have never heard me sing. If I'd bought a house, it should have been in an interesting neighborhood with coffee houses at every corner. She would laugh at the corner house in the neighborhood I now call home.
But I know things she didn't know. Life is so much more complicated, wonderful and terrible. I know what it means to work for love, not just sitting back and letting it happen the way it can when you're young. I know about bringing life into the world, and the complexity of emotions.
My life is simple. It is small, and may seem interchangeable with so many other lives there. I may never make an impact outside my house. But I've learned it is important to be relative. To my little girl, I am irreplaceable. When she cries, she calls for “Mama”. When she reaches out, it's for me alone. So, is it a small life It's perfectly fine to me. In fact, I think it's what I've wanted all along.
5．What was the author like when she was young
A．She was honest. B．She was brave.
C．She was proud. D．She was cautious.
6．Why does the author imagine talking to her twenty-year-old self
A．To show she has become mature. B．To prove her dream has come true.
C．To reveal the key to her success. D．To introduce her present unhappiness.
7．What is the author's present focus
A．Learning the complexity of emotions. B．Opening her heart to the world.
C．Living with her daughter specially. D．Caring for her family.
8．What does the author intend to tell us in the text
A．We can achieve our dreams if we work hard.
B．We will come back to a normal life some day.
C．We should keep in contact with our families.
D．We can be the one we feel satisfied with.
（四）
（2024·浙江·三模）In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
For thousands of years, salt was an extremely rare commodity. It was difficult to obtain so that the price was very high. Many trading routes were set up to carry salt, people were paid in salt, and salt was sometimes worth more than its weight in gold. Therefore, spilling salt was considered wasteful.
Because of its high value, salt was also associated with friendship and good fortune. Offerings of salt were included in many religious ceremonies, and people might bring salt to a new home for good luck. These associations would have suggested that it would be bad luck to spill salt, since it would seem to violate salt’s fortunate properties.
Salt is also an excellent preservative. It prevents food from going bad. As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.
The fear of spilling salt was also adopted into the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned out to be the betrayer of Christ, spilled salt is considered unlucky by many Christians.
Should you be unfortunate enough to spill salt, you might throw a pinch over your left shoulder to blind the Devil.
9．Spilling salt was probably thought to bring bad luck because ________.
A．it was a Christian faith B．salt was linked with misfortune
C．it would decrease one’s lifespan D．salt was always expensive than gold
10．What does the underlined word “preservative” probably mean in Paragraph 4
A．Protector. B．Flavor. C．Medium. D．Solution.
11．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To introduce the history of salt. B．To show ways to avoid misfortune.
C．To explain the beliefs about spilling salt. D．To entertain readers with some anecdotes.
（五）
（2024·湖南·长沙三模）When Kirk Alexander went missing for 11 days, an unlikely savior came to his rescue： his neighborhood pizza store.
Almost every night for more than ten years. Kirk Alexander, 48, of Salem, Oregon ordered a late dinner from his local Domino's pizza store. He had no signature order. Sometimes he would call for a salad, sometimes a pie, sometimes chicken wings. The only sure thing for the staff of the Silverton Road Domino's was that they would see Alexander's name show up on their online ordering site sometime between 11 p. m. and midnight several times a week.
Until suddenly, for nearly two weeks at the end of April 2016, they didn't.
It was a slow Saturday night on May 7th when Domino's general manager Sarah Fuller felt she could no longer ignore Alexander's recent absence.
“I went and looked up to see how long it had been since he last ordered,” Fuller told . “It was 11 days, which was not like him at all.”
Fuller knew Alexander worked from home, and neighbors said he rarely left. She also knew that he had suffered some health issues in the past. Something, Fuller worried, was wrong.
Around 1 a. m. on Sunday. May 8, Fuller sent longtime delivery driver Tracey Hamblen to stop in at Alexander's home. Hamblen approached Alexander's door as he had countless times before and knocked. He could plainly see that Alexander's TV set was on, as were his lights; but after several minutes, Alexander still didn't answer the door.
Hamblen rushed back to the store to relay the upsetting developments to Fuller. She encouraged Hamblen to dial 911. Soon, officers were on their way.
When deputies from the Marion County Sheriff's office arrived at Alexander's house, they heard a man “calling for help from inside the residence, deputies said. They broke the door down, and found Alexander on the floor in need of immediate medical attention. One day later, and they might have been too late.
Alexander was rushed to Salem Hospital, where he was listed in stable condition shortly after the dramatic rescue. In the following weeks, Fuller, Hamblen, and other store employees went to visit him with flowers and cards, noting that Alexander greeted them with knowing smiles.
12．How did Fuller sense that something was wrong
A．She knew Alexander had serious health problems.
B．Alexander hadn't ordered chicken wings for nearly 2 weeks.
C．Alexander had never before broken his routine in the store for 10 years.
D．Alexander had disappeared from the store's ordering system for about 2 weeks.
13．What can you infer from the underlined sentence
A．Hamblen was fond of knocking at Alexander's door.
B．Hamblen was more than an acquaintance to Alexander.
C．Every time Hamblen arrived at Alexander's house, he would knock first.
D．When Hamblen had enough time in the past, he would go to Alexander's house.
14．In which column of a newspaper will you probably read this article
A．Life. B．Technology. C．Healthy. D．Entertainment.
15．The saying we can learn from the story is .
A．Born in distress, die in peace B．Details determine success or failure
C．Even the wise are not always free from error D．Better late than never
（六）
（2024广东梅州·二模）Field Trips Your Students Actually Want to Go On
Some of the best memories from grade school are made at field trips. Field trips offer students something they can’t get from lectures or textbook pages — hands -on fun! Here are some metro Detroit attractions to visit with your students. They're great places to make memories and, of course, learn something too!
1. Belle Isle Nature Center （Detroit）
Availability: Wednesday, Thursday or Friday at 10:30 a. m. , 11 :30 a. m. or 12:30 p. m.
Admission : Free
Enjoy both indoor and outdoor animal exhibits. Programs include a deer feeding, a hands - on activity and discovery time.
2. Michigan Science Center （Detroit）
Availability: Wednesday-Friday （ hours vary, also Tuesdays from Oct. 8, 2021, to Jan. 7,2022）
Admission : Varies by experience you select
Interact with more than 250 hands -on exhibits that explore space, health, physical science, engineering and more.
3. Diamond Jack's River Tours （Detroit）
Availability: Monday - Friday, May 1 to Oct. 31,at 9 :30 a. m. , 10:30 a. m. , 11 :30 a. m. or 12:30 p. m.
Admission : $ 9/person
Sec 16 miles of the U. S. and Canada Detroit River shoreline, ocean-going and Great Lakes ships, a light house, die fire boat, parks, ship terminals, a mail boat and much more.
4. Arts & Scraps (Detroit)
Availability: Monday, Wednesday or Friday
Admission : Varies by age and number in group
Let your students' imaginations run wild. They'll think, create and learn while re-imagining recycled industrial materials. You can create a customized topic.
16．Which of the following field trips is related to astronomy
A．Arts &Scraps. B．Michigan Science Center.
C．Belle Isle Nature Center. D．Diamond Jack's River Tours.
17．Who is the text written for
A．Teachers. B．Parents. C．Students. D．Scientists.
18．What are “field trips” according to the passage
A．They are lectures that take place in open fields.
