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中考语法填空——动词
判断是否要转变词性
变名词
一、判断方法
1.句子缺少主语，通常位于句首。如： The new director（ direct）has made several movies.
2.句子缺少宾语，谓语动词＋名词或者挖空处位于介词后。如： As visitors（visit）， you should pay attention to your actions when travelling.
3.句子缺少表语，通常位于be动词后。如：Jackson Yee is a singer（sing）.
4. one of the/a few ＋可数名词复数。如： She is one of the most famous teachers（teach）in our school.
二、变形规律
-er（or/r）:
lead→
read→
own→
sing→
report→
act→
work→
invent→
direct→
visit→
v.＋-ment:
drive-
achieve→
agree→
develop→
move→
punish→
treat→
3. v. ＋-ion/-ation 或 去 e ＋-ion/-tion/-ation:
collect→
direct→
suggest→
explain→
educate→
pollute→
Introduce→
examine→
imagine→
invite→
4.v.＋-ing或双写辅音字母＋-ing:
meet→
feel→
begin→
swim→
5.其他：
choose→
die→
fail→
weigh→
变形容词
一、判断方法
1.在be动词或感官动词之后作表语。如：The weather is rainy（rain）today.
2.位于名词前作定语。如：an interesting（interest）book；
3.形容词＋and/or＋形容词。如： After the journey， we all felt excited and relaxed（ relax）.
4.固定句型中。如： It is ＋adj. ＋ of/for sb. to do sth.
二、变形规律
1.v.＋-d/-ed/-ing或去e＋-ing
interest→
surprise→
excite→
amaze→
2. v.＋-able或去 e＋-able:
accept→
enjoy→
value→
change-
3.v.＋-ive或去e＋-ive:
act→
create→
4.其他
die→
wake→
区分谓语动词和非谓语动词
I want to buy a pen.
时态：
被动语态：
初中被动语态练习题
一、把下列主动语态改为被动语态:
1 We often use a recorder in our English class.
2 They will show a new film next week.
3 The engineers built this bridge last year.
4 I saw the boy enter the room.
5 We often see him help his classmate.
7 You must turn off the light before you go to bed.
8 I give my sister a gift.
9 The student should learn all the texts by heart.
二、用适当时态和语态的动词填空:
1. Can he ________ (speak) English
2. What language ________ (speak) in that country
3. The film ________ (show) many times since last Sunday.
4. These TV sets ________ (make) in SiChuan.
5. It has got so dark. Would you please ________ (turn) on the light
6. A new hospital ________ (build) in this area now.
7. ________ the book ________ (return).
8. Rice ________ (grow) in the south.
9. The window ________ (not break) by the boy.
10. I ________ (tell) he ________ (not come) just now.
三、将下列句子改为被动语态，并根据情况保留或去掉动作的执行者
1. They will say nothing more about this matter.
2. They have made some flowers of silk.
3. He wrote a poem.
4. The students are planting some trees and flowers.
5. They are to open up a new business next week.
6. Children couldn’t have done all this damage.
7. All of us will see him off at the airport.
8. They feed the tigers at the zoo three times a day.
9. You must hand in your homework before five.
10. People say that she is a good teacher.
四、用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. English ________ (speak) in many countries.
