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新概念第二册
Lesson 28 No parking
单词精讲
rare /re /
【释义】adj. ① 罕见的，稀少的
【例句】It's very rare for him to be late. 他很少迟到。
【释义】② 稀罕的，珍贵的
【例句】That wood carving is very rare. 那个木雕非常珍贵。
【联想】rare → rarely adv.很少地
ancient /'e n nt/
【释义】adj. 古代的，古老的'
【例句】There are many ancient buildings in Rome.在罗马有许多古代建筑。
【搭配】ancient city 古都 in ancient times 在古代
myth /miθ/
【释义】n. 神话故事
【例句】Manymyths originated in ancient Greek and spread to other countries.
许多神话故事源于古希腊，后传播到其他国家。
【联想】myth→mystery n.神秘→mysterious adj.神秘的。
trouble /'tr b l/
【释义】n.① 麻烦，困难，烦恼
【例句】I hope I haven’t put you to any trouble.我希望我没有给你添什么麻烦。
【释义】② 疾病，故障
【例句】What's the trouble with the machine 这机器出什么毛病了
【释义】vt.麻烦，使烦恼
【例句】I'm sorry to trouble you. 麻烦您实在抱歉。
【释义】vi. 费神，费事
【例句】Don't trouble about it.不要为此而苦恼了。
【搭配】have trouble in sth. (in doing sth.) 在……有困难
put sb. to trouble 使某人陷人麻烦 get into trouble 陷人困境
make trouble 捣乱
take trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做……
in trouble 处于不幸(苦恼、困境)中
trouble sb. for sth.因某事而麻烦某人
【联想】trouble → troublesome adj. 令人烦恼的
effect / 'fekt/
【释义】n.结果，效果
【例句】 This method was of no effect. 这方法无效。
【释义】vt. ① 产生，引起，招致
【例句】His pride effected his failure. 他的骄傲招致了失败。
【释义】② 实现，达到(目的)
【例句】He effected several important changes. 他完成了几项重要的改革。
【搭配】be in effect 有效，生效 come (go) into effect 生效
in effect 实际上，事实上
bring/put sth.into effect 实行，实施
of no effect = without effect 没有作用
to no effect 不起作用
如:We warned him. but to no effect.我们曾警告过他，但没起任何作用。
to that effect 有那个意思，意思是
如:She told me to get out - or words to that effect.她叫我滚开--或说了类似的话。
【联想】effect → effective adj. 有效的
↓
efficient adj.效率高的
【辨析】effect，affect, influence
1.effect 效果，指“实现、达成”，着重造成一种特殊效果。
The new policy has a positive effect on economic development.新政策对经济发展有积极的效果（实现了积极的推动作用）。
2. affect 影响，着重“影响”的动作，指产生的影响之大足以引起反应。
如:Climate and weather affect every aspect ofour lives.气候和天气影响我们生活的每个方面。
The earthquake affected thousands of people's lives.地震影响了数千人的生活。
3. influence 影响，影响力，指通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生潜移默化的影响。
如:What you read influences your thinking你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
重点句型
What has happened 现在完成时
现在完成时
1.现在完成时have/has+过去分词，表示过去某时的动作对现在存在影响。
仔细阅读下列句子，注意与现在完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组：
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. 我刚收到我弟弟蒂姆的来信。
just 刚刚
I have not seen Tim since last January. 自从去年一月我就没再见过蒂姆。
since+某一时间点
I have not seen Tim for three years. 我已经三年没有见过蒂姆了。
for+一段时间
Up till now he has won five prizes. 到现在为止他已经赢得五项大奖了。
up till now 到现在为止
I have been to New York three times so far. 迄今为止我已经去过纽约三次了。
so far 到现在为止
Have you seen this film 你看过这部电影吗？
通常搭配的adv.及短语有：
just; already; ever; never; recently; lately; yet; so far; for six months
2.现在完成时是一个现在时态，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：
now; today; this week; this month; this year
The rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。
now 相当于at last
I have lived here for five years now. 到现在为止我住在这儿已经五年了。
now 相当于so far
Have you seen John today 今天你见过约翰吗？
today相当于到现在为止
It has rained every day this week. 这星期每天都下雨。
have been与have gone含义不同。
I have been to the library. 我去过图书馆。
He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。