B．They are camps that all charge for an entrance fee.
C．They are visits to study something away from school.
D．They are tours connected with nature and physical science.
（七）
（2024·新疆乌鲁木齐·一模）Money doesn’t grow on trees but gold does. Scientists in Western Australia claim to have made a new discovery—they have found gold in the leaves and branches of trees. The researchers believe that the trees suck up the gold from deep underground, over 30 metres down. The discovery has been described as the first of its kind in the world.
Australian gold exploration companies are pleased because it will make finding gold cheaper. Rather than drilling deep holes to find gold, they will be able to examine tree leaves and branches. The trees show what is happening under the earth’s surface. There is only a tiny amount of gold in the leaves. It would take 500 trees to make one gold ring. The gold is found using a special X-ray machine and a powerful microscope, which scan the leaves and branches.
The claim is that this is the first time that gold particles have been found in living material. However, this might not be true. Ancient Chinese wisdom understood the connection between plants and the precious stones and minerals underneath them. They used plant life to find minerals — and that was thousands of years ago. In the Zhou Dynasty, it was written in a book that a certain plant grew only near deposits (矿床) of gold. Over the next 2,000 years, Chinese people wrote about different plants and how they grew, showing where minerals and precious stones such as jade, copper, lead, silver and gold were Even more importantly, in the 1000s, Su Song described how Portulaca plants could yield mercury if crushed, dried and allowed to decay (腐烂). That was certainly the first time ever that a metal was obtained from a plant.
The Previous Secrets of the Realm of the King of Xin, written during the Ming Dynasty, described how different metals were observed and extracted (提炼) from certain plants. This knowledge was unknown in the rest of the world until about 1600, when a British man realised that oak trees grew larger and greener where there was alum in the ground. Maybe ancient Chinese knowledge has more to teach modern scientists.
19．According to Australian scientists, where can gold be probably found
A．In the roots of trees. B．In the leaves of trees.
C．In the trees everywhere. D．In the underground near trees.
20．How can we tell whether there is gold or not
A．By drilling deep holes in the trees.
B．By cutting the leaves of trees into pieces.
C．By examining the surface of the ground under the trees.
D．By scanning the leaves and branches using a special microscope.
21．Who first found the link between plants and minerals
A．Australian scientists. B．Su Song.
C．Ancient Chinese people. D．A British man.
22．The author develops Paragraph 4 mainly by ________.
A．using examples B．making comparisons
C．listing figures D．analyzing effects
（八）
（2024·安徽淮南·二模）In late May, storms flooded streets in Florida. The floods made cars sink and turned roads into brown rivers. Flash flooding can happen when storm drains get blocked up and, especially during hurricanes, overflow into streets. It’s the leading cause of weather-related deaths.
A team of local middle-school students has a plan to stop this ongoing problem. Alyssa, Bianca and Jose are sixth-graders. The Doral students designed a device to warn city workers when and where there is a danger of flooding. The team is one of five grand-prize winners of the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow Contest. The contest asked for science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) solutions to the biggest challenge facing a school community.
“I’ve been living here my entire life, and all of us have encountered problems with flooding,” says Bianca. “We knew that was the problem we were going to tackle.”
The students’ device uses a laser system called lidar, which stands for “light detection and ranging.” The device, if approved by the city government, could be attached to Doral’s 2,575 storm and manhole drains — one device per drain. If a drain gets blocked with sediment (沉积物), the device could send a warning message to the city’s stormwater management office. Then the stormwater manager could send someone to clean the drain.
Starting in March, the school was closed, so team meetings went virtual. Luckily, says Bianca, “We already had a prototype device, and we just had to adjust it some more ” They also had to pitch their idea virtually to contest judges.
Twenty finalist teams were cut down to the five grand-prize-winning teams. Each of the five teams won $100 000 for technology and supplies for their science classrooms. “We put m a lot of effort and had to trust each other and that each one knew what they were talking about,” says Alyssa.
23．How does the author start the text
A．With an image.
B．With some figures.
C．By raising questions.
D．By stating a phenomenon.
24．What can be known about the Doral students’ team
A．It is made up of five middle school students.
B．Its aim is to solve the problem of the drain flooding,
C．It has won first prize in the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow Contest.
D．Its members are trained in science, technology, engineering and math.
25．What is the author’s intention of quoting Bianca’s words in Para. 3
A．To list their challenges.
B．To explore their motivation.
C．To express their determination.
D．To prove their responsibility.
26．What is the main function of the students’ device
A．To inform the authorities when a drain is blocked.
B．To arrange for someone to clean the drain.
C．To prevent the drain from being blocked.
D．To help clear away sediment in the drain.
（九）
（2024山东·济南三模）While we know that language first appeared among Homo sapiens (智人) somewhere thousands of years ago, the secret to how language evolved is still unknown, and mainstream theories fall into two distinctly different camps.
One widely held theory is that language came about as an evolutionary adaptation. That was where the idea of natural selection came into play, which was the belief that the specific physical features of a population made that population more likely to survive its environment, like the turtle (海龟) and its shell. On one hand, humans needed to communicate with each other in order to hunt，farm and defend themselves successfully from the surrounding severe environment. Being able to communicate by using language gave the human species a distinct survival advantage. On the other hand, language was needed for social interaction, according to those who subscribed to the adaptation theory.
In their paper “Natural Language and Natural Selection,” researchers Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom theorized that a series of calls or gestures evolved over time into combinations, giving us complex communication, or language. As things became more complicated around them，humans needed a more complex system to convey information to one another. Early man saw a group of deer he wanted to hunt. He made a sound to his hunting partner that means “deer are nearby.” One day,a storm came in and the hunter noticed that thunder scared the deer away. As a result, the hunter went hungry until the storm passed. Over time, the same hunter also learned to recognize the warning signs for bad weather-dark skies and increased wind. Early man realized that when the sky darkened and the wind picked up, he needed to tell his hunting partner to speed up the pursuit of the deer. Therefore, he came up with a series of sounds that refer to both the deer and the bad weather. That series of sounds was the beginning of an evolutionary adaptation that eventually became language.
As humans learned more about how to best survive, they developed a need to convey these survival methods to their population. To be brief, that's the adaptation theory.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．The evolution of language.
B．The paper on natural selection.
C．The differences between theories.
D．The introduction to human reproduction.
28．Why are the turtle and its shell mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To show the mystery of nature.
B．To support the evolutionary adaptation.
C．To stress the advantage of the turtle's shell.
D．To encourage people to study natural selection.
29．How does the author explain the adaptation theory in paragraph 3
A．By comparing. B．By listing data.
C．By carrying out a survey. D．By giving an example.
30．What will the author most probably tell us next
A．The exact place where humans came from.
B．The other theory of how language evolved.
C．The reasons why animals cannot form language.
D．The methods of humans' shaping non- verbal thinking.
（十）
（2024高三上·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·二模）Bookstores are fascinating places. That’s because the books on the shelves can take you away to magical lands, help you learn a foreign language, or cook a delicious meal. But when your community is too small to house a real brick bookstore, sometimes you have to make a compromise. A mobile bookstore that brings books around the country was the result. That is the case for Rita Collins, 70, who dreamed of opening a used bookstore after retiring from teaching.