2. Information in short-term memory ________ (can, not, keep) very long.
3. After that, one of the lights _______ (turn off) and the rat had to wait for a short time.
4. Just a few years ago, tomatoes _______ (believe) to have magical powers, making people___who ate them fall in love.
5. It is said new copies of the book _______ (print) now.
6. The old house _______ (pull) down next month.
7. In the old days, the children _______ (take care of) by the mother because she did not work outside the house.
8. Needless to say, the second list of words ___ (can, remember) more easily than the first one.
9. She _______ (send) to another village when I got there.
10. The teacher said that we _________ (give) another chance sometime next month if we failed in the exam.
非谓语动词
考试要求：
非谓语动词中考考查的重点有：
1. it 作形式主语、宾语的用法；
2. 感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；
3. 动词不定式与疑问代词和疑问副词的连用；
4. 一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；
5. 有些动词既可以接不定式也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但是表达的意思不同。
1. 动词不定式
（1）动词不定式的构成：
不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。
（2）动词不定式的句法功能：
功能 例句 说明
主语 To speak English is not easy for us. ＝It is not easy for us to speak English． 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。
表语 My work is to clean the room every day．＝To clean the room every day is my work． 我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语。
宾语 —What sports does he like to play 他喜欢做什么运动 —He likes to play basketball．他喜欢打篮球。 只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。
宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time． 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。
定语 Have you got anything to say 你有要说的吗 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。
状语 I’m sorry to trouble you．(表原因) 很抱歉，给你添麻烦了。 I went to the library to study English．(表目的) 我去图书馆学英语了。 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。
1)不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It + be + adj. +(for/of sb. )+动词不定式。如：
To learn English well is useful．→ It is useful to learn English well．
学好英语很有用。
It’s important for us to protect the environment．
保护环境对我们来说很重要。
注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如：
It’s very kind of you to help me．你帮助我真是太好啦。
It’s very clever of you to do like that．你那样做真是太聪明啦!
2)不定式作宾语
①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。
如：Would you like to see a film this evening
你今晚想去看电影吗
②在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。
如：I find it easy to read English every day．我发现每天读英语很容易。
③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式
why not do...，why don’t you do...，had better(not) do...，would rather do，could/would/will you please(not) do...
如：I would rather stay in the room．我宁愿待在房间里。
3)不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。
如： Lucy asked him to turn down the radio．露西让他关小收音机。
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese．我妈妈鼓励我学日语。
注意：
还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)，但变被动语态时，必须加上to。
如：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss．
老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。
4)不定式作定语
①不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。
②如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。如：There is nothing to worry about．没有什么可担心的。
5)不定式常和疑问词what，which，when，where，how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如：The teacher is telling the students what to do．
老师正告诉学生们做什么。
He didn’t know where to go．
他不知道去哪里。(where to go＝where he should go)
一般只接不定式作宾语的动词有:(口诀)
决心学会想希望decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish
拒绝设法愿假装refuse, manage, care, pretend
主动答应选计划offer, promise, choose, plan
同意请求帮一帮agree, ask/beg, help
2. 动名词
（1）动名词构成：一般由“动词原形 + -ing”构成。
（2）动名词的句法功能：
功能 例句 说明
主语 Eating too much is bad for your health． 吃得太多对你的健康有害。 谓语动词用单数形式。
宾语 动词宾语 I like playing basketball very much． 我非常喜欢打篮球。 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。
介词宾语 Stamps are used for sending letters． 邮票是被用来寄信的。
表语 His hobby is collecting stamps． ＝Collecting stamps is his hobby． 他的爱好是集邮。 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转换成作主语。
定语 She is in the reading room． 她在阅览室里。 We should improve our teaching methods． 我们应该改进教学方法。 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。
注意：
英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。初中阶段常见的有：finish，enjoy，mind，miss，be worth，be busy，practice，have fun，have trouble/problem(in)，spend...(in)，feel like，be used to(习惯于)，give up，keep on，consider，suggest，can’t help可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词：
完成实践值得忙(finish，practice，be worth，be busy)
继续习惯别放弃(keep on，be used to，give up)
考虑建议不禁想(consider，suggest，can’t help，feel like)