非延续性动词可用于完成时中，但不能加一段时间。但是，在否定句中，非延续性动词可用于现在完成时并加一段时间。因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。
I have bought a car. 我买了一辆车。
I have had the car for 3 weeks. 我买这辆车已经3周了。
I haven’t bought anything for three months. 我已经三个月没有买任何东西了。
I haven’t touched beer for a whole week. 我已经一周没沾过啤酒了。
5.现在完成时有时带有感彩。
What have you done ! 你干了些什么！
Now you have done! 这下你可闯祸了！
定语从句
一、在主从复合句中，充当主句某一成分（主语，宾语，表语，状语）的定语的主谓结构叫定语从句。
二、定语从句一般是由关系代词（who, that, which, whose, whom）或关系副词（when, where, why）引导的。
Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning
你认识那个今早来找小杨的人吗？
At the time when I saw him, he was well. 我看见他的时候，他很好。
三、定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
1. 限定性定语从句修饰的词代表一个或一类特定的人或东西，如果拿掉了定语从句，剩下的部分就会失去意义，不能成立或意思不清或不能说明问题。
Those who want to go please sign their names here. 那些想去的人请在这里签名。
The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important.
昨天我收到的那封他寄来的信非常重要。
The students who went to see the film were very disappointed.
那些去看了电影的学生非常失望。
2.非限定性定语从句，只对所修饰的词作进一步说明，拿掉之后其他部分仍可成立。
She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.
她非常喜欢说法语，而且她说得非常好。
I have many friends, some of whom are painters.
我有许多朋友，其中一些是画家。
非限定性定语从句通常用逗号隔开。
3.限定性定语从句
1）如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who或用that，作主语时用who较多，且不可省略，如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语，用宾格whom或that，在口语中可用who代替，但在大多数情况下都可以省略。
The people _____ you were talking to were Swedes. (who/that/whom/空)宾语
He is a man _____ you can safely depend on. (who/that/whom/空)宾语
Here is the man _____ you’ve been looking for. (who/that/whom/空)宾语
2）在表示“…的”这个所有关系的时候，可以用它的所有格whose。
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast
你们班有家在东北的人吗？
3）限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that或which（但在从句中做主语时不可省略）。
The parcel that/which came just now was for Tom. 刚刚到的包裹是给汤姆的。
The train that/which has just left is for Xi’an. 刚开走的火车是去西安的。
当这个代词在从句中做宾语时，大多数情况下可省略，尤其在口语中。
Is there anything you need 有你需要的东西吗？
Anything I can do for you 　我能为你做些什么？
４）在介词后只能用which。
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.
/the tool that he is working with is called a wrench.
他用来工作的工具叫做扳手。
5）当限定性定语从句修饰一个时间的时候，常用关系副词when来引导定语从句，在很多情况下还可以不用或用that来表达。
There are moments when I forget all about it. 总有一天我会忘了的。
Come any time that you like. 你喜欢的话随时都可以来。
She made me feel at home the moment I arrived.
我一到她就让我感觉好像到了自己家一样。
6）限定性定语从句在修饰表示地点的名词前，用关系副词where，在从句中充当状语成分。
I know a place where we can swim. 我知道一个可以游泳的地方。
Is there a shop around where we can get fruit 附近有没有能买水果的商店？
7）在reason后的的定语从句可由why来引导，也可常省略。
This is the reason (why) I did it. 这就是我为什么做这件事的原因。
8）在way后也可跟定语从句，不需要关系代词或副词。
That’s the way I look at it. 那就是我看它的方式。
That was the way she looked after us. 那就是她照顾我们的方式。
关系从句及关系代词
关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为限定性关系从句(不带逗号)和非限定性关系从句(带逗号)。表示人的关系代词：who，whom，that，whose(口语中whom经常由who代替)
表示事物和动物的关系代词：which，that
关系代词可以有四个概念 :
① 代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom
② 代物的, 做主语或宾语 which
③ 代人的也可以代物的 做主语或宾语 that
④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定(不一定指人)
关系代词后面要加从句，先行词放在定语从句前面, 而且是两句话共同含有的词, 还是被定语从句修饰的词I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词)
关系代词有两个功能 : 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语)
The boy who is standing at the door is my brother.