A business planning class from the American Booksellers Association convinced Collins to abandon her idea that opening a bookstore in the small town where she lives, which would not be sustainable. Eureka, Montana, located just seven miles from the Canadian border, only has a population of 1,517. Collins asked her instructors about a traveling bookstore on wheels and they were skeptical. But she persevered.
Collins was inspired by Dylans Mobile Bookstore, a traveling bookstore in Wales run by Jeff Towns. She contacted Jeff for advice but she was largely on her own when it came to building her bookstore. First, she had to find a vehicle large enough to stand in. Then she had to have it refitted with shelves that would hold the books at a 15-degree angle so that they would stay in place while in transit. Collins named her bookstore St Rita’s Traveling Bookstore, which has been on the road since 2015.
At first, she drove through Montana and then she made her first cross-country trip in 2016. After she retired in 2017, it became a full-time job all year round. Collins and her mobile bookstore have visited 30 states, stopping at festivals and events along the way. While the locations change, some things always stay the same. Collins loves meeting people and making connections. While she loves what she does, Collins doesn’t think she can keep doing it. In several years, she hopes to pass her traveling bookstore onto another bibliophile who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road.
31．Why did Collins abandon opening a bookstore
A．It would cost a lot of money. B．It was not promising.
C．It would be out of date. D．It was not approved.
32．Why were the shelves designed at a 15-degree angle
A．To beautify the mobile bookstore.
B．To make full use of space of the shelves.
C．To keep the bookstore’s balance.
D．To protect the books from falling down.
33．Which of the following can best describe Collins
A．Merciful and delightful. B．Intelligent and reasonable.
C．Determined and social. D．Generous and lovely.
34．What does the underlined word “bibliophile” in the last paragraph mean
A．A book lover. B．A publisher.
C．A famous writer. D．An editor.
（2021·辽宁·模拟预测）Soft robots, which can move around the ocean without harming sea life, are ideal for underwater exploration. However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. But that may change soon thanks to a self-driven soft robot created by researchers at the University of California, San Diego.
The recently-developed robot, which resembles a paper lantern, was primarily built using soft materials. Its flexible ribs are attached to a circular plate at both ends. An adjustable nozzle (喷嘴) fitted on one side helps draw in and jet (射出) water each time the robot shrinks. The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (乌贼). A plate holds a waterproof component that can house a camera to record data, which is of great value to further development of the robot. It also has its own power source, allowing it to float autonomously for long periods of time.
“Essentially, we recreated all the key features that squids use for high-speed swimming. This is the first robot that can achieve these jets of water by changing its body shape, which improves swimming efficiency,” said Professor Michael T. Though the squid robot has not been tested in open waters, it successfully swam around coral and fish in a large tank in the UC San Diego Birch Aquarium. What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots.
“After we were able to improve the design of the robot so that it would swim in a tank in the lab, it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications,” said Caleb Christianson, who led the study as part of his Ph. D paper.
35．Why were the previous soft robots seldom used
A．Their application places are limited.
B．They do great damage to sea life.
C．They are very difficult to control.
D．Their advertising effect is hot good.
36．What’s the similarity between the newly-developed robot and squids
A．Their body material. B．Their general speed.
C．Their power source. D．Their swimming pattern.
37．What can we learn about the squid robot according to Paragraph 3
A．It is the first robot that can transform.
B．It will function well in open waters.
C．It has every feature that a squid has.
D．It can defeat most other soft robots in speed.
38．What’s Caleb Christianson’s attitude towards the newly-developed robot
A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful.
试卷第1页，共3页高考题型逐个击破-阅读理解之推理判断题
题型解读
推理判断题解题三步曲
1．定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。
2．字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。
3．深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。
推理判断题干扰项特征
1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。
2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。
3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现only, all等词语。
4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
推理判断题五大解题技巧
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住关键词或短语利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断定结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。考虑主人公特定心理和情绪状态褒贬性来推断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者思想倾向和感彩隐含在字里行间。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。严格根据文章中所陈述的事实论点例证来推理。
阅读理解推理判断题分类点拨
人物态度推断题
一是乐观支持类：positive肯定的favorable 支持的，赞同的supportive支持的approval赞成的
二是客观中立类：objective客观的neutral中立的cautious谨慎的
三是消极反对类：negative否定的opposite相反的unfair公正的doubtful怀疑的indifferent漠不关心的critical批评的ironic讽刺的。
方法点拨：第一，不要加入自己的态度。第二，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。
文章出处推断题
技巧点拨：这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：
旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。
广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here.
新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容，下面陈述细节。
研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
预测下段推断题
技巧点拨：1)从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。2)从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。
解题技巧
题型特点要清楚
(一)推理判断题题干常用词
一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位。
新题速递
（一）
（2024·云南昆明·三模）Bangladesh's floating gardens, built to grow food during flood seasons, could offer a continuous solution for parts of the world which are likely to suffer from flooding because of climate change, a new study has found.
Bangladesh's floating gardens began hundreds of years ago. The gardens are made from native plants that float in the rivers and operate almost like rafts (筏), rising and filling with the waters. Historically, they were used to continue growing food during rainy seasons when rivers were filled with water.
The farmers layer the plants about three feet deep, creating a version of raised-bed gardens that float in the water. Then, they plant vegetables inside those rafts. As the raft-plants rot away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.
But as climate change affected the volume of water in those rivers, the researchers wanted to understand whether Bangladesh's floating gardens could be a continuous farming practice. They interviewed farming families and found strong evidence that floating gardens provide stability, both in the amount of food available to feed rural populations and in a farming family's income.
They found that farmers typically use hybrid (杂交) seeds, which must be repurchased each year, to grow a diverse range of vegetables in the floating gardens. The gardens are also sensitive to pests, so farmers end up spending some money on both pesticides and fertilizers. But even with those expenses, they found, benefits outweighed costs. One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.
However, before gaining profits, farmers often take out high-interest loans (贷款) to cover the investment costs of filling the beds and stocking them with plants. Luckily; there are also lower-interest loans from responsible government or non-governmental organizations, which could ease that burden.
1．How do vegetable plants grow according to the text
A．By absorbing nutrition from raft-plants. B．By taking shelter from climate change.
C．By living together with hybrid seeds. D．By moving up and down with raised beds.
2．What might be a reply from farming families interviewed
A．“Our life becomes tough when rivers flood.” B．“Fewer vegetables are planted when water rises.”
C．“We harvest much more food during rainy seasons.” D．“Climate change has little influence on our income.”
3．What does the underlined word “outweighed” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Affected. B．Brought. C．Beat. D．Equaled.
4．What can be inferred from the text
A．A solution to climate problem has been found. B．The gardens are built with rotted native plants.
