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新概念第二册
Lesson 38 Everything expect the weather
单词精讲
except prep.除了，除了...外
except for 除...之外
The room was empty except for a broken chair.（除了一把破椅子，房间里空空如也。）
The composition is well - written except for a few spelling mistakes.
（除了一些拼写错误，这篇作文写得很好。）
except that
I like this city very much except that the traffic is too heavy.
（我非常喜欢这个城市，除了交通太拥堵。）
He is a good student except that he is a little lazy sometimes.
（他是个好学生，除了有时有点懒。）
except表示“除...外，（其余都）...”指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分。
All the students went to the park except Tom.（除了汤姆，所有的学生都去公园了。）
I like all fruits except bananas.（除了香蕉，我喜欢所有的水果。）
but prep.除...之外（与no,nobody,all,anywhere等连用）
There is no one but likes a beautiful view.（没有人不喜欢美丽的景色。）
Nobody but me knows the secret.（除了我没人知道这个秘密。）
All but one student passed the exam.（除了一个学生，所有人都通过了考试。）
You can find this kind of plant anywhere but here.
（除了这里，你在任何地方都能找到这种植物。）
but 强调未被排除的其他事物（人）
except 强调所排除之人（事物）
Mediterranean
n.
指海洋：The Mediterranean is the sea between southern Europe and North Africa.
（地中海是欧洲南部和北非之间的海洋。）
指地区：The Mediterranean refers to the southern part of Europe, which is next to the Mediterranean Sea.（地中海地区指的是欧洲南部，毗邻地中海的部分。）
adj.
描述气候：The Mediterranean climate is characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.（地中海气候的特点是冬季温和湿润，夏季炎热干燥。）
描述饮食：The Mediterranean diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, and olive oil, which is considered very healthy.（地中海饮食富含水果、蔬菜和橄榄油，被认为非常健康。）
描述风格：The houses in this area are Mediterranean in character, with white walls and red-tiled roofs.
（这个地区的房子具有地中海风格，白色的墙壁和红色的瓦屋顶。）
complain vt.抱怨，控诉（常与that从句连用）
1)(常做贬义）抱怨，投诉，发牢骚
·complain to sb about/at sth 对某人抱怨某事
She complained that the movie was too boring.（她抱怨这部电影太无聊了。）
complain of...诉说（病，痛等）
complain of a toothache
The patient complained of a headache.（病人诉说头疼。）牙疼
·2)(正式地）投诉
They decided to complain to the manager about the poor service.
（他们决定向经理投诉糟糕的服务。）
continually adv.
不停地，持续地，表示某个动作或状态在一段时间内不间断地进行。
The phone has been ringing continually all morning.
（整个上午电话一直在不停地响。）
多次重复地，频繁地，表示某个动作或事件频繁发生。
He is continually making the same mistake.（他老是犯同样的错误。）
bitterly adv.严寒地，刺骨地，痛苦地
bitter adj.
1)苦味的
a bitter taste 一种苦的味道
2)痛苦的，令人悲伤的
a bitter experience 痛苦的经历
3)严寒的
a bitter winter 寒冷的冬天
bitterness n.苦味，酸辛，苦难
It was bitterly cold outside, so we had to stay indoors.
（外面严寒刺骨，所以我们不得不待在室内。）
She wept bitterly when she heard the bad news.
（当她听到这个坏消息时，她痛苦地哭泣着。）
sunshine
阳光；日照
The sunshine warmed my face.（阳光温暖了我的脸。）
这里的“sunshine”指的是来自太阳的光线，是一种自然现象。
欢乐；幸福
She brought sunshine into his life.（她给他的生活带来了欢乐。）
在这个句子中，“sunshine”是一种比喻的用法，表示某人像阳光一样给他人带来幸福和快乐的感觉。
二、重点句型
课文原句：My old friend, Harrison ,had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
过去完成时
1.结构 had done
2.用法
(1)表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。 句中常有by, before, when , until等引导的时间状语（从句）
By the time I got to the cinema, the movie had already started.
（当我到达电影院的时候，电影已经开始了。）
He had finished his homework before his mother came back.
（在他妈妈回来之前，他已经完成了作业。）
When I arrived at the party, most of the guests had left.
（当我到达聚会的时候，大多数客人已经离开了。）
She didn't go to bed until she had finished reading the book.
（直到读完这本书她才上床睡觉。）
表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或还将持续下去， 常与for, since等词连用。
He had been ill for a week before he went to see the doctor.
（在他去看医生之前，他已经病了一个星期了。）
She had lived in this city since she was born until she got married.