喜欢思念要介意(enjoy，miss，mind)
3. 分词
（1） 分词的构成：
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的基本形式由“动词+-ing”构成；过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。
（2）分词的句法功能：
功能 例句 说明
定语 Do you know the girl standing under the tree 你认识站在树下面的那位女孩吗 Please hand in your written exercises． 请交上你们的笔试练习。 现在分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词；过去分词作定语，其逻辑宾语是它所修饰的词。
状语 The students went out of the classroom，talking and laughing． 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。 Seen from the hill，our school looks more beautiful． 从小山上看，我们学校显得更美丽了。 分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。
表语 The situation is encouraging． 形势令人鼓舞。 The boy is too frightened to move． 这个男孩太害怕了，以至于不能动了。 现在分词表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词表示某种状态。
补足语 Don’t keep us waiting for a long time． 不要让我们等得太久。 I heard him singing in the classroom． 我听到他正在教室里唱歌呢。 He’ll have his hair cut after school． 放学后他要去理发。 现在分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系)；过去分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)。
注意：请记住下面这些动词和动词短语，注意它们在意义上的区别。
forget to do sth忘记去做某事
doing sth忘记已经做过某事
remember to do sth记住去做某事
doing sth记得曾经做过某事
regret to do sth遗憾要去做某事
doing sth后悔做过某事
try to do sth努力做某事
doing sth尝试着做某事
mean to do sth打算做某事
doing sth意味着做某事
stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事
doing sth停止做某事
can't help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事
doing sth情不自禁地做某事
用所给动词的正确形式填空。
I crossed the street to avoid (1) (meet) him，but he saw me and came (2) (run) towards me. It was no use(3) (pretend)that I had not seen him, so I waved to him; I never enjoy (4) (meet)Nigel Dykes. No matter how busy you are, he always insists(坚持) on
(5) (come) with you. I had to think of a way of(6) (prevent) him from (7)
(follow) me around all morning.
"Hello，Nigel, "I said. "Nice (8) (meet) you here! "
"Hi，Elizabeth，" Nigel answered. "I was just wondering how to spend the morning until I saw you;you are not busy (9) (do) anything, are you "
"No, not at all. " I answered, "I'm going to…"
"Would you mind my (10) (come) with you " he asked before I had finished(11)
(speak).
动词综合练习题
1. It was reported that the traffic in Wuhan opened again. Everyone_________（feel）excited about the good news.
2. The teacher often_________（ encourage） his students to share their thoughts actively.3. In 5 years＇time， they have_________（cover）almost in bicycle 98，000 kilometers.
4. The children were still__________（wake）when it was past twelve on the New Year＇s Day.
5. Enjoy the green trees and colorful flowers while you __________（climb） the mountain.
6. If each of us follows the rules of nature， our world __________（ become） better and better.
7.I was __________(choose）as a member of the school swimming team yesterday.
8. Where to go on holiday will__________(discuss）at the family meeting.
9. With wonderful stories for children to enjoy， picture books _________（welcome）by children.
10. You＇d better advise him not__________（throw）anything out of the window while driving.
11. When you＇ve developed a strong confidence， you will change for better. You will seldom feel__________（worry）about what will happen.
12.The__________(invent）of paper meant more people could be educated because more books could be printed and spread.
13. Although they got up late， they made their way __________（arrive）at the station on time.
14. Jenny， don＇t be afraid of__________（make）mistakes.You should express your opinions bravely.
15. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well， and he gave me many useful __________.(suggest）
Ⅱ.语篇提能
Have you ever said to yourself that it was your limit， or you couldn’t do any better？ If you have， you are totally wrong about yourself. I came to understand it when I was16.___________（learn）a crazy group dance.
In my school， the second graders had to dance a group dance in Art Month. The teachers chose a really fast music and designed strange dance moves. Since my classmates were not very good at dancing， we were like a school of fish that were caught 17.___________some fishermen.
＂I think we＇ve done our best to make it better. This is our limit and maybe we should just give up. ＂ We said to each other. Our 18.___________（lead）-Miss Li heard this and had a serious talk with us. After that， we seriously reconsidered 19.___________we said and realized it was wrong.
Although we thought we had already reached our limit，we20.___________（push）ourselves harder. Finally we found out that we went past our＂limit＂ and we got so much better. This is our first time when we go out of our way21.___________try something. When we say＂This is my limit＂， it＇s only an excuse for not making progress.