I can do anything that I can do.
I have a house whose windows are broken.
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以。whose 后面一定要加一个名词, 然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语
The pilot whose plane landed in a field was not hurt.
Exersise(在需要的地方填上who, which, that或whose)
1 The only games ______ I play are football and tennis.先行词如果用only, 序数词, 形容词最高级修饰, 其后边的关系词只用that
4 This is the hotel at ______ we are staying.
介词后加物的话, 只加which,加人的话, 用whom, 都不可用that,who也不能
6 That is the horse ______ won the race.
句子中用词避免重复, 句首已有了一个 “that” , 故选 “which” 而不是 “that”
Who is the man that is helping you 谁是那个正在帮助你的人 (不用“who”避免重复)
7 He is the sort of person ______ everyone admires.
课文精讲
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
贾斯珀·怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。
★ who 引导的定语从句修饰
one, 由于 one 是单数 , 故后边动词
believe 在一般现在时第三人称单数后加 s;
rare adj. 罕见的 ;
rarity n. 罕见 稀有珍品；
ancient adj. 古代的 古老的 古板的 ;
myth n. 神话故事；
mythical adj. 神话的 虚无的 ;
believe in 信任 信仰 笃信；
believe vt. 相信，认为
believe in 信任，信赖(人格、力量等)；信仰；相信……的存在，相信……的价值
I believe in God. 我信仰上帝。
He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了摩擦。
ever since =since 从那以后一直(ever since的语气比since强，主句一般用完成时)
have trouble doing 做……有麻烦
have trouble with sb. 和某人相处有麻烦
move in 搬入
move out 搬出 ;
★ have trouble with 在打交道或应付某事时有困难 ; has had trouble 现在完成时 [ have/has done];
own v. 拥有 ;
owner 拥有者 ;
When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.当他夜里回到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。
return v. 返回 ;
return home = go back home 回家；
always adv. 总是 老是；
park v. 停 ;
outside prep. 在 ... 外边 ≠ inside ;
Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。
because只能作连词用，后面接从句
because of 由于，介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词、代词或动词 “-ing”.
be able to 的主语一般都是人, 表示有能力去做；
can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时(could)，而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to。
get sth. into 把……弄进
drive the car into 把车子撞上……
even once 甚至一次(even 起强调)
Jasper has put up ‘No Parking’signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边，但没有任何效果。
put up 挂起 张贴；
put out 灭火
put off 拖延
put forward 提出 建议 促进 ;
park v. 停车 ;
no 表示禁止
No smoking! ;
sign n. 标牌 招牌；
affect v. 影响 ;
effect n. 结果 效果（不可数 )
have effect 有效果 ≠ have no effect ;
have not had any effect =have had no effect 没有效果 ;
Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。
ugly adj. 丑陋的 ≠ beautiful, pretty;
over prep. 在 ... 上方 ;
stone head 石雕头像 ;
gate n. 门 entrance 入口 exit 出口 ;
★ one of 后要加可数名词复数 , one of 其中之一 ;
★最高级标志：of + 范围 , in+ 地点 ; 定语从句 I have ever seen，修饰 one, 引导词 that 被省略了 ;
I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。
it 指 stone head; Medusa n. 美杜莎 Gorgon n. 希腊神话中的蛇发女怪 ( 见其貌者都会变成石头 );
Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。但到目前为止还没有一个人变成石头呢！
turn ...to ... 把 ... 变成 ...., 把前者变成后者；hope + that 从句；
★ none pron. 任何一个都没有 , 常指三个或更多的，作主语时，谓语动词用单数复数均可，如果谈到所有人的情况，动词多用复数，如果谈到每个人的情况，动词用单数 ; neither of 二者其一都没有，作主语时作单数看待；

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