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动词和动词短语（讲义）
目录
一 动词的分类
二 动词词义辨析
三 易混动词归纳对比
四 常见的高频动词短语总结
五 易错点纠错练
六 高考模拟试题
动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题中所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面:
1.动词的词义；2.动词搭配；3.动词短语；4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；5.常用动词的用法；6.熟记16个高频动词构成的短语用法（break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go, get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, set（改为send）等）
动词的分类
根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：
1.行为动词（实义动词）
①及物动词 （带宾语）：study, develop;
②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come
③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
④动作动词 延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）
2.系动词
①表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound
②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow
③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay
3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：
be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall
4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)
动词词义辨析
动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：
1.形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。
2.意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。
3.动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。
4.意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。
5.某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。
6.某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
易混动词归纳对比
1.lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：
2.rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3.hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。
4.see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch ；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）
5.wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。
6.hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
7.bear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。
8.sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.
9.borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep.
10.win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。
11.steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。
12.fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。
13.take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。
14.shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。
15.answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。
16.reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。
17.cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work。
18.lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing。
19.have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.
20.begin与start：begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。
21.allow 与permit：allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.
22.find与found：find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
23.speak, say, talk 与tell：英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son。
24.excuse me 与sorry：excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。
25.care for 与care to do：care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。
26.与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);
27.意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。
28.动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …
29.动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …
30.与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：
1.根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(I)动词+副词(不及物)
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。
(2)动词+副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on.
她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.
她送掉了它们。
(3)动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4)动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2.熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。
