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新外研版七年级上册预备单元语法专项聚焦
可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词和不可数名词从名词所表示的事物的性质来看,名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。
1.可数名词和不可数名词的辨别
(1)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,而不可数名词没有复数形式。
pen-pens 钢笔 water 水
(2)不定冠词、基数词可直接修饰可数名词,表示数量;而不可数名词的量用“冠词/基数词+表示计量单位的名词+of+不可数名词”结构表示。
an apple three books a piece of paper four cups of water
(3)可数名词复数前可用many,some,any,few,a few 等修饰;不可数名词前可用 much, some, any, little, a little等修饰。
many teachers some books a few friends
much money some juice a little water
提问可数名词的数量用 how many,提问不可数名词的量用 how much。
How many flowers do you have
How much bread do we need
可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的数要与主语的单复数保持一致;不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
One peach is enough.
Bananas are in the basket.
Money is very important, but it is not everything.
注: “冠词/基数词+表示计量单位的名词+of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数要与表示计量单位的名词的单复数一致。
A teaspoon of honey is not enough . Three teaspoons of it are just right.
可数名词的复数形式
(1)规则变化:
①一般情况下，名词后直接加-s;
ruler----rulers building ---- buildings
②以字母 s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词,直接加-es;
bus----buses watch(手表)----watches box----boxes
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,然后加-es
city---- cities library---- libraries country----countries
④以字母 f/fe 结尾的名词，一般将f/fe变成ves
leaf---- leaves knife ---- knives shelf---- shelves
⑤以字母o结尾的名词加-s或-es
Photo----photos zoo---- zoos tomato----tomatoes potato -----potatoes
(2)不规则变化
①改变单数名词中的元音字母。
man----men woman----women goose----geese 鹅 tooth----teeth 牙齿 foot----feet 足
②词尾有变化。
child----children 孩子
③单数、复数形式相同。
sheep-sheep绵羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese
(3)通常情况下,当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时,其复数形式只需将中心名词变为复数形式。但当man 或woman修饰另一个名词时,变复数要将中心名词及 man 或 woman 都变成复数。
a girl student----girl students a man driver----men drivers
二、基数词
基数词指表示数目的词。
1.基数词的构成
(1)1-12的基数词有其各自的形式:one,two,three,four,five,six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven,twelve 。
(2)13-19的基数词以 -teen 结尾。如:fourteen, sixteen, seventeen, nineteen,但13 thirteen , 15 fifteen, 18 eighteen 的拼写需要特殊记。
(3)20-90的整十数都以 -ty结尾。如:sixty, seventy, ninety,但 20 twenty,30 thirty,40 forty,50 fifty,80 eighty的拼写较为特殊。
(4)21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,在十位数与个位数之间加连字符。如:28---twenty-eight,35---thirty-five,44---forty-four.
2.基数词的用法
(1)基数词可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
Ten are students.十人是学生。(作主语)
Please give him one.请给他一个。(作宾语)
She is twelve.她12岁。(作表语)
She has two pens.她有两支钢笔。(作定语)
(2)基数词置于名词之后表示顺序、编号等。如果数词前有 No.,则“No.+ 数词”置于名词前面。
Unit1第一单元
Class Three 三班
He is a student in No. 9 Middle School.他是第九中学的一名学生。
(3)基数词可表示年份、时间(钟点)、电话号码、年龄等。
I was born on July 12,1989.
-What's the time -It's six thirty.
-How old are you -I'm twelve.
三、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)两种。
1.不定冠词 a/an,的用法
不定冠词 a/an 只用在可数名词单数前。a用在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在读音以元音音素开头的单词前。(1)泛指一类人或物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。
A horse is a useful animal.
(2)表示数量“一”这个概念,但数的概念没有 one 强。
Jim has an apple every morning.
(3)表示第一次提到的人或事物,起介绍作用。
She is a new student.
(4)用在表示长度、数量、时间等计数单位的前面,表示“每一”。
We have three meals a day.
(5)用于某些固定短语中。
have a look take a walk
2.定冠词 the 的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物。
The woman is my teacher.
(2)表示谈话双方都知道的人或物或上文中提到的人或物。
Open the door.
(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物。
The earth is bigger than the moon.
(4)用在序数词或最高级之前。
He is always the first person to come.
(5)与play连用,用在乐器类名词前。
She is playing the piano.
(6)用在某些形容词前,表示一类人或类事物。
the rich the poor the old the young
(7)用在姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。
the Browns
(8)与专有名词连用。
the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Palace 颐和园
(9)用在一些固定短语中。
in the afternoon at the age of在……岁时
四、简单句的基本句型
在英语中,由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫简单句。简单句的基本句型有:
1.主语+谓语,即S+V,简称“主谓”。
The class begins.开始上课了。
主语 谓语
2.主语+谓语+宾语,即 S+V+O,简称“主谓宾”。
She likes stamps.
