资源简介

(共70张PPT)
Grammar and usage
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
To explore the rules of ellipsis;
To work out the rules of ellipsis;
To learn about the function of ellipsis;
To apply the rules by doing some exercises;
To draw a picture and think of a slogan;
To understand and learn words and expressions in context;
To compare personal opinions with the ideas of others;
To improve critical thinking skills.
Learning objectives
To understand and learn about the function of ellipsis;
To summarize the rules of ellipsis;
To apply the rules of ellipsis correctly;
To understand and write a slogan;
To raise the awareness of environmental protection;
To develop the ability by comparing and summarizing;
To think critically and express opinions freely.
Key points and difficult points
Leading in
Do you know these sentences
My father planned and built all these houses.
We will do what we can (do) to help you.
Beg your pardon
Nice to meet you.
Sorry to hear that.
What a good idea！
I don' t like the way he talks.
The sooner, the better.
elliptical
Leading in
1. What is ellipsis
The act of leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately.
2. When can we use ellipsis
When the meaning can still be understood without using a word or certain words.
3. What’s the function of ellipsis
An efficient way to make sentences concise.
Grammar
省略
一、定义
为了使语言简洁化、并且为了避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略（Ellipsis)。
二、分类
（一）词法上的省略
（二）句法上的省略
Grammar
省略
（一）词法上的省略
1. 冠词的省略
（1）表示家庭成员、亲属关系的名词，可以省略其前的冠词。把该词首字母大写，作为专有名词看待。
Father likes sports, but Mother likes watching TV.
爸爸喜欢体育运动，但妈妈喜欢看电视
Grandpa is over ninety, but he is full of energy.
爷爷已经九十多岁了，可还是精力充沛。
Grammar
省略
（2）表示独一无二的头衔或职位名称，其前常省略定冠词。
He is captain of the basketball team.
他是篮球队的队长。
注意：头衔或者职位名词作主语时，冠词一般不可以省略。
The captain gave the order to abandon ship.
船长下令弃船。
Grammar
省略
（3）在表示获奖名次的短语中，序数词前的冠词常省略。
Let me congratulate you on your winning first place in the100-metre dash．
祝贺你获得百米赛跑第一名。
I was awarded second prize in the writing contest.
我在写作比赛中获得了二等奖。
Grammar
省略
（4）对称结构中常常可以将冠词省略。
当两个词义有关联的可数名词用在一起时，为了表达上的简练，可以省略冠词
husband and wife 夫妇 father and son 父子
mother and daughter 母女 from door to door 挨家挨户
from morning till night 从早到晚
from south to north 从南到北
Grammar
省略
（5）文章标题、应用文中常省略冠词。
People Killed in （the）Mine Disaster.
十人在矿难中丧生。
（The）Road blocked.
路被阻。
（The）Light（is）out of order.
电灯坏了。
Grammar
省略
（6）在man和fool之后有enough修饰时，要省略冠词。
If you are man enough, come out with what you have to say!
如果你够男人的话，把你想说的话说出来吧！
He told me he was an actor and I was fool enough to believe him.
他告诉我他是演员，而我真傻，竟相信了他的话。
Grammar
省略
2. 介词的省略
（1）在表示一段时间的名词短语中for可以省略。
I stayed in Washington（for）four years.
我在华盛顿呆了四年。
The fire lasted （for）many hours.
大火持续了好几个小时。
Grammar
省略
（2）表示时间意义的名词，例如day，afternoon，night，week，month等，之前有all，any every，next，first，last，this等修饰，在句中作时间状语时，可省略相应介词。
You may come here any day.
你哪天来都行。
He goes to the seaside every summer.
每年夏天他都去海边。
Grammar
省略
（3）this way，that way，one’s way等表示方式的短语前，一般将介词in省略。
It is more convenient （in）that way.
那样的话更方便。
We cooked （in）the Chinese style.
我们做了中式饭菜。
Grammar
省略
（4）of 与表示年龄、颜色、长短、宽度、深浅、高度、形状、大小、厚度、材料、质量等的名词连用时，常可省略。
The door is（of）a dark green.