常见的高频动词短语总结
1 break
break away 摆脱；逃跑
break down （机器）出故障；中断；分解
break into 闯入；打断；突然中断
break off 中断；折断；突然停止
break out 突然发生；爆发
break through 突破；克服；挣脱而出
break up 打碎；中断；分解
break in 破门而入；打断（谈话）；插嘴
2 bring
bring about 引起；造成
bring down 使倒下；使下降；使受挫折
bring forward 提出；提前（=put forward）
bring into operation实施；使生效
bring out 显示出来；出版；生产
bring up 提出；教育；培养；吐出
bring back 把---送回；使想起；恢复
bring in 引进；挣得
3 call
call for 需要；要求；邀请
call off 取消；停止
call on 拜访；看望；号召
call up 打电话；使人想起；召集
call at 访问
call in 请来；召集
call back 回电话；召回
4 come
come about 发生
come across 偶遇；碰到；讲清楚
come along 进展；成功；一道走
come into effect 生效
come off 发生；举行；成功
come on 快点；走吧；有进展
come out 出来；结果是出版
come round/around再现；恢复知觉；改变看法
come through 经历；获得成功
come to 苏醒；达到；总数为
come up 发生；走上前去;(时间)快到
come up to 达到（高度、程度）；符合
come up against 碰到（困难）
come up with 赶上；提出
come back 回来；反驳
come true 变为现实
5 cut
cut across 绕劲道穿过；超越；遮住
cut back 削减；终止；急忙返回
cut down 削减；减少
cut in 插嘴；打断；突然出来
cut off 切断；中断；隔绝
cut out 删掉；戒掉
cut short 中断；打断；缩短
6 carry
carry on 继续；坚持
carry out 执行；实施
carry through 帮助度过难关；完成；实现
7 die
die away 渐弱
die down 熄灭；平静下来
die of 因----（病）死亡
die from 因----（外部原因）死亡
die out 灭绝；绝种
be dying to do sth. 迫切想做某事
8 give
give away 赠送；颁发；泄露；告发；失去
give out 分发；公布；公开；用完（vi）;耗尽（vi）
give off 发出；放出
give up 放弃；自首；将-----交给某人（to sb.）;对某人不报希望（on sb.）
give in 屈服；投降；让步；上交；呈交
9 go
go along 进展；陪同前往
go by 时间过去；经过；遵守
go down 下降；下沉；下跌
go for 去；选择；想要；攻击（用语言）
go in for 从事；爱好；参加（选拔赛、考试等）
go into 研究；调查，从事
go off 离开；爆炸；食品变坏；断电；熄灭；（与副词连用或用于疑问句）进行；发生
go on 继续进行；发生；上场
go out 离开；熄灭；过时
go over 浏览；仔细查看；检查；审查
go through 通过；经历（苦难）；仔细检查
go up 上升；增长；涨价
10 get
get through 浏览；翻阅；经历困难（痛苦）；做完某事
get in 收割；收获；收集；购买；买进；插话
get over 克服；战胜；熬过；做完；结束；走完
get on 继续；进行；上车
get round 传播；散播；说服某人；回避；避开
get about 四处走动；传开
get across 传达；使---让人理解
get along/on (with) 进展；相处
get down 记下；下来；下车；使---人忧愁
get down to(介词) 开始认真干
get back 恢复；回来；收回
get out 泄露；逃离
get tighter 聚会；收集
11 hold
hold back 阻碍；阻止；控制；抑制；隐瞒；保留；犹豫不决
hold up 举起；抬起；拿起；支撑；耽搁；使停顿；拦劫；抢劫；举出，提出
hold out 维持；坚持；伸出；拿出
hold off 拖延；延迟
12 keep
keep away(from) 使远离
keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒
keep off 避开；不接近
keep on 继续
keep out 挡在外边；（警示语）请勿靠近
keep up 保持，不低落；持续，继续
keep up with 跟上
13 look
look after 照顾；关心
look out 看；当心；查阅；观察
look back 回头看；回顾
look down on/upon轻视；看不起
look for 寻找；寻求；期望
look forward to 盼望；期待
look in 顺便看望；顺便拜访
look into 调查，深入了解
look on 观看； 旁观
look over 翻阅；浏览
look through 浏览；详细调查
look up 查阅；查出
14 make
make for 向----前进，快速走向
make out 理解，领悟；辨认出，写出
make up 组成，占----比例；弥补，补偿；捏造
make up for 弥补，补偿
make up of 由---组成；包含有
15 pick
pick out 挑出；分辨出；区别出
pick up 拿起；捡起；收拾；偶然获得，学会，接收（节目）；（开车）去接；（顺便）捎带
16 put
put across 解释清楚；使人接受
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留
put away 放好；收好
put down 写下；记下；镇压
put forward 提出；推荐；把---提前
put in 伸进；提出；提交；申请，请求
put in for 申请；正式要求
put off 延期；推迟；关掉；阻止，妨碍
put on 穿上；戴上；上演；增加（体重）
put out 熄灭；关灯；生产出，出版
put up 举起；修建；提供
put up with 忍受；容忍
put through （把电话）接通；做完；向—传达，提出（to sb.）；使经受—的考验
17 send
send away 送走；解雇
send for 派人去请
send out 发送；长出；发出（光、信号等）
send up 上升；发射
18 set
set about 开始做，着手
set apart 使分离；使显得突出
set aside 留出；拨出
set back 推迟，阻碍；使花费
set down 记下，写下
set off 动身出发；引起；使爆炸（cause to explode）
set out 动身出发；引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式
set up 建立；创立；引起
19 take
take after 与----相似
take apart 拆卸（机器）
take away 拿走；时离开；消除（病痛等）
take down 记下来；拆掉
take for （错）当作；（误）认为
take in 吸收；接受；领会；欺骗
take off 起飞；匆匆离去；脱下
take on 呈现；采纳；承担，从事
take one’s time 不要着急，慢慢地做
take over 接收，接管，取代
take to 喜欢；养成---的习惯
take up 占据，占（时间、空间）；开始从事
20 turn
turn down 关小，调低，拒绝
turn off 关上/掉；转向；（使某人感到厌烦）
turn out 关（灯）；制造；结果是；原来是；培养
turn over （使）翻转/身；移交；周转；仔细考虑
turn to 求助于；（使）转向；（把注意力等）转向；翻书到
turn up 开大；被发现，被找到；到达；露面
易错点纠错练
1．Now my time is almost up. In a few days, someone else will arrive to _______, and the tireless work of MSF members around the world will go on.