C．Farmers earn more from traditional rice fields. D．Low-interest loans lighten the stress of farmers.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D
【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了孟加拉国为在汛期种植粮食而建造的浮动花园。
1．细节理解题。根据文章“they plant vegetables inside those rafts. As the raft-plants rot away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.（他们在木筏里种蔬菜。当木筏植物腐烂时，它们会释放营养物质，帮助植物生长。）”可知，蔬菜植物是吸收木筏植物的营养生长的。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章“They interviewed farming families and found strong evidence that floating gardens provide stability, both in the amount of food available to feed rural populations and in a farming family's income.（他们采访了农业家庭，发现了强有力的证据表明，无论是在可供农村人口食用的食物量方面，还是在农业家庭的收入方面，浮动花园都提供了稳定性。）”可知，农业家庭收入很稳定，所以气候变化对收入影响不大。故选D项。
3．词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.”可知，一位农民告诉研究小组，他从菜园中赚到的钱是从传统稻田中赚到的钱的四倍，故此处想表达的是即使农民最终会在杀虫剂和肥料上花一些钱，但是收益也会大于成本。故outweighed意为“大于”。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“However, before gaining profits, farmers often take out high-interest loans (贷款) to cover the investment costs of filling the beds and stocking them with plants. Luckily; there are also lower-interest loans from responsible government or non-governmental organizations, which could ease that burden.（然而，在获得利润之前，农民往往会获得高息贷款(贷款) 以支付填充床和储存植物的投资成本。幸运的是；负责任的政府或非政府组织也提供低息贷款，可以减轻这种负担。）”可推知，作者想表达负责任的政府或非政府组织提供低息贷款，减轻了农民的压力。故选D项。
（三）
（2024·福建龙岩·二模）When I was young, I had a wrong understanding of being great. I believed I was special and different and should be rich and famous because of my talent. I was going to live my dream rather than being a “normal” person. But as time passed, reality set in and my perspective changed.
I am a teacher, married to a salesman with a baby and a mortgage（按揭贷款）. Could my life be more normal Yet, I am okay with this.
Were I to have a conversation with my twenty-year-old self, she wouldn't understand why I'm not going to NYC to get an audition （试演）. In four years my coworkers have never heard me sing. If I'd bought a house, it should have been in an interesting neighborhood with coffee houses at every corner. She would laugh at the corner house in the neighborhood I now call home.
But I know things she didn't know. Life is so much more complicated, wonderful and terrible. I know what it means to work for love, not just sitting back and letting it happen the way it can when you're young. I know about bringing life into the world, and the complexity of emotions.
My life is simple. It is small, and may seem interchangeable with so many other lives there. I may never make an impact outside my house. But I've learned it is important to be relative. To my little girl, I am irreplaceable. When she cries, she calls for “Mama”. When she reaches out, it's for me alone. So, is it a small life It's perfectly fine to me. In fact, I think it's what I've wanted all along.
5．What was the author like when she was young
A．She was honest. B．She was brave.
C．She was proud. D．She was cautious.
6．Why does the author imagine talking to her twenty-year-old self
A．To show she has become mature. B．To prove her dream has come true.
C．To reveal the key to her success. D．To introduce her present unhappiness.
7．What is the author's present focus
A．Learning the complexity of emotions. B．Opening her heart to the world.
C．Living with her daughter specially. D．Caring for her family.
8．What does the author intend to tell us in the text
A．We can achieve our dreams if we work hard.
B．We will come back to a normal life some day.
C．We should keep in contact with our families.
D．We can be the one we feel satisfied with.
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述作者年轻时认为自己将会有不平凡的人生，直到成年之后她才认识到自己的人生最终归于了平淡，平凡的生活和照顾家人才是自己一直想要的。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“When I was young, I had a wrong understanding of being great. I believed I was special and different and should be rich and famous because of my talent.（当我年轻的时候，我对伟大有一个错误的理解。我相信我是特别的，与众不同的，应该因为我的天赋而变得富有和出名。）”可知，作者年轻的时候认为自己很特别并且与众不同，由此可以推断作者是一个骄傲的人。故选C项。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“She would laugh at the corner house in the neighborhood I now call home.（她会嘲笑我现在称之为家的那个角落里的房子。）”可知，年轻时的作者可能不会理解现在自己的处境，第四段“But I know things she didn't know. Life is so much more complicated, wonderful and terrible.（但我知道一些她不知道的事。生活是如此复杂，精彩和可怕。）”说明作者经历了一些事情之后认知发生了变化，所以作者想象和二十岁的自己对话是为了表明她变得成熟了。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。根据第二段“I am a teacher, married to a salesman with a baby and a mortgage（按揭贷款）. Could my life be more normal Yet, I am okay with this.（我是一名教师，嫁给了一名推销员，有孩子，还欠着房贷。我的生活能更平常一点吗？然而，我对此没有意见。）”和最后一段“To my little girl, I am irreplaceable. When she cries, she calls for “Mama”. When she reaches out, it's for me alone. So, is it a small life It's perfectly fine to me. In fact, I think it's what I've wanted all along.（对我的小女儿来说，我是不可替代的。当她哭的时候，她呼唤“妈妈”。她要是主动找人，就只找我一个人。所以，这是一个渺小的生活吗？对我来说完全没问题。事实上，我觉得这是我一直想要的。）”可知，作者目前的焦点是照顾她的家庭。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。文章第一段主要讲述作者年轻时认为自己将会有不平凡的人生，后面几段讲述直到成年之后她才认识到自己的人生最终归于了平淡，平凡的生活和照顾家人才是自己一直想要的。所以作者在文中想要告诉我们的是，我们每个人的生活最终会归于平凡。故选B项。
（四）
（2024·浙江·三模）In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
For thousands of years, salt was an extremely rare commodity. It was difficult to obtain so that the price was very high. Many trading routes were set up to carry salt, people were paid in salt, and salt was sometimes worth more than its weight in gold. Therefore, spilling salt was considered wasteful.
Because of its high value, salt was also associated with friendship and good fortune. Offerings of salt were included in many religious ceremonies, and people might bring salt to a new home for good luck. These associations would have suggested that it would be bad luck to spill salt, since it would seem to violate salt’s fortunate properties.
Salt is also an excellent preservative. It prevents food from going bad. As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.
The fear of spilling salt was also adopted into the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned out to be the betrayer of Christ, spilled salt is considered unlucky by many Christians.
Should you be unfortunate enough to spill salt, you might throw a pinch over your left shoulder to blind the Devil.
9．Spilling salt was probably thought to bring bad luck because ________.
A．it was a Christian faith B．salt was linked with misfortune
C．it would decrease one’s lifespan D．salt was always expensive than gold
10．What does the underlined word “preservative” probably mean in Paragraph 4
A．Protector. B．Flavor. C．Medium. D．Solution.
11．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To introduce the history of salt. B．To show ways to avoid misfortune.
C．To explain the beliefs about spilling salt. D．To entertain readers with some anecdotes.
【答案】9．C 10．A 11．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。
9．推理判断题。根据第四段中“As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.(因此，它与健康和长寿联系在一起。在一些文化中，洒盐被认为会降低幸福感。例如，在英国，每一粒洒下的谷物据说代表一滴眼泪，而在德国，洒下的盐唤醒了魔鬼，带来了不幸)”可知，人们可能认为撒盐会带来厄运，是因为这会缩短人的寿命。故选C。
10．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“It prevents food from going bad.(它可以防止食物变质)”可知，盐可以防止食物变质，所以是是一种很好的食物保护物，即划线词意思是“保护物”。A. Protector.保护物；B. Flavor.风味；C. Medium.中等；D. Solution.解决方案。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段“In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective. (在许多文化中，洒盐被认为是不吉利的。幸运的是，许多文化也有解决这个问题的办法，通常是在你身后洒一撮盐。 这可能让现代人感到困惑，但知道盐曾经非常有价值可以改变这种看法)”结合文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释一些关于洒盐的信仰。故选C。
（五）
（2024·湖南·长沙三模）When Kirk Alexander went missing for 11 days, an unlikely savior came to his rescue： his neighborhood pizza store.