这扇门是深绿色的。
These goods are (of) good quality.
这些商品质量很好。
Grammar
省略
When I was (of) your age, I supported myself.
在你那么大时，我自食其力了。
The two pairs of shoes are (of)the same size.
这两双鞋尺码一样大。
The twins are（of）the same height.
这对双胞胎一样高。
Grammar
省略
（5）用以表示距离、度量、价值的短语中的介词一般也可省略。
They walked(for) 30 kilometres to reach their destination.
他们走了30千米才到达目的地。
On a clear day you can see (for)miles and miles from this tower-top.
晴天站在塔顶上，你可以看到数英里远的地方。
Grammar
省略
3. 不定式的省略
（1）不定式作某些动词的宾语时，为了避免重复，可省去与前面相同的部分，只留下不定式符号to。如want，wish，expect，hope，would like，try，forget等。
I asked him to eat out, but he didn't want to.
我让他去外面吃，但他不想去。
You'd better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to.
除非医生叫你吃药，否则你最好不要吃药。
Grammar
省略
（2）不定式作某些动词的宾补或主补时，可省去与前面相同的部分，只留下不定式符号to。这类动词有ask，tell，advise，force，persuade，wish，allow，permit，forbid，expect，order，warn等。
I saw the car (to) drive up outside the police station.
我看见那辆车开到警察局外。
Grammar
省略
（3）感官动词（词组）see, look at, hear, listen to, smell等和使役动词make，let，have等后面作宾补的动词不定式要省略to，但在此类动词（词组）的被动语态中，to不可省略。
They made the boy go to bed early.
他们让这个男孩儿早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early.
这个男孩儿被迫早睡。
Grammar
省略
（4）当省略的动词不定式内含有be或作助动词用的have时，to后要保留be或have。
—Has Mike finished his project 迈克完成他的项目了吗
—He seems to have (finished his project).
他似乎已经完成了。
—Are you a farmer 你是农民吗
—No, but I used to be (a farmer). 不是，但我过去是。
Grammar
省略
（二）句法上的省略
1. 简单句中的省略
（1）省略主语: 在祈使句中通常省略主语。
（I）Thank you for your help. 感谢你的帮助。
（I）See you tomorrow. 明天见。
（It）Doesn’t matter. 没关系。
Grammar
省略
（2）省略省略主语和谓语
① 在感叹句中。
What a hot day(it is)! 多热的天啊!
How wonderful (it is/they are)! (它/他们)多棒啊!
② 主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等。
(You come) This way, please. 这边请。
Grammar
省略
（3）省略宾语
当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。
—Do you know Miss Gao
你认识高女士吗？
—I don’t know （her）.
不认识。
Grammar
省略
（4）在口语中，通常省略主谓或主谓语的一部分。
(Will you) Have a drink
你喝饮料吗
(Is there) Anything else to say
还有别的要说吗
What (do you think) about a cup of tea
来杯茶怎么样？
Grammar
省略
（5）在对话中，针对问题进行回答时，答语常常省略与问句中相同的部分。
—Did you go to the museum yesterday
你昨天去博物馆了吗？
—No, I didn't (go to the museum yesterday).
没有，我昨天没去博物馆。
Grammar
省略
2. 并列句中的省略
（1）如果并列结构中主语相同，则省略相同的主语。
Mr Li picked up an ID card on the road and (Mr. Li) handed it to a policeman.
李先生在路上捡了一张身份证，并把它交给了警察。
The car was quite old but (it) was in excellent condition.
这部车相当旧了，但机器性能还非常好。
Grammar
省略
（2）如果谓语动词或其中中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。
Reading makes a full man; conference (makes) a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人严谨。
John must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定是在打篮球，而玛丽一定是在做作业。
Grammar
省略
（3）如果并列结构中宾语相同，省略相同的宾语。
Normally many bacteria are present in (the human body) and on the human body.
通常在人体内和人体上都存在许多细菌。
Let's do the dishes, I'll wash (the dishes) and you dry(the dishes).