A．step into my shoes B．pull my weight
C．take my breath D．come to my aid
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：现在我的时间快到了。再过几天，就会有其他人来接替我，世界各地无国界医生组织成员的不懈工作将继续下去。A. step into my shoes接替我的工作；B. pull my weight尽职责；C. take my breath夺走我的呼吸；D. come to my aid帮助某人。根据句中的my time is almost up和the tireless work of MSF members around the world will go on可知，我在这里工作的时间快结束了，但有其他人来继续工作，所以是有人来接替我。故选A。
2．When you are faced with obstacles in Senior 3, try not to let discouraging thoughts _______. Be optimistic and trust yourself, and you’ll make it.
A．take over B．take up C．take on D．take in
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：当你在高三遇到障碍时，尽量不要让沮丧的想法占据主导地位。乐观一点，相信自己，你会成功的。A. take over接管，控制，取代，占上风；B. take up占用（时间），占据（空间）；C. take on呈现；D. take in欺骗，理解，吸收。根据空前的let discouraging thoughts可知，这里指让沮丧的想法占上风。故选A。
3．We can ______the options and try to come to a decision.
A．make up B．set up C．weigh up D．cut up
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们可以权衡各种选择，试着做出决定。A. make up化妆；B. set up建立；C. weigh up权衡；D. cut up切碎。根据下文“try to come to a decision(试着做出决定)”可知，空白处应填表示“权衡”含义的动词短语。故选C项。
4．We are determined that our teacher training programs should ________ current developments in the field of education.
A．catch sight of B．make room for
C．take pride in D．keep pace with
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：我们决心我们的教师培训计划应该跟上当前教育领域的发展。A. catch sight of看见；B. make room for为……腾出空间；C. take pride in以……为骄傲；D. keep pace with与……保持同步；跟上……。由上文“our teacher training programs should”和下文“current developments in the field of education.”可知，教师培训计划应该跟上当前教育领域的发展，“跟上”为动词短语keep pace with，故选D。
5．She told us to ________.
A．seat B．sit at C．sit D．sit down
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词（短语）词义辨析。句意：她告诉我们坐下。A. seat使坐下；B. sit at坐在……；C. sit坐；D. sit down坐下。seat是及物动词，后面需直接加宾语，sit是不及物动词，通常与介词in、on、at等连用，sit at表示“坐在……上”，后面需要加宾语，只有固定搭配，sit down(坐下)符合语法。故选D。
6．Will you please help me ________
A．open the door B．turn on the door
C．opened the door D．to turn on the door
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词和动词短语辨析、非谓语动词。句意：你能帮我开门吗？turn on“打开（设备）”；open“打开”；door“门”。turn on一般用于打开“电视、收音机、灯、煤气”等设备，不与door搭配，故排除选项B和D。help sb. (to) do sth.“帮助某人做某事”，故本空用省略to的不定式，作宾补。故选A。
7．With the money his uncle had left to him, Jack decided to ______ his own business.
A．set up B．set off C．make up D．take up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：杰克决定用他叔叔留给他的钱创办自己的企业。A. set up建立，创办；B. set off出发，引爆；C. make up化妆，弥补；D. take up从事，占据。结合句意可知，此处应为“创办”符合语境，且位于不定式符号to之后，所以使用动词原形。故选A项。
8．They decided to ________ their old furniture to charity.
A．give away B．hang on C．hand down D．get down
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们决定把旧家具捐给慈善机构。A. give away赠送；B. hang on坚持；C. hand down传给；D. get down咽下，写下。由charity以及句意可知，这里指把旧家具“赠送”给慈善机构。故选A项。
9．Every customer coming here must do the warm-up exercise before ________ swimming. That’s our regulation.
A．catching up with B．getting on with
C．getting down to D．putting up with
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：每个来这里的顾客在开始游泳前都必须做热身运动。这是我们的规定。A. catching up with 赶上；B. getting on with继续（干某事）；C. getting down to着手做；D. putting up with忍受。由swimming和句意可知，这里表示“开始着手”游泳前需要热身。故选C项。
10．________ was once predicted by a famous scientist, in another twenty years, AI robots would completely ________ humans as workers.