Almost every night for more than ten years. Kirk Alexander, 48, of Salem, Oregon ordered a late dinner from his local Domino's pizza store. He had no signature order. Sometimes he would call for a salad, sometimes a pie, sometimes chicken wings. The only sure thing for the staff of the Silverton Road Domino's was that they would see Alexander's name show up on their online ordering site sometime between 11 p. m. and midnight several times a week.
Until suddenly, for nearly two weeks at the end of April 2016, they didn't.
It was a slow Saturday night on May 7th when Domino's general manager Sarah Fuller felt she could no longer ignore Alexander's recent absence.
“I went and looked up to see how long it had been since he last ordered,” Fuller told . “It was 11 days, which was not like him at all.”
Fuller knew Alexander worked from home, and neighbors said he rarely left. She also knew that he had suffered some health issues in the past. Something, Fuller worried, was wrong.
Around 1 a. m. on Sunday. May 8, Fuller sent longtime delivery driver Tracey Hamblen to stop in at Alexander's home. Hamblen approached Alexander's door as he had countless times before and knocked. He could plainly see that Alexander's TV set was on, as were his lights; but after several minutes, Alexander still didn't answer the door.
Hamblen rushed back to the store to relay the upsetting developments to Fuller. She encouraged Hamblen to dial 911. Soon, officers were on their way.
When deputies from the Marion County Sheriff's office arrived at Alexander's house, they heard a man “calling for help from inside the residence, deputies said. They broke the door down, and found Alexander on the floor in need of immediate medical attention. One day later, and they might have been too late.
Alexander was rushed to Salem Hospital, where he was listed in stable condition shortly after the dramatic rescue. In the following weeks, Fuller, Hamblen, and other store employees went to visit him with flowers and cards, noting that Alexander greeted them with knowing smiles.
12．How did Fuller sense that something was wrong
A．She knew Alexander had serious health problems.
B．Alexander hadn't ordered chicken wings for nearly 2 weeks.
C．Alexander had never before broken his routine in the store for 10 years.
D．Alexander had disappeared from the store's ordering system for about 2 weeks.
13．What can you infer from the underlined sentence
A．Hamblen was fond of knocking at Alexander's door.
B．Hamblen was more than an acquaintance to Alexander.
C．Every time Hamblen arrived at Alexander's house, he would knock first.
D．When Hamblen had enough time in the past, he would go to Alexander's house.
14．In which column of a newspaper will you probably read this article
A．Life. B．Technology. C．Healthy. D．Entertainment.
15．The saying we can learn from the story is .
A．Born in distress, die in peace B．Details determine success or failure
C．Even the wise are not always free from error D．Better late than never
【答案】12．D 13．B 14．A 15．B
【分析】本文为记叙文。讲述了细心周到的外卖店经理通过观察到常客Kirk Alexander 打破了每天订餐的习惯，派人上门了解情况，发现Kirk患病在家，及时报警，从而救了Kirk 性命的经过。
12．细节理解题。根据第五段““I went and looked up to see how long it had been since he last ordered,” Fuller told . “It was 11 days, which was not like him at all.”(Fuller对说：“我抬头看了看，他上次点餐是多久以前的事，发现是11天前的事了，这完全不像他的风格。”)”可知，Fuller是通过发现Kirk最近已经有11天（差不多两周）没有在外卖店下单了，感觉到不对劲了。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段“Almost every night for more than ten years. Kirk Alexander, 48, of Salem, Oregon ordered a late dinner from his local Domino's pizza store. He had no signature order. Sometimes he would call for a salad, sometimes a pie, sometimes chicken wings. The only sure thing for the staff of the Silverton Road Domino's was that they would see Alexander's name show up on their online ordering site sometime between 11 p. m. and midnight several times a week.(十多年来几乎每晚，俄勒冈州塞勒姆48岁的Kirk Alexander都会在当地的达美乐披萨店点了一份晚餐。他没有指定要什么吃的。有时他要沙拉，有时要派，有时要鸡翅。对西弗顿路达美乐的员工来说，唯一可以肯定的是，他们会在每周几次的晚上11点到午夜的某个时间看到亚历山大的名字出现在他们的在线订购网站上)”以及画线部分上文“Around 1 a. m. on Sunday. May 8, Fuller sent longtime delivery driver Tracey Hamblen to stop in at Alexander's home.(周日5月8日凌晨1点左右，Fuller让长期送货司机Tracey Hamblen去了Alexander的家)”可推知，Alexander经常点外卖，而Hamblen是派送员，所以可推测Hamblen跟Alexander十分熟识。故选B。
14．推理判断题。阅读文章内容可知，文章讲述了细心周到的外卖店经理通过观察到常客Kirk Alexander 打破了每天订餐的习惯，派人上门了解情况，发现Kirk患病在家，及时报警，从而救了Kirk 性命的经过。本文属于生活故事，应该出现在报纸的“生活”栏目。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据第四段“It was a slow Saturday night on May 7th when Domino's general manager Sarah Fuller felt she could no longer ignore Alexander's recent absence.(5月7日，这是一个周六晚上，时间过得很慢，达美乐的总经理Sarah Fuller觉得她不能再忽视Alexander最近的缺席了)”可知，外卖店经理通过细心观察，察觉到了顾客Kirk点餐习惯发生的变化，最后救了Kirk的命，告诉了我们“细节决定成败”的道理。故选B。
（六）
（2024广东梅州·二模）Field Trips Your Students Actually Want to Go On
Some of the best memories from grade school are made at field trips. Field trips offer students something they can’t get from lectures or textbook pages — hands -on fun! Here are some metro Detroit attractions to visit with your students. They're great places to make memories and, of course, learn something too!
1. Belle Isle Nature Center （Detroit）
Availability: Wednesday, Thursday or Friday at 10:30 a. m. , 11 :30 a. m. or 12:30 p. m.
Admission : Free
Enjoy both indoor and outdoor animal exhibits. Programs include a deer feeding, a hands - on activity and discovery time.
2. Michigan Science Center （Detroit）
Availability: Wednesday-Friday （ hours vary, also Tuesdays from Oct. 8, 2021, to Jan. 7,2022）
Admission : Varies by experience you select
Interact with more than 250 hands -on exhibits that explore space, health, physical science, engineering and more.
3. Diamond Jack's River Tours （Detroit）
Availability: Monday - Friday, May 1 to Oct. 31,at 9 :30 a. m. , 10:30 a. m. , 11 :30 a. m. or 12:30 p. m.
Admission : $ 9/person
Sec 16 miles of the U. S. and Canada Detroit River shoreline, ocean-going and Great Lakes ships, a light house, die fire boat, parks, ship terminals, a mail boat and much more.
4. Arts & Scraps (Detroit)
Availability: Monday, Wednesday or Friday
Admission : Varies by age and number in group
Let your students' imaginations run wild. They'll think, create and learn while re-imagining recycled industrial materials. You can create a customized topic.
16．Which of the following field trips is related to astronomy
A．Arts &Scraps. B．Michigan Science Center.
C．Belle Isle Nature Center. D．Diamond Jack's River Tours.
17．Who is the text written for
A．Teachers. B．Parents. C．Students. D．Scientists.