我们来洗碗吧，我来洗碗，你来把碗擦干。
Grammar
省略
（4）省略由“助动词+动词”构成的复合谓语。
John was given a pen and Alice a book.
给了约翰一支钢笔，给了爱丽丝一本书。
（第二分句中省略了was given）。
Tom has written a poem and Peter a short story.
汤姆写了一首诗。彼得写了一部短篇小说。
（第二分句中省略了has written）。
Grammar
省略
3. 复合句中的省略
（1）宾语从句中的省略
① 两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句当中，只有第一个that可省略。
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that all the children like to read it.
他说这本书很有趣，孩子们都很喜欢读它。
Grammar
省略
② which，when，how，和why引导的宾语从句当中，可省略与主语相同部分，只保留引导词。
Mary will go to Paris, but I don’t know when (she will go to Paris).
玛丽要去巴黎，但是我不知道她何时去。
Grammar
省略
③ 在suggest, request, require, order, advise等词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词须用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。
I suggest that we (should) set off at once.
我建议我们立刻出发。
The boss demanded that the task (should) be completed on time.
老板要求任务必须按时完成。
Grammar
省略
（2）状语从句中的省略
① 在when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless, whenever等引导的状语从句中，当从句主语和主句主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词be或从句的主语为it时，从句中主语和be动词常被省略。
You’d better look out when (you are) crossing the street.
过马路时，你最好小心一些。
Grammar
省略
② 当比较状语从句的谓语与主句相同时，从句中的谓语常被省略。
He runs as fast as Bob (runs).
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
They don’t use more water than (it is) necessary.
他们使用的水没有超出必要量。
Grammar
省略
（3）定语从句中的省略
① 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom, who, which, that可省略。
The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2018.
安杰拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。
Grammar
省略
（3）定语从句中的省略
② 修饰way的关系词that/ in which可以省略。
The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
I like the way in which / (that) the teacher gives his lessons.
我喜欢这位老师讲课的方式。
Jack and Henry are talking about a documentary on environmental protection. Pay attention to the underlined sentences and write down the words that have been left out in the brackets below. The first one has been done for you.
A Exploring the rules
Jack: Hi, Henry! Did you watch the documentary about
environmental protection on TV yesterday.
Henry: (1) No, I didn't.
Jack: What a pity! I highly recommend it. (2)You can
watch it online if you want to. It’s about some of
A Exploring the rules
the worst environmental problems we’re facing
today. Global warming, for example, is a major
problem caused by greenhouse gases. It may
lead to extreme weather events: droughts,
heatwaves and so on. (3) I felt worried when
watching the documentary.
Henry: Does it also talk about solutions to these
problems
Jack: Yes. It includes interviews with more than 20 of
the worlds leading experts on environmental
A Exploring the rules
issues. All of them come up with creative ideas
on how to solve these problems. (4) Some call
for the application of modern technology, and
others a change of lifestyle.
Henry: I wish we could also do something to help. (5)
Got any ideas
Jack: What about making a brochure about
environmental problems
Henry: (6) Sounds great! Let's get started after lunch.
1 No, I didn’t (watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday).
2 You can watch it online if you want to (_______________________________________________________).
3 I felt worried when (________) watching the documentary.
4 Some call for the application of modern technology, and others (__________) a change of lifestyle.
5 (___________) Got any ideas
6 (___________) Sounds great!
A Exploring the rules
watch the documentary about environmental protection
I was
call for
Have you
It
What’s the difference between a full sentence and an ellipsis sentence
A Exploring the rules
Q: Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday.
A1: No, I didn’t.
A2: No, I didn’t watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday.
too long, wordy, time-consuming…
A Exploring the rules
Working out the rules
We sometimes use ellipsis to avoid (1) _____________ (stressing/ repeating) one or more words when the meaning is clear.