A．It; take place of B．As; take the place of C．It; in the place of D．As; in place of
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句和动词短语。句意：正如一位著名科学家曾经预测的那样，再过二十年，人工智能机器人将完全取代人类成为工人。take place of (代替)，take the place of (代替，取代)，in the place of (在……地方)，in place of (代替)，第一空引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，表示“正如”应用as引导，排除A项和C项；第二空缺少谓语动词，in place of为介词短语，不能作谓语，排除D项。故选B。
11．—China has made great achievements in many fields over the past thirty years.
—Yes, we all this great progress.
A．take up B．take off C．take pride in D．take care of
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：—— 在过去的30年里，中国在许多领域取得了巨大的成就。—— 是的，我们都为这一巨大进步感到自豪。A. take up占据；B. take off起飞；C. take pride in为......感到骄傲；D. take care of照顾。由“China has made great achievements in many fields”可知，我们为中国取得的成就感到自豪，因此空格处是take pride in。故选C。
12．The investigation shows that too much love can make boys less independent, weaker and less able to______ frustration.
A．switch on B．cope with C．hold up D．in search of
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语和介词短语辨析。句意：调查显示，过多的爱会让男孩变得不那么独立、软弱、无法应对挫折。A. switch on打开；B. cope with应对；C. hold up举起；D. in search of寻找。根据前后文“make boys less independent, weaker and less able to______ frustration.”可知，此处指应对挫折。故选B。
13．—What do you__________ your new life in your new house
—It’s comfortable and convenient, especially for the children to go to school. It’s only five-minute walk.
A．think over B．think on C．think of D．think out
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：——你觉得你在新房子里的新生活怎么样？——舒适方便，尤其是孩子们上学。走路只要五分钟。A. think over仔细考虑；B. think on思考；C. think of认为；D. think out想出。由“It’s comfortable and convenient”可知，第一个人是在问第二个人认为新生活怎么样，空格处意为“认为”。故选C。
14．—Why don’t you ________ smoking It’s very harmful.
—I tried many times, but it’s really hard.
A．give up B．put up C．ring up D．pick up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：——你为什么不戒烟？吸烟有害健康。——我试了很多次，但真的很难。A. give up放弃；B. put up张贴；C. ring up电话响起；D. pick up捡起。根据后文“smoking It’s very harmful.”指戒烟应用give up。故选A。
15．Work hard and practise more, and your effort will __________.
A．pay off B．give way C．carry on D．burst onto
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：努力工作，多练习，你的努力会得到回报的。A. pay off得到回报；B. give way让步；C. carry on继续；D. burst onto突然出现。根据“Work hard and practise more,”可知，努力会得到回报。故选A。
16．I wish to ______ the meeting as quickly as possible, for I have other things to attend to.
A．wind up B．turn up C．burn up D．look up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：我希望会议尽快结束，因为我还有别的事情要处理。A. wind up结束；B. turn up出现，露面，调高；C. burn up烧毁，消耗；D. look up查找，向上看。根据for I have other things to attend to可知，此处表达“会议尽快结束”的含义。故选A项。
17．—Are you kidding I can’t believe it!
—I’m not__________ a story. It really happened!
A．making up B．dressing up C．taking up D．putting up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：——你开玩笑吧？我简直不敢相信！——我不是在编故事。事情真的发生了！A. making up编造；B. dressing up打扮；C. taking up占据；D. putting up搭建。由“It really happened”可知，句子表示“我不是在编造故事。事情真的发生了”，空格处意为“编造”，故选A。
18．She broke____________when she heard the news, but quickly recovered.
A．down B．up C．away D．through
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：她一听到这个消息就崩溃了，但很快就恢复了。A. break down崩溃；B. break up分手，解散； C. break away脱离；D. break through突破。由句意和when she heard the news可知，这里指她情绪“崩溃”了。故选A项。
19．You shouldn’t that I take care of your pet dog.
A．take it easy B．take it for granted C．take it seriously D．take your time
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：你不应该认为我照顾你的宠物狗是理所当然的。A. take it easy别急，沉住气；B. take it for granted认为这理所当然；C. take it seriously认真对待它；D. take your time慢慢来。take it for granted that...意为“认为……理所当然”，其中it作形式宾语，that引导宾语从句。根据句中的that I take care of your pet dog可知，选B。
20．He ________ and invested in a small company. As a consequence, he lost a fortune in the end.