18．What are “field trips” according to the passage
A．They are lectures that take place in open fields.
B．They are camps that all charge for an entrance fee.
C．They are visits to study something away from school.
D．They are tours connected with nature and physical science.
【答案】16．B 17．A 18．C
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个实地考察项目的内容及开放时间等。
16．细节理解题。根据第二个项目Michigan Science Center部分“Interact with more than 250 hands-on exhibits that explore space, health, physical science, engineering and more.(与250多个探索太空、健康、物理科学、工程及更多的可以亲身体验的展品互动。)”可知，Michigan Science Center与天文学有关。故选B项。
17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Here are some metro Detroit attractions to visit with your students.(这里有一些可以和你的学生一起参观的大都市底特律的景点。)”可知，本文是写给老师的。故选A项。
18．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Field trips offer students something they can’t get from lectures or textbook pages—hands-on fun!(实地考察给学生们提供了一些他们从课堂或课本上得不到的东西——亲身体验的乐趣。)”可知，实地考察是去学校以外的地方研究一些东西。故选C项。
（七）
（2024·新疆乌鲁木齐·一模）Money doesn’t grow on trees but gold does. Scientists in Western Australia claim to have made a new discovery—they have found gold in the leaves and branches of trees. The researchers believe that the trees suck up the gold from deep underground, over 30 metres down. The discovery has been described as the first of its kind in the world.
Australian gold exploration companies are pleased because it will make finding gold cheaper. Rather than drilling deep holes to find gold, they will be able to examine tree leaves and branches. The trees show what is happening under the earth’s surface. There is only a tiny amount of gold in the leaves. It would take 500 trees to make one gold ring. The gold is found using a special X-ray machine and a powerful microscope, which scan the leaves and branches.
The claim is that this is the first time that gold particles have been found in living material. However, this might not be true. Ancient Chinese wisdom understood the connection between plants and the precious stones and minerals underneath them. They used plant life to find minerals — and that was thousands of years ago. In the Zhou Dynasty, it was written in a book that a certain plant grew only near deposits (矿床) of gold. Over the next 2,000 years, Chinese people wrote about different plants and how they grew, showing where minerals and precious stones such as jade, copper, lead, silver and gold were Even more importantly, in the 1000s, Su Song described how Portulaca plants could yield mercury if crushed, dried and allowed to decay (腐烂). That was certainly the first time ever that a metal was obtained from a plant.
The Previous Secrets of the Realm of the King of Xin, written during the Ming Dynasty, described how different metals were observed and extracted (提炼) from certain plants. This knowledge was unknown in the rest of the world until about 1600, when a British man realised that oak trees grew larger and greener where there was alum in the ground. Maybe ancient Chinese knowledge has more to teach modern scientists.
19．According to Australian scientists, where can gold be probably found
A．In the roots of trees. B．In the leaves of trees.
C．In the trees everywhere. D．In the underground near trees.
20．How can we tell whether there is gold or not
A．By drilling deep holes in the trees.
B．By cutting the leaves of trees into pieces.
C．By examining the surface of the ground under the trees.
D．By scanning the leaves and branches using a special microscope.
21．Who first found the link between plants and minerals
A．Australian scientists. B．Su Song.
C．Ancient Chinese people. D．A British man.
22．The author develops Paragraph 4 mainly by ________.
A．using examples B．making comparisons
C．listing figures D．analyzing effects
【答案】19．B 20．D 21．C 22．B
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了澳大利亚科学家发现在树叶中可以找到金子，事实上古代中国人早就发现了植物和矿物质之间的联系。
19．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Scientists in Western Australia claim to have made a new discovery—they have found gold in the leaves and branches of trees.”可知，澳大利亚西部的科学家们声称他们在树叶和树枝中发现了金子，也就是说澳大利亚科学家认为在树叶中可以找到金子，故B项正确。
20．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The gold is found using a special X-ray machine and a powerful microscope, which scan the leaves and branches.”可知，用一种特殊的显微镜扫描树叶和树枝可以知道是否有金子，故D项正确。
21．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ancient Chinese wisdom understood the connection between plants and the precious stones and minerals underneath them.”可知，中国古代的智慧理解植物和它们下面的宝石和矿物质之间的联系，也就是是古代中国人最先发现植物和矿物质之间的联系的，故C项正确。
22．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The Previous Secrets of the Realm of the King of Xin, written during the Ming Dynasty, described how different metals were observed and extracted (提炼) from certain plants. This knowledge was unknown in the rest of the world until about 1600, when a British man realised that oak trees grew larger and greener where there was alum in the ground”可知，写于明朝的《辛朝秘笈》描述了从某些植物中观察和提取不同金属的过程，而直到1600年左右，一位英国人才发现，在有明矾的地方，橡树会长得又大又绿，因此第四段是通过作比较的手法展开的，故B项正确。
（八）
（2024·安徽淮南·二模）In late May, storms flooded streets in Florida. The floods made cars sink and turned roads into brown rivers. Flash flooding can happen when storm drains get blocked up and, especially during hurricanes, overflow into streets. It’s the leading cause of weather-related deaths.
A team of local middle-school students has a plan to stop this ongoing problem. Alyssa, Bianca and Jose are sixth-graders. The Doral students designed a device to warn city workers when and where there is a danger of flooding. The team is one of five grand-prize winners of the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow Contest. The contest asked for science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) solutions to the biggest challenge facing a school community.
“I’ve been living here my entire life, and all of us have encountered problems with flooding,” says Bianca. “We knew that was the problem we were going to tackle.”
The students’ device uses a laser system called lidar, which stands for “light detection and ranging.” The device, if approved by the city government, could be attached to Doral’s 2,575 storm and manhole drains — one device per drain. If a drain gets blocked with sediment (沉积物), the device could send a warning message to the city’s stormwater management office. Then the stormwater manager could send someone to clean the drain.
Starting in March, the school was closed, so team meetings went virtual. Luckily, says Bianca, “We already had a prototype device, and we just had to adjust it some more ” They also had to pitch their idea virtually to contest judges.
Twenty finalist teams were cut down to the five grand-prize-winning teams. Each of the five teams won $100 000 for technology and supplies for their science classrooms. “We put m a lot of effort and had to trust each other and that each one knew what they were talking about,” says Alyssa.
23．How does the author start the text
A．With an image.
B．With some figures.
C．By raising questions.
D．By stating a phenomenon.
24．What can be known about the Doral students’ team
A．It is made up of five middle school students.
B．Its aim is to solve the problem of the drain flooding,
C．It has won first prize in the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow Contest.
D．Its members are trained in science, technology, engineering and math.
25．What is the author’s intention of quoting Bianca’s words in Para. 3
A．To list their challenges.
B．To explore their motivation.
C．To express their determination.
D．To prove their responsibility.
26．What is the main function of the students’ device
A．To inform the authorities when a drain is blocked.
B．To arrange for someone to clean the drain.
C．To prevent the drain from being blocked.
D．To help clear away sediment in the drain.