We can use ellipsis:
in infinitives
after some conjunctions like if, when and while
in clauses with the same pattern and the same verb
at the beginning of a sentence in (2) ______________ (informal/formal) speech
in short responses
repeating
informal
What rule does each sentence use
A Exploring the rules
1. No, I didn’t (watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday).
2. You can watch it online if you want to (watch the documentary about environmental protection).
3. I felt worried when (I was) watching the documentary.
4. Some call for the application of modern technology, and others (call for) a change of lifestyle.
5. (Have you) got any ideas
6. (It/ That) sounds great!
In short responses
In infinitives
After some conjunctions like if, when and while
In clauses with the same pattern and the same verb
At the beginning of a sentence in informal speech
Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.
B Applying the rules
B1
1. I cannot watch the documentary this weekend, though I would like.
Although I would like to, I cannot watch the documentary this weekend.
Reason: We cannot leave out to in infinitives when using ellipsis.
Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.
B Applying the rules
B1
2. Cows live on land, and fish the water.
Cows live on land, and fish in the water.
Reason: Different prepositions are used and they can’t
be left out.
3. The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than was 50 years ago.
The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than 50 years ago.
Reason: When using ellipsis in clauses with the same pattern, the subject and the verb should be left out altogether.
Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.
B Applying the rules
B1
4. He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection, but he didn’t do.
He had planned to borrow a book on environment protection, but he didn't.
Reason: When using ellipsis in compound sentences, the part behind the auxiliary verb should be left out altogether.
Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.
B Applying the rules
B1
5. When taking photos of wildlife, every effort should be made to ensure that we keep away from the animals.
When taking photos of wildlife, we should make every effort to ensure that we keep away from the animals.
Reason: When using ellipsis in adverbial clauses, we need to make sure that the subject of the main clause is the same as the subject of the subordinate clause.
Jack is sharing with his classmates his experience of taking part in a forest clean-up activity. Use ellipsis where necessary. Put brackets around the word(s) that can be left out.
B Applying the rules
B2
Last weekend, I took part in a forest clean-up activity. It was organized by GreenHope, an organization devoted to protecting forests. At first I didn’t want to take part in the forest clean-up activity, but then I thought, “What if nobody goes ” Our team leader, Joe, took us to a forest outside the city. I was sad to see litter everywhere.
__________
_______________________
B Applying the rules
B2
There was a “No littering is allowed here” sign at the entrance to the forest, but that didn’t stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground. Joe divided us into two groups: one group cleaned up the north side of the forest, and the other group cleaned up the south side of the forest. We worked for several hours and we were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than it had looked before. It was absolutely worth our effort! There’ll be another clean-up activity in the green belt
______________
_______________
___________
___
____
___________
B Applying the rules
B2
next Saturday. You can find Joe and sign up if you’re willing to help. Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal. I’ll join you too if I have time.
1. What is GreenHope
It is an organization devoted to protecting forests.
2. What will you receive if you take part in the activity
A medal.
______
In pairs, describe the pictures below using ellipsis to call for the protection of the environment. Use the example to help you. You can also draw a picture and think of a slogan.
B Applying the rules
B3
a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example in advertising to attract people's attention or to suggest an idea quickly
1. What are the features of a slogan
B Applying the rules
B3
Appealing, valid, unique, witty, simple, memorable, engaging
2. How to write a slogan
· Find out visible information (who, what, where, color…)
· Think about the deeper meaning behind images
· Organise the information into a precise sentences
Write a slogan.
B Applying the rules
B3
Example
When the water is too dirty to drink and the air too polluted to breathe, will you be able to look at your children and say, “What a beautiful world!”
Blue sky and shining sunshine: good environment
A smiling kid is drawing a green tree: ideal world
Polluted air, dark sky: serious pollution
Factories and dead trees: cause and consequence of pollution
What are the features of a slogan
B Applying the rules
B3
Drive less, and we will have a greener world.
Give a hand to wildlife
When building cities, think of Mother Nature.