As the philosopher Jim Rohn once said， ＂Excuses are the nails used 22.___________（build）a house of failure.＂Sometimes ＂limit＂ is just another excuse that you refuse to try.If you always put it on everything you do，your work and life will 23.___________(change）greatly.Knowing your limit and 24.___________（ get） it over is the only way you improve yourself. You 25.___________（find） a more wonderful world ahead of you. Fighting！
课后作业 语法填空小题务基
1. In Miss Lin＇s class， many chances __________(offer) to students to learn from each other.
2. Another bridge over the Jialing River_____________（build）last year.
3. I heard that it often _____(rain) in Sichuan and there are usually floods, especially in summer.
4. So far， the umber of people using 5G mobile phones ___________（increase）a lot.
5.John worked harder than before so than he finally____________（catch）up with other students.
6.Don’t just wait For fine things happening to you. You need to work hard__________(get)happiness by yourself.
7.The volunteers have made great efforts to remind people ___________（protect）the environment.A small action can make a big difference.
8.We sometimes feel quite hard to make a__________（decide）. Because we often have more than one choice.
Passage1: Everyone in the village had jobs to do， and the villagers depended on one another. When Adana 1. __________（turn）eighteen， her mother told her， ＂Adana， it is time for you 2.__________（serve）the village. You shall be the water girl.” Adana took pride in being 3. ________（give）such an important job. She picked up the buckets（水桶） and walked to the spring（泉）. ＇When she 4._________（ arrive）， she filled the buckets with clean water. She knew the villagers 5.__________（wait）for her. She turned to a water girl from a nearby village and asked， ＂How long will it take to carry this water back to my village？＂ The girl replied， ＂If you go slowly， it will not take very long. But if you go fast， it 6. ___________（ take）you all day.＂ Adana didn’t believe the girl. Adana 7. ____________（start）off slowly， but increased her speed after a while.Half way home， she stopped 8. ____________（look） at the water. Water had been sloshing（洒出） out along the road. Adana turned back toward the spring sadly. Once again， the buckets were 9._________（fill）with clean water. Then， she slowed the speed of steps back toward the village. So she understood the 10.____________（ mean） of that girl＇s words. More haste（急） less speed.
Passage2 My morning started out as usual. I took care of my three cats， 1. __________hurry）to complete house work while drinking some coffee， and then ran for my mid-morning exercise. After I finished my exercise， I was hungry. I stopped at a restaurant 2.___________（order） a burrito（玉米煎饼）to take home. Since it was a little before noon， there was a line. A woman 3__________(pay）at the register（收银台）. She asked the woman behind her and me if we would like a drink. We both said no， but she still paid for both of our meals even though we were strangers. I asked her why she did this， and I was 4.________（tell）that someone once did something similar for her. The person asked that she might pay it forward someday. She now 5. ________(make） her promise. Before I left， she 6._________（give）me a warm hug and asked only that I did an act of kindness for a stranger when I could. After I arrived home， I sat and thought about her kindness instead of 7.___________（ have） my lunch. Not because I saved my 15 yuan， but because she was really kind and did not want 8._________（receive） anything in return. As I promised her， I plan to pay her kindness forward.Maybe I 9.___________（ help）make a small difference in someone else＇s life，＇ and the ripple effect （连锁反应） will continue. Because that was what human being is all about being kind， even to a stranger.