【答案】23．D 24．B 25．C 26．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是暴洪在佛罗里达州时有发生，且造成的后果非常严重，对于居住在佛罗里达州的人们来说，暴洪问题一直存在，所以必须要解决，一个学生团队设计了一项设备用于解决暴洪天气带来的排水系统进水的问题。
23．推理判断题。根据第一段“In late May, storms flooded streets in Florida. The floods made cars sink and turned roads into brown rivers. Flash flooding can happen when storm drains get blocked up and, especially during hurricanes, overflow into streets. It’s the leading cause of weather-related deaths.(五月底，暴风雨淹没了佛罗里达州的街道。洪水使汽车下沉，道路变成褐色的河流。当暴雨排水渠堵塞时，暴洪就会发生，特别是在飓风期间，洪水会涌进街道。这是与天气有关的死亡的主要原因。)”可知暴洪在佛罗里达州时有发生，且造成的后果非常严重，作者在第一段陈述了这样的现象来引出下文，以此开展文章内容，故选D项。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Doral students designed a device to warn city workers when and where there is a danger of flooding. (多拉尔的学生们设计了一种装置，可以在有洪水危险的时间和地点警告城市工人。)”以及第四段“The students’ device uses a laser system called lidar, which stands for “light detection and ranging.” The device, if approved by the city government, could be attached to Doral’s 2,575 storm and manhole drains — one device per drain. If a drain gets blocked with sediment (沉积物), the device could send a warning message to the city’s stormwater management office. Then the stormwater manager could send someone to clean the drain.(学生们的设备使用一种叫做lidar的激光系统，意思是“光探测和测距”。如果市政府批准，该装置可以连接到多拉尔的2575个排水口和下水道——一个排水口安装一个装置。如果下水道被沉积物堵塞，该设备可以向城市雨水管理办公室发送警告信息。然后雨水管理人员可以派人去清理排水管。)”可知他们一起设计了一项装置，其目的是解决排水系统进水的问题，所以B项表述正确，故选B项。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段““I’ve been living here my entire life, and all of us have encountered problems with flooding,” says Bianca. “We knew that was the problem we were going to tackle.”(“我一辈子都住在这里，我们所有人都遇到过洪水问题，”比安卡说。“我们知道这就是我们要解决的问题。”)”可知对于居住在佛罗里达州的人们来说，暴洪问题一直存在，所以必须要解决，由此可知作者在第三段引用比安卡的话是为了展示他们做这件事，即设计这个装置解决排水系统进水的问题的决心。故选C项。
26．细节理解题。根据第四段“The students’ device uses a laser system called lidar, which stands for “light detection and ranging.” The device, if approved by the city government, could be attached to Doral’s 2,575 storm and manhole drains — one device per drain. If a drain gets blocked with sediment (沉积物), the device could send a warning message to the city’s stormwater management office. Then the stormwater manager could send someone to clean the drain.(学生们的设备使用一种叫做lidar的激光系统，意思是“光探测和测距”。如果市政府批准，该装置可以连接到多拉尔的2575个排水口和下水道——一个排水口安装一个装置。如果下水道被沉积物堵塞，该设备可以向城市雨水管理办公室发送警告信息。然后雨水管理人员可以派人去清理排水管。)”可知学生们设计的这个设备的主要功能是：当排水管堵塞时通知当局（城市雨水管理办公室），故选A项。
（九）
（2024山东·济南三模）While we know that language first appeared among Homo sapiens (智人) somewhere thousands of years ago, the secret to how language evolved is still unknown, and mainstream theories fall into two distinctly different camps.
One widely held theory is that language came about as an evolutionary adaptation. That was where the idea of natural selection came into play, which was the belief that the specific physical features of a population made that population more likely to survive its environment, like the turtle (海龟) and its shell. On one hand, humans needed to communicate with each other in order to hunt，farm and defend themselves successfully from the surrounding severe environment. Being able to communicate by using language gave the human species a distinct survival advantage. On the other hand, language was needed for social interaction, according to those who subscribed to the adaptation theory.
In their paper “Natural Language and Natural Selection,” researchers Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom theorized that a series of calls or gestures evolved over time into combinations, giving us complex communication, or language. As things became more complicated around them，humans needed a more complex system to convey information to one another. Early man saw a group of deer he wanted to hunt. He made a sound to his hunting partner that means “deer are nearby.” One day,a storm came in and the hunter noticed that thunder scared the deer away. As a result, the hunter went hungry until the storm passed. Over time, the same hunter also learned to recognize the warning signs for bad weather-dark skies and increased wind. Early man realized that when the sky darkened and the wind picked up, he needed to tell his hunting partner to speed up the pursuit of the deer. Therefore, he came up with a series of sounds that refer to both the deer and the bad weather. That series of sounds was the beginning of an evolutionary adaptation that eventually became language.
As humans learned more about how to best survive, they developed a need to convey these survival methods to their population. To be brief, that's the adaptation theory.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．The evolution of language.
B．The paper on natural selection.
C．The differences between theories.
D．The introduction to human reproduction.
28．Why are the turtle and its shell mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To show the mystery of nature.
B．To support the evolutionary adaptation.
C．To stress the advantage of the turtle's shell.
D．To encourage people to study natural selection.
29．How does the author explain the adaptation theory in paragraph 3
A．By comparing. B．By listing data.
C．By carrying out a survey. D．By giving an example.
30．What will the author most probably tell us next
A．The exact place where humans came from.
B．The other theory of how language evolved.
C．The reasons why animals cannot form language.
D．The methods of humans' shaping non- verbal thinking.
【答案】27．A 28．B 29．D 30．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了语言是如何进化的。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While we know that language first appeared among Homo sapiens (智人) somewhere thousands of years ago, the secret to how language evolved is still unknown, and mainstream theories fall into two distinctly different camps.”（虽然我们知道语言最早是在几千年前的智人中出现的，但语言如何发展的秘密仍然未知，主流理论分为两个截然不同的阵营）以及第二段“One widely held theory is that language came about as an evolutionary adaptation.”（一种广泛接受的理论是语言是一种进化适应。）可知，本文主要介绍了语言是如何进化的。故选A项。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段前两句That was where the idea of natural selection came into play, which was the belief that the specific physical features of a population made that population more likely to survive its environment, like the turtle (海龟) and its shell.（那就是自然选择的想法开始起作用的地方，即人们相信种群的特定物理特征使该种群更有可能幸存于其环境中，例如海龟及其壳。）可知，作者提到海龟和龟壳是为了支持本段的中心论点：语言是作为一种进化适应而产生的。故选B项。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段As things became more complicated around them，humans needed a more complex system to convey information to one another…Therefore, he came up with a series of sounds that refer to both the deer and the bad weather.（随着周围事物变得越来越复杂，人类需要一种更复杂的系统来彼此传递信息。因此，他想出了一系列指代鹿和天气的声音）可知，作者描述一个打猎的场景来说明语言的进化论，即用举例的方式来说明适应理论。故选D项。
30．推理判断题。第一段“While we know that language first appeared among Homo sapiens (智人) somewhere thousands of years ago, the secret to how language evolved is still unknown, and mainstream theories fall into two distinctly different camps.”（虽然我们知道语言最早是在几千年前的智人中出现的，但语言如何发展的秘密仍然未知，主流理论分为两个截然不同的阵营）可知，主流理论分为两个截然不同的阵营，再根据最后一段“As humans learned more about how to best survive, they developed a need to convey these survival methods to their population. To be brief, that’s the adaptation theory.”（随着人们对如何最佳生存的了解越来越多，他们开始需要将这些生存方法传达给他们的人们。简而言之，这就是适应理论。）可知，两个不同的阵营，作者列举了其中的一种。由此推知，作者接下来最可能会告诉我们另一个语言进化理论。故选B项。
（十）
（2024高三上·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·二模）Bookstores are fascinating places. That’s because the books on the shelves can take you away to magical lands, help you learn a foreign language, or cook a delicious meal. But when your community is too small to house a real brick bookstore, sometimes you have to make a compromise. A mobile bookstore that brings books around the country was the result. That is the case for Rita Collins, 70, who dreamed of opening a used bookstore after retiring from teaching.