A．jumped in with both feet B．played safe
C．had a frog in his throat D．wound up
【答案】A
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：他不加思索地匆匆投入并投资了一家小公司。结果，他最后赔了一大笔钱。A. jumped in with both feet不加思索地匆匆投入；B. played safe稳扎稳打；C. had a frog in his throat喉咙不舒服，嗓子哑了；D. wound up结束。根据句中“he lost a fortune in the end”可推知，他的投入和投资太过匆忙，没有经过沉思熟虑。用动词短语jump in with both feet，符合语境。故选A项。
21．If you don’t find a job soon, you may __________ begging on the streets.
A．wind up B．dry up C．pack up D．set up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果你不尽快找到工作，你可能会最终沦落到沿街乞讨。A. wind up 以……告终；B. dry up干涸；C. pack up收拾行李；D. set up建立。结合“begging on the streets”可知，此处表示如果不快点找到工作，最终只能乞讨，wind up“以……告终”符合句意。故选A项。
22．We are running a flower shop, and females __________ the vast majority of our customers.
A．account for B．kick off C．give rise to D．take in
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们开了一家花店，顾客中绝大多数是女性。A. account for占比，解释；B. kick off开始，踢开；C. give rise to引起，导致；D. take in理解。根据后文“the vast majority of our customers”此处指女性占顾客的多数，应用account for。故选A。
23．I was pleased, of course —adoptions were always what __________ my soul —but I chalked it up to a lucky break for one black kitten.
A．snuggled B．throbbed C．highlighted D．nourished
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当然，我很高兴——收养一直是滋养我灵魂的东西——但我把它归结为一只黑猫的幸运。A. snuggled偎依；B. throbbed抽痛，悸动；C. highlighted突出，强调；D. nourished滋养。根据“I was pleased”和“but I chalked it up to a lucky break for one black kitten”可知，此处表示收养能滋养心灵。故选D。
24．Ken ran over, assessed the situation, and __________ his shirt and shoes. Jumping in, he dove under and tried to reach Spica through the larger of the openings.
A．fought off B．switched off C．whipped off D．gave off
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：肯恩跑过来，评估了情况，然后脱掉了他的衬衫和鞋子。他跳进水里，潜入水中，试图从较大的洞口接近斯皮卡。A. fought off击退，抵御；B. switched off关闭；C. whipped off用迅速的动作取下某物；D. gave off散发，释放。根据空格后面的句子“他跳进水里，潜入水中，试图从较大的洞口接近斯皮卡。”可知，他跳进水里了，所以应该是脱下了衣服。故选C。
25．It is thought to be a wise way to have some money _________ for old age.
A．put aside B．taken off C．given in D．set out
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：人们认为存一些钱以备晚年之需是明智的做法。A.put aside存储；B.taken off起飞；C.given in屈服；D.set out出发。根据“for old age”可知，此处是指存一些钱。故选A。
26．After two years of travelling and always having endless business to ________, I kind of lost my passion for the job.
A．attend to B．apply for C．withdraw from D．test out
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：经过两年的旅行，总是有没完没了的事情要处理，我对这份工作失去了热情。A. attend to处理；B. apply for申请；C. withdraw from退出；D. test out考验。根据句中“endless business”可推知，有无数的事情要“处理”，用动词短语attend to，符合语境。故选A项。
27．Some of these non-native fish escaped into other waterways. They can bully ecosystems, quickly ________.
A．switching off B．taking over C．bouncing around D．turning up
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些外来鱼类逃到了其他水道中。它们可能破坏生态系统，快速占据主导地位。A. switching off关闭； B. taking over接管，占上风； C.bouncing around蹦蹦跳跳；D.turning up 出场，出现。这里指的是这些外来鱼类可能会在其他水域中占据主导地位，破坏生态系统。take over意味着取得控制权或支配地位，与句子的语境相符合，故选B项。
28．She _________ on the decision for a long time before she finally made up her mind.