不规则动词总表
一、AAA型（原形→原形→原形）
序号 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 中文词义
1 read [ri d] read [red] read [red] vt. 阅读；读懂，理解
2 cut [k t] cut cut vt. [机] 切割；削减；缩短；刺痛
3 let [let] let let vt. 允许，让；出租；假设；妨碍
4 put [p t] put put vt. 放；表达；移动；安置；赋予
5 cost [k st] cost cost vt. 花费；使付出；使花许多钱
6 hit [h t] hit hit vt. 打击；袭击；碰撞；偶然发现；伤…的感情
7 set [set] set set vt. 设置；树立；点燃；点缀；vi. (日,月)落沉；
8 hurt [h t] hurt hurt vt. 使受伤；损害；使疼痛；使痛心
9 spread spread spread vt. 传播；撒；延申
二、ABA型（原形→过去式→原形）
1 become [b 'k m] became become vi. 成为；变得；变成
2 come [k m] came come vi. 来；开始；出现；发生；变成；到达
3 run [r n] ran run vi. 经营；奔跑；运转
三、ABC型1. ow →ew →own
1 blow [bl ] blew blown vi. 风吹；喘气
2 draw [dr ] drew drawn vt. 画；拉；吸引
3 grow [gr ] grew grown vi. 发展；生长；渐渐变得…
4 know [n ] knew known vt. 知道；认识；懂得
4 throw [θr ] threw thrown vt. 投；抛；掷
2. i→a →u
1 begin [b 'g n] began begun vt. 开始
2 drink [dr k] drank drunk vt. 喝，饮；吸收；举杯庆贺
3 sing sang sung 唱
4 swim [sw m] swam swum vi. 游泳；漂浮；浸；眩晕
5 ring [r ] rang rung vi. 按铃；敲钟；回响；成环形
3. 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
1 wear [we ] wore worn v. 穿着；用旧；耗损；面露
2 forget [f 'get] forgot forgotten,forgot vt. 忘记；忽略
3 speak [spi k] spoke spoken vi. 说话；演讲；表明；陈述
4 choose [t u z] chose chosen vt. 选择，决定
5 drive [dra v] drove driven vt. 推动，发动（机器等）；驾驶（马车，汽车等）；驱赶
6 mistake mistook mistaken 误解
7 rise [ra z] rose risen vi. 上升；增强；起立；高耸
8 shake [ e k] shook shaken vt. 动摇；摇动；震动；握手
9 eat [i t] ate eaten vt. 吃，喝；腐蚀；烦扰
10 give [g v] gave given vt. 给；产生；让步；举办；授予
11 ride [ra d] rode ridden vi. 骑马；乘车；依靠；漂浮
12 see [si ] saw seen vt. 看见；理解；领会
13 write [ra t] wrote written vi. 写，写字；写作，作曲；写信
14 fall [f l] fell fallen vi. 落下；变成；来临；减弱
15 break [bre k] broke broken vi. 打破；折断；弄坏；削弱
4. 无规律
1 am/is was been 是
2 are were been 是
3 do/does did done 做
4 go [g ] went gone vi. 走；达到；运转；趋于
5 take [te k] took taken vt. 拿，取；采取；接受（礼物等）；耗费（时间等）
四、ABB型1. 原形→ought →ought
1 bring [br ] brought brought vt. 带来；促使；引起；使某人处于某种情况或境地
2 buy [ba ] bought bought vt. 购买；获得；贿赂
3 fight [fa t] fought fought vi. 打架；与…打仗，与…斗争；反对…提案
4 think [θ k] thought thought vt. 想；认为；想起；想像；打算
2. 原形→aught →aught
1 catch [k t ] caught caught vt. 赶上；抓住；感染；了解
2 teach [ti t ] taught taught vt. 教；教授；教导
3. 变其中一个元音字母
1 feed [fi d] fed fed vt. 喂养；供给；放牧；抚养（家庭等）；靠…为生
2 meet [mi t] met met vt. 满足；遇见；对付
3 get [get] got got,gotten vt. 使得；获得；受到；变成
4 hold [h ld] held held vt. 持有；拥有；保存；拘留；约束或控制
5 sit [s t] sat sat vi. 坐；位于
6 win [w n] won won vt. 赢得；在…中获胜；劝诱
7 find [fa nd] found found vt. 发现；认为；感到；获得
8 dig [d g] dug dug vt. 挖，掘；探究
9 lead [li d] led led vt. 领导；致使；引导；指挥
10 sell [sel] sold sold vt. 销售；推销；出卖；欺骗
4. 原形→□lt→□lt
1 feel [fi l] felt felt vt. 感觉；认为；触摸；试探
