资源简介 2025届中考英语一轮复习知识清单——非谓语动词(一)动词不定式知识点1 动词不定式的构成及句法功能1.动词不定式的构成动词不定式的基本形式:to+动词原形。有时可以不用 to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身没有词义。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,其否定形式是“not+ to+动词原形”。2.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。(1)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例 To learn English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。To save time is to lengthen life.节约时间就是延长生命。当作主语的动词不定式(短语)较长时,通常用 it作形式主语,而将真正的主语置于句末,常见句型为“it+ be+ adj.(+ for/ of sb.)+ to do sth.”。①“it be+ adj.+ for sb.+ to do sth.”句型中通常使用表示事物性质的形容词,如 easy、difficult、hard、important、possible、interesting等,可转化为“to do sth.+ be+ adj.+ for sb.”结构。例 It was hard for him to learn English well.= To learn English well was hard for him.对他来说学好英语太难了。②“it be+ adj.+ of sb.+ to do sth.”句型中一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如 good、kind、nice、clever、foolish、right、wrong、careful等,可转化为“sb.+ be+ adj.+ to do sth.”结构。例 It's kind of you to say so.= You are kind to say so.你能这样说真好。③it takes/ took sb.+时间+ to do sth.某人花多长时间做某事例 It took me three hours to repair the TV set.我用了三个小时修理这台电视机。(2)作宾语①动词不定式作宾语时,其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语。常见的后跟动词不定式的动词begin开始; choose 选择; continue 继续; decide决定; expect期待; fail失败; forget忘记;hate讨厌; help帮助; hope 希望; manage设法; need 需要; offer主动提出; plan计划; prefer 更喜欢; promise 承诺; refuse 拒绝; try 尝试,努力; wait 等待; wish 希望; afford 负担得起; agree 同意; start开始; want想要; like喜欢例 She promised to come at nine o’ clock.她答应九点来的。I have decided to study English.我已经决定学英语了。②有些词后面跟动词不定式时,常用 it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(即动词不定式)后置,常见句型为“主语+ consider/ think/ make/ find+ it+ adj./n.+ to do sth.”。例 After the operation you may find it difficult to chew and swallow.手术后你可能会感到咀嚼和吞咽困难。We thought it better to start early.我们认为早出发好些。(3)作定语①动词不定式作定语时,要放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。常见的能跟动词不定式作定语的名词有 ability、attempt、chance、decision、 effort、 need、 plan、 time 等。例 It was a difficult decision to make.这是个很难作出的决定。②动词不定式修饰 something、anything、nothing 等复合不定代词时,放在它们的后面,如果复合不定代词还有形容词修饰,顺序是“something/ anything/ nothing...+形容词+动词不定式”。例 Have you got anything important to buy 你有什么重要的东西要买吗 I had something cold to drink.我喝冷饮了。③如果动词不定式中的动词为不及物动词,其后应有相应的介词。例I want some paper to write on.我想要一些写字的纸。④当动词不定式所修饰的名词是 time、place 或 way时,动词不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。例 The library is a good place to study.图书馆是一个学习的好地方。(4)作表语动词不定式可跟在系动词后作表语,表示主语的具体内容、目的等。例 Her ambition was to be a teacher.她的志向是当一名老师。The first step will be to get a job.第一步就是找一份工作。(5)作宾语补足语常见的跟带 to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词allow 允许; order 命令; teach 教; ask 要求; want 想要; invite 邀请; encourage 鼓励; tell告诉; warn 警告; advise 建议; expect期望; wish想要; force 强迫; decide决定; would like 想要例 My mother asks me not to play computer games before finishing my homework.我妈妈要求我在完成家庭作业之前不要玩电脑游戏。(6)作状语①作目的状语,常用的结构有 to do、in order to do、so as to do,表示“为了做”。例I went to the library to borrow some books.我去图书馆借了一些书。She raised her voice so as to make herself heard.为了让别人听见,她提高了嗓门。②作结果状语,常用的结构有 so/ such… as to do sth.(如此……以至于做某事)、… enough to do sth.(足够……能够做某事)、too… to do sth.(太……而不能做某事)、 only to do(不料,竟然)。例 He isn't strong enough to lift the box.他不够强壮,提不起这个箱子。The boy is too young to go to school.这个男孩太小不能去上学。I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train had already gone.我尽快赶往车站,却发现火车已经开走了。③作原因状语,常用的结构有 be glad/ sad/ happy/ sorry/ pleased/ surprised/ disappointed/ delighted/ shocked to do sth.。例I'm glad to see you.见到你很高兴。I'm sorry to trouble you.我很抱歉麻烦你。