A．deliberated B．fed C．carried D．brought
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：她对这个决定考虑了很长时间才最终下定决心。A. deliberated on仔细考虑（某事）；B.fed on以……为食；C. carried on继续；D. brought on引起。由后文she finally made up her mind，可知，她是在“仔细思考”后做的决定。故选A项。
29．Crowds of people ________ to watch the charity of performance last night.
A．worked out B．turned out C．made out D．reached out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：昨晚，成群的人出席观看了慈善演出。A. worked out解决；B. turned out出席，到场；C. made out理解，辨认出；D. reached out伸出。结合句意可知空处表示“出席，参加”，故选B项。
30．The doctor __________ me to spend several days at the seaside, so that I’ll __________ soon.
A．considered; catch up B．hoped; bring up
C．suggested; take up D．recommended; pick up
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词和短语辨析。句意：医生建议我到海边去玩几天，这样我就会很快恢复健康。A. considered考虑； catch up赶上；B. hoped希望；bring up养育、提出；C. suggested建议；take up占据；D. recommended推荐；pick up恢复健康。分析句意可知，第一空格处表示医生“建议、推荐”我到海边玩，第二空格处表示我会很快“恢复健康”。故选D项。
31．Leave the boy _______; he can make up his own mind.
A．alone B．for C．aside D．out
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：不要管那男孩；他能自己拿主意。A. leave alone不打扰；B. leave for离开；C. leave aside撇开； D. leave out不包括或不提及某人或某事。根据句意可知，此处为动词短语leave sb alone“不打扰某人”，满足句意要求。故选A项。
32．Regular exercise can______to your health.
A．make up B．make sense C．make mistake D．make a difference
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：有规律的锻炼对你的健康有很大的影响。A. make up编造；B. make sense说得通；C. make mistake犯错误；D. make a difference产生影响。根据句中的regular exercise可知，此处表示“对健康产生影响”。故选D。
33．Spending too much time online makes it very difficult to ______ other things in life.
A．rely on B．focus on C．depend on D．base on
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：花太多时间上网会让你很难专注于生活中的其他事情。A. rely on依赖；B. focus on集中；C. depend on依赖；D. base on以……为基础。根据句意，此处表示“专注于其他事情”，用focus on。故选B。
34．For nearly a whole year the people didn’t ________ food any more, for the food was so delicious and nutritious.
A．talk about B．complain about C．talk with D．complain to
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在将近一整年的时间里，人们不再抱怨食物，因为食物是如此美味和营养。A. talk about谈论；B. complain about抱怨（某事）；C. talk with与……交谈；D. complain to向……抱怨，向……投诉。根据后文“for the food was so delicious and nutritious”可知，人们不再抱怨食物了。故选B项。
35．Right now, you needn’t go to school to learn knowledge, you can stay at home to learn by ________.
A．reading a book B．distance learning
C．watching TV D．playing games
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：现在，你不必去学校学习知识，你可以待在家里远程学习。A. reading a book读书；B. distance learning远程学习，远程教育；C. watching TV看电视；D. playing games玩游戏。根据前文“you needn’t go to school to learn knowledge”可知，此处指在家远程学习。故选B项。
36．But spending too much time online is unhealthy and makes it very difficult to _________ other things in life.
A．be attracted to B．graduate from C．sign up for D．focus on
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但是在网上花太多时间是不健康的，这使得你很难集中精力在生活中的其他事情上。A. be attracted to被吸引；B. graduate from毕业于；C. sign up for报名参加；D. focus on专注于。根据句意可知空处表示“专注于”，故选D项。
37．——Ricky, why hasn’t Billy been with us these days
——Oh, he is _______ for next month’s 400-meter race.
A．standing out B．taking up C．backing out D．working out
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：——Ricky，为什么Billy这些天没和我们在一起？——哦，他正在为下个月的400米赛跑锻炼。A. standing out突出；B. taking up占据；C. backing out退出，不履行；D. working out锻炼。根据句意可知，句中表达了“锻炼”的意思。故选D项。
38．He________ the workers to fight for their rights .
A．called for B．called in C．called on D．called off
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他号召工人们为自己的权利而战。A. called for要求；B. called in叫进，引入；C.called on号召；D. called off取消。结合语意可知，句子表示号召工人为权利而战，call on sb. to do sth.为固定短语，表示“号召某人做某事”。故选C。
39．Working with the medical team in Africa did ________ the best in her as a doctor.