（从她出生到她结婚，她一直住在这个城市。）
某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。 这样的动词有：hope, expect, suppose, think ,want, wish等。
I had hoped to see you at the concert, but you didn't come.
（我原本希望在音乐会上见到你，但是你没来。）
He had expected to pass the exam, but he failed.
（他原本期望通过考试，但是他失败了。）
在before, after, as soon as等引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后，所以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。
After he left school, he started his own business.
（他离开学校之后，就开始了自己的创业。）
As soon as she saw me, she ran towards me.
（她一看到我，就朝我跑过来。）
过去完成时还常与no sooner...than...和hardly/rarely/scarcely...when...连用，表示 “一...就...”
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.（我一到家就开始下雨了。）
Hardly had he entered the room when he heard a loud noise.（他一进入房间就听到了一声巨响。）
三、课文精讲
My old friend, Harrison,had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
使用了before来和“过去完成时”连用，表达“过去的过去”概念。
“he returned to England已经是“过去”了，那么before这个“过去”的话，就是“过去的过去”了。
He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country．过去他常幻想退休后到英国，并计划在乡间安顿下来。
（1）dream of 在这里不表示具体的做梦，而是“幻想”、“向往”的意思：
Many young people dream of becoming famous singers or actors.
（许多年轻人幻想成为著名的歌手或演员。）
She dreams of traveling around the world one day.（她向往有一天能环游世界。）
（2）settle down 是个固定短语，可以表示“定居”、“安身”、“安顿”等含义：
After years of traveling, they finally decided to settle down in a small village.
（多年的旅行之后，他们最终决定在一个小村庄定居。）
The refugees are hoping to settle down in a safe place.
（难民们希望在一个安全的地方安身。）
Let's settle down and start our work.（让我们安顿下来开始工作吧。）
（3）【country & countryside】
a)country用作可数名词时，表示“国家”；country用作不可数名词时，表
示“城镇四周的土地”，即“乡间、乡下”，经常用于in the country的短
语中：
当“country”表示“国家”（可数名词）：
- There are many different countries in the world.（世界上有许多不同的国家。）
- 当“country”表示“乡间、乡下”（不可数名词）：
- They live in the country, far away from the city noise.
（他们住在乡下，远离城市的喧嚣。）
b)在表示“乡村，乡下”的意思时，countryside与country相同，但countryside强调景色；另外，如果没有明确的上下文，选用countryside更稳妥：
The countryside here is very beautiful, with green hills and clear rivers.
（这里的乡村非常美丽，有青山和清澈的河流。）
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
他刚一回到美国便买下了一幢房子住了进去。
· no sooner...than... 就...
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.（我刚到家就开始下雨了。）
·as soon as 一...就...
As soon as I got up, I had my breakfast.（我一起床就吃早饭了。）
·hardly...when 几乎未来得及...就...
Hardly had he entered the room when the phone rang.（他刚进房间，电话就响了。）
·主＋had no sooner done+than+一般过去时的句子
She had no sooner seen him than she ran away.（她一看到他就跑开了。）
·主＋had hardly done+when+一般过去时的句子
·He had hardly finished his work when his boss called him.
（他刚完成工作，老板就给他打电话了。）
Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. 但紧接着他就开始抱怨那里的天气了。 因为即使那时仍为夏季，但雨总是下个不停，而且常常冷得厉害。
（1）for 在这里为连词，
为所陈述的事说出原因。它与 because不同，不能用于句首。并且在for后面必须重复主语：
She didn't go to the party, for she was too tired.（她没有去参加聚会，因为她太累了。）
He failed the exam, for he hadn't studied hard enough.
（他考试不及格，因为他学习不够努力。）
（2）连词even though引导的是让步状语从句，表示“即使”、“虽然”：
Even though it was raining heavily, he still went to school on time.
（即使雨下得很大，他仍然按时去上学。）
Even though she is very busy, she always makes time for her family.
（虽然她很忙，但她总是为家人抽出时间。）
He acted as if be had never lived in England before．
他的举动就好像他从未在英国生活过一样。
连词 as if/ though 引导方式状语从句，通常跟在描述行为举止的动词之后，如act, appear, feel, look, smell, sound等后面：
In the end, it was more than he could bear.
最后，他再也忍受不住。
more than在这里表示“超过……的范围”：
His behavior was more than we could tolerate.
（他的行为超出了我们所能容忍的范围。）
这种用法与它通常表示“比……更多”的用法稍有不同：
He is more than a friend to me. He is like a brother.
（他对我来说不只是一个朋友，他就像兄弟一样。）
This problem is more than difficult. It's extremely complex.
（这个问题不只是难，而是极其复杂。）

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