④作评注性状语,动词不定式还可用作独立成分,往往用于表示说话人的观点或态度。常用的动词不定式短语有:to be honest 老实说; to begin/ start with 首先; to tell ( you) the truth 说实话例 To be honest, it is one of the worst books I' ve ever read.老实说,那是我读过的最差的书之一。To tell ( you) the truth, we don't want to go with you.说实话,我们不想和你一起去。知识点2“疑问词+动词不定式(短语)”结构动词不定式(短语)可以和疑问代词 who、whom、what、which 或疑问副词 when、how、where连用,该结构在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例 What to do is an important question.要做什么是一个重要的问题。I can't decide who/ whom to invite.我决定不了邀请谁。The question is when to start.问题是什么时候开始。知识点3 动词不定式符号 to 的省略1.使役动词和感官动词后省略 to 的情况在 let、make、have等使役动词和 feel、see、watch、notice、look at、 listen to、 hear等感官动词后用作宾语补足语的动词不定式通常省略 to。例 She always makes me laugh.她总是让我大笑。I saw the woman enter a bank.我看见那个女人进了一家银行。2. why ( not)…后省略 to 的情况例 Why argue with him He’ ll never change his mind.为什么要跟他争论 他永远不会改变自己的主意。Why not ask the teacher 为什么不问问老师 3.动词 help后省略 to的情况在动词 help 后用作宾语或宾语补足语的动词不定式可以省略 to。例 Can you help ( to) carry this heavy box 你可以帮忙搬这个重箱子吗 4. but、except之前有实义动词 do 的某种形式时, 其后通常省略动词不定式符号 to,否则要带 to。例 His mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.他妈妈除了等着医生到来之外别无他法。I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这个事实,我别无选择。5.在并列结构中,为了避免重复,可省略后一个动词不定式符号 to。但两个动词不定式有对照或对比的意义时,后一个 to 不能省略。例I'd like to stay with you, ( to) help you and ( to) learn from you.我想要留在你身边,帮助你并向你学习。I came not to sc old but to praise you.我来不是责骂你,而是赞扬你。6.主语部分含有实义动词 do时,作表语的动词不定式可省略 to。例 What he wanted to do was ( to) become a skillful worker.他想要做的事情是成为一名技术熟练的工人。(二)动名词知识点1 动名词的构成及句法功能1.动名词的构成:动词原形+-ing2.动名词的句法功能(1)作主语:通常表示抽象的、习惯性的或经常性的动作。动名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例 Smoking is bad for your health.吸烟对你的健康有害。(2)作宾语(动词宾语和介词宾语):表示一般的、习惯性的、抽象的或经常性的行为。例 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是用来寄信的。锦囊妙“记”接动名词作宾语的词汇和结构有:完成练习值得忙( finish、practice、be worth、be busy);继续习惯别放弃( keep on、be used to、give up);考虑建议不禁想( consider、suggest、can't help、feel like);喜欢怀念要介意( enjoy、miss、mind)。(3)作表语:主语和表语在概念上必须一致(相同或类似)。例 His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。(4)作定语:说明它所修饰的词的用途及性质等。例 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室里。We should improve our learning habits.我们应该改善我们的学习习惯。知识点2 动词后接不定式和动名词的区别及转换stop doing sth.停止做某事(1)stop to do sth.停下(正做的事情)去做另一件事例 She stopped reading the story.她停止读那个故事了。She stopped to read the story.她停下来去读那个故事。forget doing sth.忘记曾做过某事(2) forget to do sth.忘记要做某事例I forgot turning off the lights when I left the room.我忘了在我离开房间时已经把灯关掉了。I forgot to turn off the lights when I left the room.离开房间时,我忘记关灯了。remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事(3)remember to do sth.记着要去做某事例Ⅰremember seeing this film before.我记得以前看过这部电影。I remember to see the film this evening.我记着今天晚上要去看电影。try doing sth.尝试着做某事(4) try to do sth.设法去做某事,努力去做某事例 They will try doing it in a new way.他们将试着用一种新的办法做此事。We are trying to learn English well.我们正在努力学好英语。( need to do sth.需要做某事(5)sth. needs doing 某物需要……例 He needs to do his homework.他需要做家庭作业了。The flower needs watering.花需要浇水了。(6)( regeted to ) g yst.对过渡地的事后悔例 I regret telling you the bad news.我后悔把这个坏消息告诉了你。I regret to say I'm not able to help you finish it.很抱歉,我不能帮你完成此事。mean doing sth. 意味着做某事(7)mean to do sth. 打算或想做某事例 The new order will mean working overtime.这个新订单将意味着要加班。She means to succeed.她一意求成。continue doing sth.继续做同一件事(未完成)(8) continue to do sth.继续做另外一件事(已经完成一件事)例 She looked up for a minute and then continued drawing.她抬头看了一会儿,然后继续画。Sara continued to work after she had her baby.萨拉生了孩子后继续工作。(9) prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.= prefer doing sth. to doing sth.