A．work out B．bring out C．make out D．give out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在非洲与医疗团队一起工作确实激发了她作为一名医生的最佳能力。A. work out锻炼；B. bring out使显现；C. make out看出；D. give out发出。根据后文“the best in her as a doctor”可知，应是“使她作为一名医生的最佳能力显现出来”符合语境。故选B项。
40．Approximately one million people left their homes and travelled westwards to in the Gold Rush.
A．throw the baby out with the bathwater B．seek their fortune
C．put them under pressure D．comment on
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：大约有一百万人离开家园，向西旅行，在淘金热中寻找财富。A. throw the baby out with the bathwater扔掉宝宝连同洗澡水：一个成语，意指在解决问题时过于激进，导致丢失了有价值的东西；B. seek their fortune谋求财富或成功；C. put them under pressure给他们施加压力；D. comment on评论。根据后文“in the Gold Rush”可知是在淘金热中寻找财富。故选B。
41．Business negotiation may not necessarily be a game in which one loses if the other wins; we should ____a win-win result.
A．take away B．make for C．take in D．strive for
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：商业谈判不一定是一场一方赢，一方输的游戏；我们应该争取双赢。A. take away带走；B. make for导致；C. take in吸收；D. strive for争取。结合句意可知，商业谈判不一定是一场一方赢，一方输的游戏；我们应该争取双赢。故选D项。
42．The witness told the police everything he had seen, being careful not to ________ any details.
A．give out B．leave out C．take out D．figure out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：目击者把他所看到的一切都告诉了警方，并注意不遗漏任何细节。A. give out分发；B. leave out遗漏；C. take out取出；D. figure out理解。根据前面提到的“将一切告诉警察”可知，他很小心地不遗漏任何细节。故选B项。
43．Since keeping positive is beneficial to the progress of our work and study, we should struggle not to let negative ideas ______.
A．take off B．take over C．take in D．take on
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：既然保持积极的心态有利于我们工作和学习的进步，我们就应该努力不让消极的想法控制你。A. take off起飞，成名；B. take over接管，控制；C. take in欺骗；D. take on呈现。根据上文“struggle not to let negative ideas”可知，此处表达不要让消极的想法控制你。故选A项。
44．If you ________ any problem when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.
A．come up with B．set about C．come across D．put aside
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果你到机场后有什么问题，给我打电话。A. come up with提出；B. set about开始；C. come across偶遇；D. put aside搁置。根据后文“any problem”指遇到问题，应用come across。故选C。
45．I went home and _______ my schoolbag and started to help Mother do the cooking.
A．put off B．dropped off C．turned off D．shut off
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语。句意：我回到家，放下书包，开始帮妈妈做饭。A. put off推迟；B. dropped off放下；C. turned off 关上；D. shut off关闭。根据句意可知，应为介词短语dropped off与“went”和“started”并列作谓语，词义为“放下”。故选B。
46．It’s time you _________the fact that it’s a dangerous world out there. Be brave and optimistic.
A．put up with B．woke up to
C．took the place of D．looked down upon
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：是时候让你清醒地意识到这是一个危险的世界了。勇敢乐观一些吧。A. put up with忍受；B. woke up to意识到，认识到；C. took the place of代替……；D. looked down upon瞧不起。根据句意可知，句中指意识到这是一个危险的世界，所以要保持勇敢乐观，“wake up to”意为“意识到，认识到”，符合语境，“It’s time (that) sb. did sth.”意为“是时候让某人做某事了”，故应用“wake”的过去式“woke”。故选B项。
47．The athlete’s years of hard training _________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A．picked out B．paid off C．got through D．ended up
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：这位运动员多年的刻苦训练终于获得了回报，她赢得了奥运会金牌。A. picked out挑出；B. paid off取得成功，获得回报；C. got through（设法）处理，完成；D. ended up结束，最终处于。根据句意可知，她赢得了奥运会金牌，由此可知，她多年的刻苦训练获得了回报，“paid off”意为“取得成功，获得回报”，符合语境。故选B项。
48．On the 70th birthday of the PRC, many policemen and policewomen were called out to _________.
