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初中英语选择型阅读理解—推理判断题
　
小王寝室有5位室友，他们分别姓赵、钱、孙、李、周，其中一位是他的同乡。
　　(1)5位室友分为两个年龄档：3位是80后，2位是90后。
　　(2)2位在学校工作，另外3位在工厂工作。
　　(3)赵和孙属于相同年龄档。
　　(4)李和周不属于相同年龄档。
　　(5)钱和周的职业相同。
　　(6)孙和李的职业不同。
　　(7)小王的同乡是一位在学校工作的90后。
　　请问：谁是小王同乡
答案：赵和孙属于相同年龄档，李和周不属于相同年龄档，3位是80后，两位是90后。所以赵和孙是80后。钱和周的职业相同，孙和李的职业不同，两位在学校工作，其他3位在工厂工作。所以钱和周在工厂工作。因此，在学校工作的90后只有小李一人了。所以小王的同乡是小李。
推理判断题是每年中考的必考题型之一，也是英语阅读理解中难度较大的题型，属于深层理解题。它要求学生对文章中的内容及作者的思路做出合理的判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推论出蕴含在文章中却没有明说的事实及暗示的含义，即英语中所说的“read between the lines”。因此，学生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理，在已知和未知信息之间搭起桥梁，透过字里行间，体会“弦外之音”，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。
一、推理判断题常见提问方式
1. The writer/author/passage implies/suggests (暗示)that __________.
2. It can be inferred（推断）from the passage that __________.
3. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage
4. What does the author conclude about
5. The passage is intended to __________.
6. The first paragraph of this passage is to __________.
7. How does the author seem to feel about this issue
8. From the passage, we can learn/conclude that __________.
9. Which of the following might happen later
10. The passage may be a/an __________.
11. Which of the following is TRUE/ NOT true
二、选项特点分析
命题人在设置选项时，会遵循一定的特点和规律，因此学生了解了推理判断题选项的特点，对提高选项的正确率会有很大帮助。
1．正确选项的特点
（1）正确答案一般含义比较丰富，具有一定的综合性和概括性；
（2）正确答案的表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等；
（3）正确答案有的时候反而是与通过常识判断得出的结论相反，要特别注意。
2．干扰选项的特点
（1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出的结论；
（2）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符；
（3）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点；
（4）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；
（5）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
三、推理判断题的解题方法
做推理判断题要注意两点:一是推理，二是判断，而且两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。推理判断题要求学生根据原文，经过推理，进行判断，从而得出结论，所以推理判断题的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理时务必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找可推论的依据，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。下面结合2011年各省市的中考题，就考试中常用的四种推理方法进行一一说明。
1. 抓住特定关键信息进行正向或逆向推理
做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用正向推理或逆向思维，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
例：Mark Wellman showed that if you set your heart and mind on something, no wall is too high, no dream impossible.
1. What can we learn from the passage
A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B. Dreams will come true in the end.
C. Each step is important to success.
D. Nothing can stop a strong will.
2. 利用作者的思想感情进行推断
作者在写作时，自然而然会渗透自己的喜怒哀乐。通过一些表达感彩或思想倾向的措辞，领会作者的思想感情，一些考查观点态度的题目就迎刃而解了。
例：My whole life I have depended on the kindness of many strangers, I feel regretful that I cannot find them and say thank you. I do not even remember what the man’s face looked like, but he taught me a lesson — people are more important than things.
2. According to the passage, which word can best describe the man
A. Rude. B. Funny. C. Silly. D. Kind.
例：I had to arrive in Vienna at 7:15 in time to catch the 7:25 train to Paris, but there was no hope of that now. …It was almost 7:25 when we stopped outside the station. I paid the driver quickly, took hold of my bags quickly and hurried inside. “Paris train” was all I had time to say to the official (铁路职工) I saw. You can guess how I feel when he pointed to a train that was just moving out of the station.
3. How did the writer feel at Vienna station
A. He felt lonely. B He felt angry. C. He felt surprised D. He felt sad.
3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论
不同的文章有不同的写作方法和文章结构。但是，在任何一篇文章中，段与段之间、句与句之间都存在着某种逻辑关系。抓住了这种逻辑关系，也就把握住了作者的写作思路和写作意图。
例：
My summer hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his CF & the 3:-@ kids FTF, ILNY, its gr8.Can you understand this sentence If you can’t, don’t feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is Netspeak: the language of computerizes communication found on the Internet or cellphone.
4. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph
A. To give an example of a foreign language.
B. To show an example of creative methods.
C. To express worries about using Netspeak.
D. To lead in the topic of Netspeak.
4. 结合常识进行推断
有些文章，如科普类说明文、记叙类时政要闻等文体具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。
例：BEIJING (Xinhua) — Chinese have started to enjoy cars at low prices after the country became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the same time, competition between people has become stronger. According to the China’s Ministry of Personnel (人事部), about 170 million people will lose their jobs after the country has joined the WTO.
5. This passage is probably _____.
A. a story B. a note C. a letter D. a news report
以上分别从四个方面讲解了如何对文章隐含信息进行推理判断，但有时候题目的设计不一定这么层次分明，需要同时从不同角度对文章的信息进行综合分析、推理和判断。例如方法三中的例子，需要综合考虑上下文逻辑关系以及文章的感彩，才能做出正确的判断。因此，在阅读的过程中，需要考生在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运用这些方法。
(Megan and Kyle are talking before class begins.)
Megan: Hey, Kyle, are you ready for the big test today I studied that list of words and the definitions (释义) for two hours last night.
Kyle: Oh, but I didn't study at all. I just wrote all the answers on the palm (手掌) of my hand, see
Megan: Kyle! You can't do that! That's cheating (作弊)!
Kyle: Hey, don't worry. I won't be caught. Mrs. King will never know.
(Mrs. King comes in and passes out the test papers.)
Mrs. King: Okay, no more talking. You may begin.
(Kyle looks at his hand when the teacher isn't looking.)
Joe: (raising his hand) Mrs. King, may I have a drink I have the hiccups (打嗝).
Mrs. King: Yes, you may.
Kyle: (raising his hand) Mrs. King, may I get a drink, too
Mrs. King: Kyle, what is that on your hand I think you had better come to my desk.
Kyle: Oh no...
(After this, Kyle realizes his mistake and never cheats in exams again.)
Where did the story possibly take place
A . In the classroom. B . In the library.
C . On the playground. D . In the reading room.
What happened in class at last
A . Megen was caught. B . Kyle was caught.
C . Megan told her classmates everything.
D . Joe told Mrs. King about Kyle's cheating.
1 :推断题。
由第一段 Megan and Kyle are talking before class begins 可知，Megan 和 Kyle 在上课前正在说话，可推断出对话发生在教室。
故正确答案为A。
2 :推断题。
由倒数第三段 Kyle, what is that on your hand, I think you had better come to my desk 可知，老师看到了 Kyle 上的字，于是说：“我”认为你最好到“我”的办公桌这边来，可推断出 Kyle 被老师抓到作弊了。
故正确答案为B。
参考答案：1: A 2: B
A
Why does a family choose to live in such a home Well, it’s comfortable, easy to keep clean, easy to keep warm, no need to paint. What’s more, the fast increase of mobile homes in numbers has something to do with the job uncertainty. Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow. If a factory closes down, you may be trapped with the house you can’t sell. However, if you have a mobile home, you can move on easily.
1. We can infer that the increase of the mobile homes shows .
A. people’s hope for new jobs B. some problems in people’s life
C. great changes in people’s living style D. great interest in developing new things
B
So how can you make things easier on yourself It’s easier than you think. Just make sure your parents know what you’re doing. Get them to know your friends. Phone if you stay somewhere else so that your parents don’t call every hospital in the phone book looking for your body. Say sorry to them when you make mistakes. Take responsibility for what you have done. Talk about your ideas with them. They may talk about theirs with you.
The writer thinks ______________.
it’s wrong of parents to worry about their children too much
some parents are unfriendly, which makes their children angry
C. children should do everything as their parents say
D. parents love their children very much and the children should understand them
C
You can set up a plan to finish homework or go to a doctor or psychologist to try to work things out with your family or your friends. But sometimes you can’t change a stressful situation. Sometimes you don’t even want to. A big change might be a good change, but it will still be stressful.
From the last sentence of Paragraph 5 we can infer that ____________.