宁愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事例I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays.=I prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.在周日,我宁愿学习英语,也不愿去弹钢琴。知识点3动名词的常用句型1. it+ is+n.+ doing sth.例 It's no use complaining.抱怨没有用。It is not much fun playing basketball.打篮球没什么意思。It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。2. sb.+ have/ has( dtriculty+( in) doing sth.某人做某事有困难例 A group of elephants in Yunnan Province have trouble finding a proper living place. We should help them. 云南省的一群大象很难找到一个合适的生活场所。我们应该帮助它们。3. sb.+ spend time(+ in)+ doing sth.某人花费时间做某事例 He spends most of his time ( in) studying English.他花费大多数的时间学习英语。(三)分词知识点1 分词的构成及句法功能1.分词的构成分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+-ing”构成;过去分词由“动词原形+-ed”构成,但也有不规则的形式。2.分词的句法功能(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词;过去分词作定语,其逻辑宾语就是它所修饰的词。例 Do you know the girl standing under the tree 你认识在树下站着的那个女孩吗 The meeting held yesterday was very important.昨天召开的会议很重要。(2)作状语:分词作状语,其逻辑主语为句子的主语。例 The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.学生们谈笑着走出了教室。Seriously injured, she was sent to hospital at once.由于受伤严重,她被立刻送往医院了。(3)作表语:现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征;过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。例 The film is very moving.这部电影很感人。The blackboard is broken.这块黑板碎了。(4)作补语:现在分词作补语,与被补充说明的宾语或主语之间是主动关系,现在分词可以在 see、hear、notice、watch、feel、look at、 listen to、 observe、 have、 get、 leave、 keep、 set、 catch、 find 等动词(短语)后面和一个名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补足语;过去分词作补语,与被补充说明的宾语或主语之间是被动关系。例 Don't keep us waiting for a long time.不要让我们等得太久。He’ ll have his hair cut after school.放学后他要去理发。知识点2 现在分词和过去分词的区别1.在语态上:现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。例Ⅰheard someone closing the door.我听见有人在关门。I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。2.在时间上:现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。例 the developing country 发展中国家the developed country 发达国家3.形容词化的动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式动词的-ing形式 动词的-ed形式moving 令人感动的 moved 感动的encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓舞的pleasing 令人高兴/满意的 pleased 高兴的,满意的satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 满意的tiring 令人困倦的 tired疲劳的exciting 令人兴奋的 excited兴奋的知识点3 现在分词作宾补和动词不定式作宾补的区别合合常见的动词如 see、watch、notice、hear、feel、have等,接省略 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作;接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。例 I heard him singing in the classroom.我听到他正在教室里唱歌。I heard him sing in the classroom.我听到他在教室里唱歌了。have sb. do sth.、 have sb./ sth. doing sth.和 have sth. done的区别1. have sb. do sth.让某人做某事have 可以用 let、 make代替。此处省略 to 的动词不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。例 The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。2. have sb./ sth. doing sth.让某人/物一直做某事have 可以用 keep代替,现在分词( doing)所表示的动作往往具有持续进行的含义。例 The two men had their lights burning all night long.那两个人让他们的灯通宵亮着。3. have sth. done让某事被别人做, 即 ask sb. else to do sth.过去分词( done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义。例I'm having my car fixed this afternoon.我今天下午要去修车。知识点 5 含现在分词的几个常见结构或句式1. find sb. doing sth.发现某人正在做某事例 We found a boy crying under the tree.我们发现一个男孩正在树下哭泣。2. catch sb. doing sth.当场发现某人正在做某事例 His parents caught him playing computer games.他父母逮住他在玩电脑游戏。3. keep sb. doing sth.使某人一直做某事例 He kept the students reading the whole class.他让学生们读了一整堂课。4. there be+n./ pron.+ doing sth.有做某事的…例 There are already robots working in factories.已经有在工厂里工作的机器人了。There is someone waiting for you at the gate.在门口有个正等你的人。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览