主语 谓语 宾语
3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语,即S+V+O+0,简称“主谓宾宾”。
My mother bought me a pen.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
注:两个宾语的位置可以改变。如果直接宾语在前,间接宾语前要加介词 to 或for。上面的句子可改为“My mother bought a pen for me.”
3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,即S+V+O+C,简称“主谓宾补”。
We found it useful.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
5.主语+系动词+表语,即 S+V+P,简称“主系表”。
Uncle Wang looks happy.
主语 系动词 表语
拓展：常用的系动词有:1“是”(be)1“觉”(feel),2“保持”(keep,stay),4个“起来”(look看起来，sound听起来，smell闻起来,taste 尝起来),1“好像”(seem),4个“变得”(become,turn,get,go)。
6.存现句(即 there be 结构).
五、一般过去时
1.一般过去时的含义
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性的,也可能是经常性的。表示过去发生的动作时,用行为动词的过去式;表示过去的状态时,用 be 动词的过去式。
I was in Grade Six last year.
I watched TV last night.
2.一般过去时的基本用法
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
I met him in the street yesterday.
(2)表示过去的习惯性、经常性动作。
They often got up at seven last year.
(3)表示过去发生的一连串的动作,通常没有时间状语,而是通过上下文的暗示来判断。
He got up , took a shower and then had a quick breakfast.
3.一般过去时的时间状语
yesterday, the day before yesterday(前天)，ago(以前), just now(刚才), last night ( week, Sunday, month , year ), at that time(moment), then(那时), a few days(weeks, months, years)ago 等。
4.一般过去时的基本句型
(1)含有be动词
否定句在 was, were 的后面加 not,一般疑问句是把 was, were 提到句首,并且首字母大写。
肯定句：She was ill yesterday.
否定句：She was not ill yesterday.
一般疑问句：Was she ill yesterday
肯定回答：Yes, she was.
否定回答：No, she wasn’t.
(2)含有行为动词
①肯定句:主语+动词的过去式+其他.
He played football two days ago.
②否定句: 主语 + did not/didn't+ 动词原形+其他.
He didn’t play football two days ago.
③一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其他 肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.。否定回答:No,主语+ didn’t.。
--Did he play football yesterday
--Yes, he did. / --No, he didn’t.
④特殊疑问句:疑问词(主语)+动词的过去式+其他 /疑问词+ did +主语+动词原形+其他
Who helped you
What did you do last night
5.动词过去式的构成
(1)动词过去式的规则变化
① 一般在动词词尾直接加 -ed。
work--worked want--wanted
②以e结尾的动词,直接加 -d。
live -- lived move-- moved
③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写这个辅音字母,再加 -ed。
stop--stopped plan -- planned
④以“辅音字母 +y”结尾的动词,把y变成i,再加-ed。
study -- studied carry→ carried
注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词则直接加 -ed。
Play—played stay--stayed
(2)动词过去式的不规则变化
① 动词过去式与动词原形一样。
put-- put cut--cut
② 遇见i改为 a。
swim--swam sing--sang begin--began
③ 中间去e末尾加 t。
feel--felt keep--kept sleep--slept sweep—swept
④把i变为 o。
ride--rode drive--drove write—wrote
⑤ow/aw 变为 ew。
know--knew grow--grew draw--drew
⑥以d结尾的词,把d变成t。
build--built lend--lent send--sent
六、形容词
形容词是词类的一种，主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性,常用作定语,也可作表语或补语。
1.形容词大体可以分为下面几类
品质形容词：happy healthy clean
类属形容词：local real right
颜色形容词：red yellow blue
强调形容词：perfect true complete
-ing 形容词：exciting interesting boring
-ed 形容词：excited interested bored
2.形容词的基本形式
英文中大多数形容词有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”,用于两者之间的比较,说明“前者比后者更(不)……”;最高级表示“最……”,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较。形容词最高级前面常有定冠词 the。
形容词比较等级规则变化如下：
比较级、最高级变化规则
一般在词尾加-er/-est.
high--higher--highest
以字母e结尾的词在词尾加 -r/-st.
late--later--latest
重读闭音节词,词尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加-er/-est.
hot--hotter--hottest thin--thinner--thinnest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先变y为i，再加 -er/-est.
early--earlier—earliest easy--easier--easiest
多音节词和部分双音节词,在词前加more/most.
important--more important--most important beautiful--more beautiful--most beautiful
语法专练
一、单项选择
1．My father has ________ for breakfast.