2 keep [ki p] kept kept vt. 保持；经营；遵守；饲养
3 leave [li v] left left vt. 离开；留下；遗忘；委托
4 sleep [sli p] slept slept vi. 睡，睡觉
5 sweep [swi p] swept swept vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去
6 smell [smel] smelt,smelled smelt,smelled vi. 嗅，闻；有…气味
7 retell [ri 'tel] retold retold vt. 复述；再讲；重述
5. 变其中一个辅音字母
1 build [b ld] built built vt. 建立；建筑
2 hear [h ] heard heard vt. 听到，听；听说；审理
3 make [me k] made made vt. 使得；进行；布置，准备，整理；制造；认为；获得；形成；安排；引起；构成
4 mean [mi n] meant meant vt. 意味；想要；意欲
5 send [send] sent sent vt. 发送，寄；派遣；使进入；发射
6 spend [spend] spent spent vt. 度过，消磨（时光）；花费；浪费；用尽
7 rebuild [ri 'b ld] rebuilt rebuilt vt. 重建；改造，重新组装；复原
8 lend [lend] lent lent vt. 贷；增添，提供；把……借给
6.辅音字母和元音字母都变
1 have [h v] had had vt. 有；让；拿；从事；允许
2 lay [le ] laid laid vt. 躺下；产卵；搁放；放置；铺放；涂，敷
3 lose [lu z] lost lost vt. 浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过
4 pay [pe ] paid paid vt. 支付，付；偿还，补偿；给予
5 say [se ] said said vt. 讲；说明；例如；声称；假设；指明
6 sell [sel] smell spend 卖
7 tell [tel] told told vt. 告诉，说；辨别；吩咐；断定
8 stand [st nd] stood stood vi. 站立；位于；停滞
10 shoot [ u t] shot shot vt. 射击，射中；拍摄；发芽；使爆炸；给…注射
11 understand [ nd 'st nd] understood understood vt. 理解；懂；获悉；推断；省略
五、AAB型
1 beat [bi t] beat beaten vt. 打；打败
六、有两种形式
1 bear [be ] bore borned vt. 忍受；承受；具有；支撑
bore born
2 hang [h ] hanged hanged vt. 悬挂，垂下；装饰；绞死；使悬而未决
hung hung
3 learn [l n] learned learned vt. 学习；得知；认识到
learnt learnt
4 lie [la ] lied lied vi. 躺；说谎；位于；展现
lay lain
5 show [ ] showed showed vt. 显示；说明；演出；展出
showed shown
6 spell [spel] spelled spelled vt. 拼，拼写；意味着；招致；拼成；迷住；轮值
spelt spelt
7 burn [b n] burned burned vt. 燃烧；烧毁，灼伤；激起…的愤怒
burnt,burned burnt,burned
8 smell [smel] smelled smelled vi. 嗅，闻；有…气味
smelt smelt
9 dream [dri m] dreamed dreamed vi. 梦想；做梦，梦见；想到
dreamt dreamt
10 wake [we k] waked waked vi. 醒来；唤醒；警觉
woken woken
11 hide [ha d] hid hid vt. 隐藏；隐瞒；鞭打
hid hidden
bit bitten
12 light [la t] lighted lighted vt. 照亮；点燃；着火
lit lit
sewed sewn
13 shine [ a n] shone shone vi. 发出光；反射光，闪耀；出类拔萃，表现突出；露出；照耀；显露；出众
shined shined
14 sink [s k] sank sunk vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透
sunk sunken
15 spring [spr ] sprang sprung vi. 生长；涌出；跃出；裂开
sprung sprung
16 wet [wet] wet wet vt. 弄湿
wetted wetted
七、情态动词
1 can [k n] could - 能
2 may [me ] might might aux. 可以，能够；可能，也许；祝，愿；会，能
3 must [m st] must must aux. 必须，一定；可以，应当；很可能
4 shall [ l; ( )l] should - aux. 应；会；将；必须
5 will [w l] would - vt. 决心要；遗赠；用意志力使
主谓一致
主谓一致是句子主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面保持一致，一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
（1）动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
①Smoking is a bad habit.