A business planning class from the American Booksellers Association convinced Collins to abandon her idea that opening a bookstore in the small town where she lives, which would not be sustainable. Eureka, Montana, located just seven miles from the Canadian border, only has a population of 1,517. Collins asked her instructors about a traveling bookstore on wheels and they were skeptical. But she persevered.
Collins was inspired by Dylans Mobile Bookstore, a traveling bookstore in Wales run by Jeff Towns. She contacted Jeff for advice but she was largely on her own when it came to building her bookstore. First, she had to find a vehicle large enough to stand in. Then she had to have it refitted with shelves that would hold the books at a 15-degree angle so that they would stay in place while in transit. Collins named her bookstore St Rita’s Traveling Bookstore, which has been on the road since 2015.
At first, she drove through Montana and then she made her first cross-country trip in 2016. After she retired in 2017, it became a full-time job all year round. Collins and her mobile bookstore have visited 30 states, stopping at festivals and events along the way. While the locations change, some things always stay the same. Collins loves meeting people and making connections. While she loves what she does, Collins doesn’t think she can keep doing it. In several years, she hopes to pass her traveling bookstore onto another bibliophile who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road.
31．Why did Collins abandon opening a bookstore
A．It would cost a lot of money. B．It was not promising.
C．It would be out of date. D．It was not approved.
32．Why were the shelves designed at a 15-degree angle
A．To beautify the mobile bookstore.
B．To make full use of space of the shelves.
C．To keep the bookstore’s balance.
D．To protect the books from falling down.
33．Which of the following can best describe Collins
A．Merciful and delightful. B．Intelligent and reasonable.
C．Determined and social. D．Generous and lovely.
34．What does the underlined word “bibliophile” in the last paragraph mean
A．A book lover. B．A publisher.
C．A famous writer. D．An editor.
【答案】31．B 32．D 33．C 34．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，文章介绍了柯林斯创办的移动书店，她已经驾驶她的书店走遍了美国的30个州。
31．细节理解题。根据第二段的“A business planning class from the American Booksellers Association convinced Collins to abandon her idea that opening a bookstore in the small town where she lives, which would not be sustainable.(美国书商协会 的一门商业规划课程说服柯林斯放弃了在她居住的小镇上开书店的想法，因为这是不可持续的。)”以及“Eureka, Montana, located just seven miles from the Canadian border, only has a population of 1,517.(蒙大拿州尤里卡距离加拿大边境只有7英里，人口只有1517人。)”可知，柯林斯居住的地方是个僻远小镇，人口不足 2000 人，在镇里开书店没有发展前景。故选B项。
32．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Then she had to have it refitted with shelves that would hold the books at a 15-degree angle so that they would stay in place while in transit. Collins named her bookstore St Rita’s Traveling Bookstore, which has been on the road since 2015.(然后她又重新安装了书架，把书以15度的角度放好，这样书在运输过程中就不会变形。柯林斯将她的书店命名为圣丽塔旅行书店，自2015年以来一直在路上。)”可知，移动书店的每一层书架倾斜 15 度角，目的是防止书籍在车子运行过程中掉落。故选D项。
33．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Collins asked her instructors about a traveling bookstore on wheels and they were skeptical. But she persevered.( 柯林斯向她的导师们询问关于“车轮上的旅行书店”的问题，他们表示怀疑。但是她坚持了下去。)”以及最后一段中“Collins loves meeting people and making connections.(柯林斯喜欢与人交往和建立联系)”可推知，柯林斯也是一个意志坚定和爱交际的人。故选C项。
34．词句猜测题。根据划线词后定语从句“who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road.(他们有共同的兴趣，并且会一直坚持下去。)”可知，该词意为“书籍爱好者”，与a book lover项同义。故选A项。
（2021·辽宁·模拟预测）Soft robots, which can move around the ocean without harming sea life, are ideal for underwater exploration. However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. But that may change soon thanks to a self-driven soft robot created by researchers at the University of California, San Diego.
The recently-developed robot, which resembles a paper lantern, was primarily built using soft materials. Its flexible ribs are attached to a circular plate at both ends. An adjustable nozzle (喷嘴) fitted on one side helps draw in and jet (射出) water each time the robot shrinks. The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (乌贼). A plate holds a waterproof component that can house a camera to record data, which is of great value to further development of the robot. It also has its own power source, allowing it to float autonomously for long periods of time.
“Essentially, we recreated all the key features that squids use for high-speed swimming. This is the first robot that can achieve these jets of water by changing its body shape, which improves swimming efficiency,” said Professor Michael T. Though the squid robot has not been tested in open waters, it successfully swam around coral and fish in a large tank in the UC San Diego Birch Aquarium. What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots.
“After we were able to improve the design of the robot so that it would swim in a tank in the lab, it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications,” said Caleb Christianson, who led the study as part of his Ph. D paper.
35．Why were the previous soft robots seldom used
A．Their application places are limited.
B．They do great damage to sea life.
C．They are very difficult to control.
D．Their advertising effect is hot good.
36．What’s the similarity between the newly-developed robot and squids
A．Their body material. B．Their general speed.
C．Their power source. D．Their swimming pattern.
37．What can we learn about the squid robot according to Paragraph 3
A．It is the first robot that can transform.
B．It will function well in open waters.
C．It has every feature that a squid has.
D．It can defeat most other soft robots in speed.
38．What’s Caleb Christianson’s attitude towards the newly-developed robot
A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful.
【答案】35．C 36．D 37．D 38．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型软体机器人，包括它的行进原理、目前取得的进展及其应用成果。
35．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. (然而，它们在机器人市场并不受欢迎，因为它们速度极慢，在水中操作也很困难。)”可知，早期的软体机器人在机器人市场中并不受欢迎是因为它们在水中移动得非常慢而且难以在水中操控。故选C项。
36．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (乌贼).(喷射出来的水流使它能够向前游动，就像乌贼一样。)”可知，新型软体机器人在水中（向前）移动的方式和乌贼游动的方式相似。故选D项。
37．细节理解题。根据第三段中“What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots. (更重要的是，这个机器人的速度达到了每秒18到32厘米，也就是大约每小时半英里。虽然与真正的乌贼（的游动速度）相差甚远，但它比其他大多数软机器人都要快。)”可知，这种新型机器人的行进速度大约是每小时半英里，它比其他大多数软体机器人（的移动速度）都要快。故选D项。
38．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications (尤其令人兴奋的是，看到这个机器人能够成功地在一个大水族箱的珊瑚和鱼中游泳，展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性)”可知，Caleb Christianson表示看到这种新型软体机器人能在水族箱中成功地游泳是一件很令人兴奋的事，这也展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性。因此，Caleb Christianson 对这种新型软体机器人持积极的态度。故选A项。
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