A. it’s difficult to change a stressful situation
B. it’s not stressful when a good change takes place
C. a big change will cause another stressful situation
D
A typical lion tamer（驯兽师）in people's mind is an entertainer holding a whip（ 鞭） at a chair. The whip gets all of the attention, but it's mostly for show. In reality, it's the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion's face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided, the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair．
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g lose weight, start a business, travel more)-only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information．Th
e end result is that we feel like we can't focus or that we're focused on the wrong things，and so we take less action，make less progress，and stay the same when we could be improving．
It doesn't have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face,
remember this:
All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started．Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to accomplish, someone you want to become…take immediate action. If you're clear about where you want to go,the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.
What is the author's attitude towards the expert mentioned in Paragraph3 ___
A．Tolerant．
B．Supportive．
C．Respectful．
D．Doubtful．
2．When the world is"waving a chair in your face"，you're advised to___
A．wait for a better chance
B．break your old habits
C．make a quick decision
D．ask for clear guidance．
参考答案：A篇: 1. C B篇: 1. D C篇: 1. A D篇: 1. D 2. C
A
Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge. If you remember the following information，your life will be much safer.
● Always notice the environment around you. You shouldn’t walk alone outside late at night. Make sure where the public phones are. If anything dangerous happens，you can find them easily.
●Your bag should be carried towards the front of your body instead of putting it on your back。When a bus is full of people，it is easy enough for a thief to take away the things in the bag on your back.
●If you are followed by someone you don’t know, cross the street and go to the other way, let the person understand that you know he or she is after you. Next，don’t go home at once. You are safer in the street than you are alone in your home or in a lift.
●If you have to take a bus to a place far away, try to get to the stop a few minutes earlier before the bus leaves. This stops other people from studying you. On the bus，don’t sit alone. Sit behind the driver or other people. Don’t sleep.
4.What can you learn from the passage
A. How to notice the environment around you
B. How to be safe in your everyday life
C. How to cross the street
D. How to use the public phones
B
The first rule of speaking English is to use simple vocabulary. KISS—keep it short and simple. There’s a saying in English, “Have you swallowed a dictionary ” It is applicable(适用的) to anyone
who uses a long, difficult word when a shorter word will do. And there is another saying, “Practice makes perfect.” So here are some tips for speaking English.
Make friends with native English speakers. Try to listen to what they say and try to repeat what you hear just as a child does. If you use English all the time as a child, you may learn it quickly. If you are not able to find any friendly native speakers where you live, you can find English speakers on the Internet! Try to talk with them about the movies or the books you like. If you can’t find anyone who will actually help you, don’t worry. You will still be able to find out whether they can understand you.
1. We can learn ____________ according to the passage.
A. it is necessary to use a long, difficult word.
B. experts should not join an English club.
C. children can speak English better than adults.
D. native speakers can help us speak English better.
C
If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows that. Yet many people do not seem to know that memory works in the same way.
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by using it. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough chance to become strong.
If a friend says that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is his own fault（过错）. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame（责备）, and few of us know that it is just his own fault.
Have you ever found that some people can’t read or write but usually they have better memories This is because they cannot read or write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember days, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised.
So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the people: practice remembering.
1. Which of the following is NOT true
A. Your memory works in the same way as your arms or legs.
B. Writing things down will help you remember them.
C. A person with a good memory must be able to read and write
D. A good memory comes from more practice.
D
Most rain forests lie close to the equator(赤道),where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine.The warmth of the land heats the air above,causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain.The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year.This wet,warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow,so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round.The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate.They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves.The wet air then forms clouds,which hang over the treetops like smoke.These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and night-time cold of nearby deserts,keeping temperatures fit for plant growth.
Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm,but they have a dry season of three months or more when little rain falls.Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon(雨季) begins.Thus these areas are known as the “monsoon forest”.
Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains.It is often called the “cloud forest” because clouds often hang over the trees like fog.
The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees.Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds.When the fruits are eaten,the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals’ stomachs and are passed out in their droppings.The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees.
The climate of the rain forests near the equator is _______.