吸烟是一个坏习惯。
②To have known you is a privilege.
认识了你真是荣幸。
③what you can see here is that you get this interesting pattern.
现在你们可以看到这个有趣的图形。
④Everything is in a complete mass, which drives people crazy.　
所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。
（2）主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
①Coursework, as well as exam results, is taken into account.
除考试结果外，课程作业也要计入成绩。
②I think Tom, rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
③The teacher, along with his students, was present at the meeting yesterday.
这个老师和他的学生都参加了昨天会议
（3）and, both...and...连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
①Mike and Sue are always rowing.
迈克和休总是吵架
②Both Beijing and Shanghai are big cities.
北京和上海都是大都会。
注意：如果and连接两个单数可数名词或不可数名词，表示同一人、同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。
①The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting.
这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。
②A knife and fork is easy for English people.
一副刀叉对于英国人来说是容易的。
（4）定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
①This is one of the novels that have ever been written by Mo Yan.　
这是莫言所写的小说之一。
②She is the only one of the girls who sings well in class.
她是班里女生中唯一一个歌唱得很好的。
③I, who am your friend, will help you.
我是你的朋友，我将会帮助你
（5）“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
①Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.
许多好人都毁在了饮酒上。
②Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday.　
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。
（二）意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。
（1）集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成整体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
①Almost every family in the country owns a television.
这个国家几乎家家都有一台电视机。
②My family are sports fans.
我们一家人是体育迷。
注意：形式为单数但意义为复数概念的police, people等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
①The police are searching for the murderer in the mountain.　
警察正在山里搜寻杀人犯。
②The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever.
中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。
（2）“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
①About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
②Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.　
总共有超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
（3）“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
①The rich are not necessarily happy.
有钱人并不都是高兴的。
（4）a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
①A quantity of money is needed for the project.
这个项目需要大量的金钱。
②A quantity of workers are needed for the project.
这个项目需要大量的工人。
③With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
由于更多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
（5）“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
①The number of people invited was one hundred, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.　收到邀请的总共有100人，但很多人因为各种原因缺席了。
（6）表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
①Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。
② Three years is a long time for me.
对我来说三年是一段漫长的时间
（三）就近一致原则
就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
（1）由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also)．.., not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
①Not only I but also she is enjoying the film.
不仅我而且她都在津津乐道地看电影
②Neither you nor I am good at English .
你不擅长英语，我也不擅长
（2）在there be句型中，若有几个并列成分作主语，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
①There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
②There is a book, two pencils and some buttons on the table.
在桌子上，有一本书，两支铅笔和一些扣子。
练习题
As we all know， using public chopsticks_________（be）necessary when we eat with others.
2. Tom， together with his friends， often ____________（go）to the old people＇s home to cheer the old up.
3. Both Kate and I_____________（be）ready for the new high school life. We are looking forward to it.
4. Cindy invited me to her home yesterday. Her family____________（be）very nice and made me feel at home.
5. My sister with her friends____________（be）discussing their weekend plan in her room now. They will go for a picnic this weekend.
6. Pay attention to your words， John. Nobody____________（want）to communicate with a man who is rude.
7. These two pairs of shoes____________(be) beautiful. I will buy them for Wang Ping as gifts.
8. Neither my sister nor I myself____________(be)able to build the model plane. So my father comes to help us.
9. With the efforts of our team， two thirds of the work___________（have）been finished.（enjoy）10. Both my parents and my brother____________(enjoy) watching Super Brain 2023. They think it＇s interesting and educational.
11. Not only the students but also the teacher in our class____________(like) to play soccer. We even have a game after school sometimes.
12. The singer and writer____________ (be)welcome to the school. He will share some stories with students.
13. Look! A number of students______________(be)helping to clean up the rubbish in the mountain.

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