A．two piece of bread B．two pieces of bread C．two piece of breads D．two pieces of breads
2．Are you hungry Help yourself to some ________.
A．chickens and apples B．chickens and apple C．chicken and apple D．chicken and apples
3．There are three ________ in the game show.
A．women teachers B．women teacher C．woman teachers D．woman teacher
4．—How many ________ do you want —Four.
A．apple juice B．a glass of apple juice C．glasses of apple juice D．glasses of apples juice
5．He knows________ Chinese and has________ Chinese friends.
A．much, many B．many, much C．much, much D．many, many
6．There are ________ days in a week. Sunday is the ________ day of the week.
A．seven; first B．seven; one C．seventh; first
7．Danny lives in ________.
A．room 404 B．Room 404 C．404 room D．404 Room
8．Mike’s sister is ________.
A．four year old B．fourth years old C．four years old D．four-years-old
9．My sister likes playing ______ violin and I like playing ______ ping-pong.
A．the; the B．the; / C．/; the D．/; /
10．I learned a lot from _________ book. For example, oil is _________ kind of useful energy.
A．a; an B．the; a C．the;/ D．an; the
11．Helen wants to be ______ actor or ______ singer in the future.
A．a; a B．the; the C．an; a
12．Shall we go to ______ Summer Palace next weekend
A．a B．the C．an D．/
13．There is ______ apple tree in my garden. In ______ tree, there is ______ small house for the birds.
A．an; the; a B．an; the; an C．the; the; a D．an; the; the
14．Jack has ________ umbrella. ________ umbrella is new.
A．an; A B．an; the C．an; The
15．________ Smiths are having breakfast at home now.
A．A B．An C．The D．/
16．The businessman has promised to help ________ poor in west China.
A．/ B．a C．an D．the
17．I’m ________ at maths than Li lei, but Mary is the ________ in our class.
A．gooder; good B．gooder; best C．better; good D．better; best
18．A ________ diet is good for your ________.
A．healthy; healthy B．healthy; health C．health; healthy
19．The storybook is very ________. Amy is ________ in it.
A．interested; interested B．interesting; interested C．interesting; interesting
20．This garden is ________ than that one.
A．beautiful B．the most beautiful C．larger D．small
21．I think Pairs is _________ than Guangzhou.
A．more beautiful B．the most beautiful C．beautiful D．the more beautiful
22．Sam looks _________, because he has a new watch.
A．happy B．happily C．sad
23．The football match was so ________. All the people were ________. They shouted ________.
A．excitedly; excited; exciting B．excited; exciting; excitedly
C．exciting; excited; excitedly D．excitedly; exciting; excited
24．—______ Dongdong go to school by bus yesterday —No, he ______ to school.
A．Does; walk B．Did; walked C．Is; walking
25．—________ your sister busy yesterday —Yes, ________.
A．Did; she did B．Were; she was C．Was; she was
26．Mike _________ the earphones on the sofa a moment ago, but now they _________ there.
A．put; weren’t B．put; aren’t C．putted; are D．puts; are
27．Mr. Smith ________ swimming every weekend. But he ________ do it last week.
A．goes; didn’t B．goes to; didn’t C．went; doesn’t
二、用所给词的正确形式填空。
28．— Could you tell me your (hobby), boys and girls — Sure.
29．We come from different (country).
30．We’d like three (glass) of (milk).
31．—Whose flowers are those —They’re for these (policeman).
32．My father’s are very big. (foot）
33．A few are in the park playing games.(child)
34．Catherine is a very careful girl and she never loses her . (key）
35．Many nice in the shop were on sale yesterday, so I bought one for my mother as her birthday gift. (watch)
36．There is too (many) water on the ground.
37．Emily took some great (photo) during her trip to London.
38．Do you like (tomato) and (strawberry)
参考答案：
一、选择题
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.C 21.A 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.A
二、用所给单词的正确形式填空。
28.hobbies
29.countries
30.glasses; milk
31.policemen
32.feet
33.children
34.keys
35.watches
36.much
37.photos
38. tomatoes; strawberries
2新外研版七上英语
Starter Welcome to junior high!
基础知识梳理：
1.welcome to + 地点：欢迎来到某地；
2.make friends (with sb.): (与某人)交朋友；
3.first:第一（序数词）；
拓展：second: 第二； third：第三
拓展：最初；首先（副词）
at first 起初；起先
first of all 首先
4.ready: adj 准备好的
拓展：be/get ready for sth. 为某事做准备
Eg:We are getting ready for the party.
be/get ready to do sth. 准备做某事
Eg:We are ready to go.
5.put... in... 把......放于......中
Eg: Put them in your schoolbag.