A.mild,wet and windy B.hot,rainy and foggy
C.hot,wet and cloudy D.warm,wet and sunny
2. We can learn from the passage that _______.
A.tree leaves are green all the time in the monsoon forest
B.there is a dry season in the cloud forest on tropical mountains
C.clouds help the plants in the rain forest near the deserts to grow
D.the formation of climate in the rain forest has little to do with the trees
3. According to the passage,_______ play the most important role in the spreading of seeds.
A.animals B.droppings C.fruits D.winds
4.This passage is most likely to be found in _______.
A.a travel guide B.a story book
C.a technical report D.a geography book
参考答案：A篇: 1. B B篇: 1. A C篇: 1. C D篇: 1.D 2. C 3. A 4. D
学生总结：
教师总结：
A
About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film studio （影棚） to take part in a crowds cene．Although our"act"would last only for a short time，we could see quite a number of interesting things．
We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path．Very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big movie camera was wheeled into position．The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby．Since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path．A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in"snow"．Two more fans were turned on，and a"strong wind"blew through the trees．The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold．
The next scene was a complete contrast （对比）．The way it was filmed was quite unusual．Pictures taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen．An actor and actress
stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water's edge on an island．By a simple trick like this，palm trees，sandy beaches，and blue，clear skies had been brought into the studio!
Since it was our turn next，we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us．For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film"stars"!
1．What can you infer from the passage？___
A．At the time it did snow．
B．The author was a director．
C．A new scene would be shot．
D．The author's"act"lasted a short time．
B
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage
Choose your favorite exercises.
Make a plan.
Do exercise every day.
Do exercise with friends.
C
With more and more cars on the road, the traffic jam will happen. How do we see it and how can we solve the problem
We know that the traffic jam happens in many places, especially in big cities. What are reasons for the problem On one hand, some people think that they should have a car when they have enough money, and then it's easy to go out and they can feel comfortable. On the other hand, a growing number of people hope to use their cars to show off (炫耀). What's more, years of research has shown
that one of other reasons for the traffic jam is the driving habit. For example, many young people enjoy driving very fast, so they can feel excited. At last, most of them hardly care about the speed (速度) rules.
Many governments are working at how to make the traffic better. In my opinion, firstly, the governments should educate those people who have cars or plan to buy cars. The governments must make them know that the traffic jam is very serious, and set up a much more perfect traffic system (体系) to solve the traffic pressure.
Which of the following is NOT true
A. The reason for the traffic jam is that people have too much work.
B. The reason for the traffic jam is the driving habit.
C. The reason for the traffic jam is that some people want to show off.
D. Some people think that they should have a car when they have enough money, and then it's easy to go out and they can feel comfortable.
D
Almost every Chinese person can recite the two lines of the famous poem. "Every grain on the plate comes from hard work (难知盘中餐, 粒粒皆辛苦) ". But sadly, many of us don't actually get the real meaning of these lines: Don't waste food.
A CCTV program, News One Plus One, reported that food Chinese people throw away every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year.
Do we have too much food No, according to the UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. Six million children die of hunger every year.
Chinese people are well known for being generous (慷慨的) . Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table.
Luckily, a number of people have realized the importance of saving food. Last November, Li Hong, a waitress in a restaurant in Nanjing, got fired (开除) because she took some leftover (剩余的) food home for her son. Many people stood by her side and agreed that it was not right to waste food.
What should we do in our daily lives to waste less food Here are some tips:
1. Do not order (定购) too much in a restaurant. Only order what you want to eat. If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.
2. Don't be too picky(挑剔的) about food. Some food may not taste great. But your body needs it.
3. Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Don't buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.
1. In the third paragraph, we know that __________.
A. we have too much food to feed people in the world.
B. there were 925 million people in developing countries.
C. because of hunger, six million children die every year.
D. there are only a few people getting hungry every year.
2. In the fourth and fifth paragraphs, we can conclude (得出结论) that __________
A. all Chinese people are generous.
B. Chinese people always waste food.
C. U Hong got fired because she wasted food.
D. everyone should get into the habit of saving food.
3. What should we do to save food in our daily lives
A. When we order too much food in a restaurant, just take the leftover food home.
B. Eat more food that doesn't taste great.
C. We should not buy vegetables and fruit.
D. We should keep an eye on the food we like.
参考答案：A篇：1. C B篇：1. C C篇：1. A D篇：1. C 2. D 3. A

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