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高考英语语法专项复习——形容词和副词
一.构词法
A.转化法
1．形容词转化为动词
形容词转化为及物动词时多表示“使......”，转化为不及物动词时多表示“变得......”。此类词常见的有：
perfect 完美的→使改善 slow 慢的→放慢 better 较好的→改善
empty 空的→倒空 dirty 脏的→使变脏 smooth 光滑的→使平滑
dry 干的→使变干 brave 勇敢的→勇敢地面对 clean adj.干净的→打扫，清理
2．形容词转化为名词
right adj.正确的→n.正确，公正 wrong adj.错误的→n.错误
3．副词转化为动词
further adv.较远，更远→v.促进；增进 near adv.在附近→v.接近，靠近
B.合成形容词
1）形容词＋现在分词
sweet-smelling 闻着芳香的 easy-going 随和的 ordinary-looking 长相一般的
2）副词＋现在分词
hard-working 勤奋的 ill-fitting 不合适的 ever-lasting 永久的
high-ranking职位高的 far-reaching 深远影响的 best-selling goods畅销的
3）名词＋现在分词
time-saving 省时的 energy-consuming耗能的 peace-loving爱好和平的
film-making制片的 heart-breaking 伤心的 English-speaking 说英语的
problem-solving 解决问题的 mouth-watering令人垂涎的 profit-making 赢利的
4）副词＋过去分词
well-known有名的 beautifully-decorated 精装的 locally-produced 本地制造的closely-related 密切相关的 widely-accepted广泛接受的 highly-developed高度发展的densely-populated人口稠密的 officially-recognized 正式承认的 newly-married 新婚的
5）名词＋形容词
environment-friendly＝environmentally-friendly 有利于环境的energy-efficient 节能的ecology-friendly（eco-friendly）生态友好的 cost-effective 节约经费的
C.派生词（形容词后缀：用以表示性质与特征的形容词后缀）
［-cal）结尾的形容词］
technical 技术上的 typical 典型的 chemical化学的 physical 身体上的
［-cial／-tial结尾的形容词］
racial 种族的 social 社会的 beneficial 有益的 financial 金融的 official官方的，正式的 influential 有影响力的 partial 部分的
［-some结尾的形容词］
troublesome 令人烦恼的 handsome英俊的 awesome 令人敬畏的 tiresome烦人的
易用错的几类副词
（1）意义有别的同根副词。如：free（免费地）／freely（自由地），hard（努力地）／hardly（几乎不），late（晚，迟）／lately（最近），most（很，最）／mostly（主要地），fair（公平地）／fairly（相当地），near（临近）／nearly（几乎）等。
（2）有些副词有两种形式：以-ly结尾时表示抽象意义；与形容词同形的表示具体意义。如：close 接近／closely 密切地；wide 宽地／widely广泛地；high高地／highly 高度地；deep 深地／deeply 深深地。
一.单句语法填空
1．【2024新课标I卷】The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective __________(function) structure that is also beautiful.
2．【2024新课标I卷】In cold weather，the structure stays_________ (close) to protect the plants.
3．【2024全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the________（large）United States national park-2.2million acres-until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978,took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
4．【2023全国乙卷】The__________(remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
5．【2023全国II卷】So，what are they learning？_______(basic)，how to describe a panda’s life.
6．【2023全国I卷】Xiao long bao （soup dumplings）， those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot_______ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
7．【2023全国I卷】No matter where I buy them, one steamer is_________(rare)enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
8．【2022新高考I卷】The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and___________ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
9．【2022全国乙卷】It can help to build a community with a ________(share)future for mankind," he said.
10．【2022浙江卷】Blind people recognize shapes with their_________ (exist) senses, in a way similar that of sighted people, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
11．【2022浙江卷1月】On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example， _________(rough) 200 academics- many of them climate scientists have promised to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
12．【2022新高考II卷】On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell________(sleep) while watching TV.
13．【2022北京卷】More takeout and more food delivery equal more waste，especially plastic waste. That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of which are only good for one use. That's a big problem and it is getting even________ (bad).
14．【2021新高考I卷】The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will______________ (undoubted) help you get refreshed!
15．【2021全国甲卷】Supposedly you can do it in two hours， but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _________(day)routines.
16．【2021全国乙卷】Provide___________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
17．【2021浙江卷】But 30 years later，the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed___________ (sharp).
18．【2021浙江卷】This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside，including _______(low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
19．【2021全国乙卷】It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become _________(educate) about the areas-both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas.
20．【2021天津卷】As working from home becomes___________ (increase)common, people are finding it easier to combine parenthood with a full-time career.
21．【2020全国卷I】Data about the moon＇s composition，such as how__________ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether its plans for a future lunar base are practical.
22．【2020新课标III】One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait（画像）done so he called all great artists to come and present their__________ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best.
23．【2020全国卷III】As the small boat moved_________ (gentle) along the river, he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
24．【2020北京卷】Oliver says if you’re____________ (fortune) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them whether you can join in when it's possible.
25．【2020天津卷】With the widespread use of the Internet，communications across the world have _________(steady) developed over the years.
二.根据构词法猜测划线部分词的词义
1．［2024·新高考II 卷］The best way to ease pressure on over-touristed destinations is to go somewhere else.
2．［2023·新高考I卷］If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
3．［2020·全国I卷］ Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs
4．［2022·天津6月卷］ In the fictional worlds of film and TV artificial intelligence（AI） has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans.
5．［2021·浙江6月卷］ It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation，but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springheld, Illinois, has proved irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
6．［2020·全国II卷］ Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol-one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.
7．［2021·浙江1月卷］Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication.
8．［2020·全国I卷］The technology, Strano said，could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
9．［2020·北京卷］In 1965，an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an“ultra-intelligent machine...that can far surpass all the intellectual（智力的）activities of any man，however clever.”
10．［2021·新高考1卷］ It’s one of the best-rated hostels in the city, and for good reason．
11．［2021·浙江6月卷］Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online.
12．［2022·新高考I卷］Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
13．［2022·新高考I卷］A ground-breaking，five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
14．［2022新高考II卷］The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
15．［2022·新高考II卷］The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.
16．［2022·全国乙卷］A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed（牵涉）drilling through the Rockies often in blinding snowstorms.
17．［2022·全国甲卷］A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked（徒步）40 days to Xi’an, as a first step to journey the Belt and Road route（路线）by foot.
18．［2022·浙江1月卷］I’ve always been independent-spirited and 1 just feel strongly that I must help animals.
19．［2022·北京卷］Peer Assisted Study Sessions （PASS） is a peer-facilitated learning program available to students enrolled（注册） in most core units of study in our business school.
20．［2023·全国甲卷］It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.
参考答案
一．单据语法填空
1. functional 2. closed 3. largest 4. remarkable 5. Basically
6. tasty 7. rarely 8. eventually 9. shared 10. existing
11. roughly 12. asleep 13. worse 14. undoubtedly 15. daily
16. financial 17. sharply 18. lower 19. educated 20. increasingly
21. much 22. finest 23. gently 24. fortunate 25. steadily
二．根据构词法猜测划线部分词义
1. 游客过多的 2. 相互关联的 3. 有权力的 4. 难以区分的 5. 无法抗拒的
6. 多代人的 7. 非语言的 8. 自供电的 9. 超级智能的 10. 评价最好的 11. 志趣相投的 12. 不假思索地，考虑不周地 13. 开创性的 14. 不需要手操作的，免提的 15. 高强度的 16. 令人毛骨悚的 17. 视觉有缺陷的，视障的 18. 精神独立的，思想独立的 19. 同龄人辅助的 20. 费力的，艰巨的
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