Vocabulary
1. application
make an application (to sb.) for （向某人）申请……
an application form 申请表
apply v. 应用，运用；申请，请求
apply (to sb.) for sth. (向某人）申请某事
apply sth. to sth. 把……应用于……；把……涂在……上
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专注于/集中精力（做）某事
applicant n. 申请人
练习：Your __________________ will be kept on file.
application
Vocabulary
2. track
track sb./sth. down 搜寻到；追查到
keep/lose track of... 与……保持/失去联系；了解/不了解……的动态
be on track 步入正轨；做法对头
back on track 重新步入正确轨道；恢复正常
on the right/wrong track 思路对头/不对头；做法对路/不对路
stop sb in sb.'s tracks 使某人（由于恐惧或吃惊）突然止步（或怔住）
练习：Modern methods of ______________ polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
tracking
Vocabulary
3. nowhere
nowhere else 没有别的地方
get (sb.) nowhere（让某人）一事无成，毫无进展
nowhere to be found/seen 不可能找到（或看见）
lead (sb.) nowhere 毫无成果
the middle of nowhere 偏远的地方
练习：My watch is _________________ to be found, I must have dropped it when I was on the bus.
nowhere
Vocabulary
4. global
global warming 全球变暖 global climate 全球气候
the global village 地球村 global view or vision 全球视野
globe n. 地球，世界，地球仪
across/ around the globe 全球
globally adv. 全球地
练习：The committee is calling for a __________ ban on hunting whales.
global
Vocabulary
5. organization
government organization 政府组织；政府机构
non-profit organization 非营利组织
social organization 社会组织
organize v. 组织，安排，构成
organize one's thoughts 整理思绪
organizer n. 组织者
练习：The food for the homeless is provided by a voluntary ________________ .
organization
Vocabulary
6. absolutely
absolutely right 完全正确；绝对正确；绝对权利
absolutely not 绝对不行；绝对不是；绝对不；绝不
absolutely irreconcilable 不共戴天 ; 誓不两立
absolutely necessary 绝对必要
absolute adj. 绝对的，完全的
练习：I got ________________ puzzled about how you evaluated the information.
absolutely
Vocabulary
7. call for
call off/ cancel 取消
call on 号召，要求, (短暂地) 拜访
call up 打电话，使回忆起
call (sb.) back 给某人回电话
call in 叫来，召来
练习：The Finance Minister has renewed his ________________ lower interest rates.
call for
Vocabulary
8. come up with
put up with/stand/bear/ tolerate 容忍，忍受
catch up with 跟上，赶上
keep up with 跟上；与……保持联系
end up with 以……结束
make up with 与……和好
练习：Inspired by what the teacher had said, Anna ___________________ a new idea for her new project.
come up with
1. He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection, but he didn’t.
had planned to do sth. 本打算做某事，但是没做成
动词hope, expect, think, mind, mean, want, suppose等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
I had never thought that you were content to help me.
我从未想过你愿意帮我。
Language points
2. What if nobody goes 如果没有人去该怎么办？
= What will happen if…
What if… 常用来提出假设、建议、邀请、要求等，意为“倘若……将会怎样”，后面常跟一般现在时，有时根据语境也可以跟虚拟语气。类似句型有：
What for… 为了什么目的？So what 那又怎么样？
How come 怎么会这样？
What about… / How about… ……怎么样？
Language points
Practice
1. Have you heard anything about Mrs Li？
2. He has made a lot of films, but he has made few good ones.
3. If it is possible, I wish to work in the sales department.
4. I haven’t seen you for ages.
Have you heard Mrs Li？
He has made a lot of films, but few good ones.
If possible, I wish to work in the sales department.
Haven’t seen you for ages.
Practice
5. That/It sounds like a good idea.
6. I’m sorry to hear that.
7. It’s / What a pity you couldn’t come.
8. One side of the board should be painted blue, and the other should be painted yellow.
Sounds like a good idea.
Sorry to hear that.
Pity you couldn’t come.
One side of the board should be painted blue, and the other yellow.
Explore and work out the rules of ellipsis;
Understand and learn about the function of ellipsis;
Apply the rules of ellipsis by doing some exercises;
Think of and write a slogan;
Raise the awareness of environmental protection;
Learn about and practice words and expressions in context;
Compare personal opinions with the ideas of others;
Express personal opinions and exchange ideas with others.
Summary
Thank you

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