拓展：put... into... 把......放于......里
Eg: He put that book into the box.
6.How about... = What about... ......怎么样？
about用作介词，后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式做宾语。
7.辨析：“也”---- too与also
too用于肯定句或疑问句句末，其前可加逗号与其他内容隔开（也可以没有逗号）；
also常用于肯定句句中，用于be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，行为动词之前；
8.be going to + do(动词原形)：打算做某事；将要做某事
（一般将来时的一种结构）
9.there be +名词（+地点状语）表示某处有某物或某人
当有两个或两个以上的名次作并列主语时，be 的形式常采用就近原则。
Eg: There is a pen and two books on the desk.
There are two books and a pen on the desk.
will do sth. 将要做某事（一般将来时的一种结构）
love to do sth./ love doing sth. 喜爱做某事
show sb. around... 带领某人参观......
morning exercises 早操
拓展：exercise（可数名词）体操；练习
Eg: I’m doing my exercises. 我正在做练习。
exercise（不可数名词）锻炼；运动
Eg: You need to do more exercise. 你需要多运动。
辨析：连词or, and和but的用法
or--或者；表示选择；
and--和，又；表示并列或顺承关系；
but--但是；表示转折关系。
play football 踢足球
拓展：play + 球类、棋类
play + the + 乐器
go home 回家
拓展：go to + 地点：去某地
注：当地点为home,here,there等副词时，省略“to”。
join（动词）参与，加入某项活动
辨析：join 与take part in
join指加入某个党派、团体、组织等，使成为其中的一员；
拓展：join sb.in doing sth. 加入某人一起做某事
Eg:You can join the science club.
take part in多指参加群众性活动
Eg:I took part in the English speech contest last week.
have got 有（多用于口语中，代替have）
主语为第三人称单数时，用has got.
Eg:Our school has got six buildings.
many 许多
many + 可数名词复数形式；
Eg:There are many students in the classroom.
拓展：much + 不可数名词
Eg:There is much water in the bottle.
begin 开始
begin to do sth. /begin doing sth.开始做某事
拓展1：start to do sth./start doing sth. 开始做某事
拓展2：beginning (名词)开始
at the beginning of... ......的开始
everyone(代词)每个人，人人
拓展：像everyone\someone\anyone\something\anything\
nothing这些不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Eg:Everyone is here now.
like to do sth./like doing sth.喜欢做某事
enjoy 喜欢；享受......的乐趣
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
拓展：enjoy oneself 玩得愉快
反身代词oneself: myself(我自己); yourself（你自己）; himself（他自己）; herself（她自己）; ourselves（我们自己）; yourselves（你们自己）; themselves（他们自己）
help (动词)帮助
help sb (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事；
help sb with sth. 帮助某人某事
Eg:I often help my mother with the housework.
= I often help my mother (to) do the housework.
helpful(形容词) 乐于助人的；有帮助的
拓展1: helpful的反义词helpless(形容词) 无助的
拓展2: helpful是由help加上后缀-ful构成的形容词，类似的词还有：
thank-- thankful 感激的，感谢的
use-- useful 有用的
forget --forgetful 健忘的
success-- successful 成功的
care-- careful 细心的
difficulty (名词)困难；困境（是difficult的名次形式）
表示具体意义的“困难”时，是可数名词，复数形式是difficulties;表示抽象意义的“困难”时，是不可数名词。
have difficulty (in) doing sth.
Eg: I have difficulty (in) doing the work.
a bit + 形容词/副词 = a little + 形容词/副词
a bit of + 不可数名词 = a little + 不可数名词
excited (形容词)激动的；兴奋的
be excited to do sth. 做某事很兴奋
Eg:He is excited to watch the lion dance.
辨析：excited与exciting
excited 说明人的感受(感到激动的) ；
exciting 说明事物（令人激动的）
Eg:He is excited about the exciting movie.
28.want sth. 想要某物
want to do sth. 想要做某事
want sb.（not）to do sth. 想要某人（不）做某事
29.feel
（连系动词）感到，觉得，摸起来；后加形容词
Eg: I feel hungry now.
（动词）认为，以为；后加从句
Eg: I feel he is a kind person.
30.What kind of... 常用于询问种类或类型
拓展：kind的相关短语
a kind of 一种
all kinds of 各种各样的
many kinds of 许多种
different kinds of 不同种类的
kind of 有点儿
31.drink (名词) 饮料
drink (动词) 喝
32.decoration (可数名词) 装饰物
拓展：decorate(动词) 装饰
decorate...with... 用......装饰......
Eg:They decorated the room with flowers and balloons.
bring (动词) 拿来，带来
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. for sb.
34.learn to do sth.学习/学会做某事

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