A．take action B．keep order C．make sense D．watch out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在中华人民共和国成立70周年之际，许多男警察和女警被要求去维持秩序。A. take action采取行动；B. keep order维持秩序；C. make sense有道理，讲得通；D. watch out监视。根据句意可知，在中华人民共和国成立70周年之际，人很多，安全很重要，由此可知，许多男警察和女警被要求去维持秩序，“keep order”意为“维持秩序”，符合语境。故选B项。
49．These teenagers don’t know much of the world yet; that’s why they are so easily _________.
A．taken in B．taken over C．taken after D．taken off
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：这些青少年还不了解世界，这就是为什么他们那么容易上当受骗。A. taken in欺骗；B. taken over接管；C. taken after效仿；D. taken off起飞。由上文“These teenagers don’t know much of the world yet”可知，青少年还不了解世界，所以容易受骗，故选A。
50．We’ll meet again in the morning and we can ________ where we left off.
A．pick up B．put down C．take in D．cut off
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们早上再碰一次头，从我们停下来的地方继续进行。A. pick up继续；B. put down放下；C. take in吸收；D. cut off中断。根据“meet again”和“where we left off”可推知，再碰一次头是想从停下来的地方继续，pick up符合题意，表示从谈话、会议等停顿的地方继续。故选A。
51．Hearing the injured soldier was saved, I ________ a sign of relief.
A．left out B．let out C．gave out D．put out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：听说受伤的士兵得救了，我松了一口气。A. left out漏掉；被忽略；B. let out释放；发出；C. gave out分发；D. put out扑灭。根据前文可知，士兵被救了，因此松了一口气，let out a sign of relief表示“松了一口气”。故选B。
52．I don’t agree with your application for the summer job, which will probably ______ your studies.
A．interfere with B．argue with C．cooperate with D．react with
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我不同意你申请暑期工作，那可能会干扰你的学习。A. interfere with干扰，妨碍；B. argue with与……争论；C. cooperate with与……合作；D. react with与……发生反应。根据“don’t agree with your application for the summer job”可推知，不同意申请暑期工作的原因是会干扰学习，用动词短语interfere with，符合句意。故选A项。
53．Einstein finally ________ Hans’ plan that Hans took his place and gave the lecture in that distant university.
A．agreed with B．agreed to C．agreed on D．agreed for
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：爱因斯坦最终同意了汉斯的计划，让汉斯代替他在那所遥远的大学讲课。A. agree with 与某人[观点]一致， 同意[赞同]某人的意见；B. agree to 同意， 赞成， 同意照办；C. agree on 达成协议。D选项不是固定短语。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要动词短语 agree to，意为“同意某人的计划”，作谓语，这句话描述的是过去的事情，谓语用一般过去时。故选B。
54．It is believed that the construction of a highway will ______ the growth of the suburbs.
A．increase to B．contribute to C．keep to D．take to
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：人们相信高速公路的建设将有助于郊区的发展。A. increase to增加到；B. contribute to有助于；C. keep to保持；D. take to喜欢。根据后文“the growth of the suburbs”可知，此处指高速公路的建设将有助于郊区的发展。故选B。
55．It’s difficult to ______ a global population of polar bears because much of their range has been poorly studied.
A．put out B．figure out C．come out D．turn out
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：很难计算出全球北极熊的数量，因为它们的大部分活动范围都没有得到很好的研究。A. put out扑灭；B. figure out计算出；C. come out出版；D. turn out结果是。结合a global population of polar bears，是计算全球北极熊的数量，故选B项。
56．It is pleasant to ________ a small talk in the lift.
A．cut off B．put off C．take off D．set off
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在电梯里开始一段简短的谈话是令人愉快的。A. cut off切断；B. put off推迟；C. take off起飞；D. set off开始。由“a small talk in the lift”可知，句子表示“在电梯里开始一段简短的谈话是令人愉快的”，空格处意为“开始”。故选D。
57．Jasper has________ “No Parking” signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
A．put on B．put down C．put out D．put up
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：贾斯帕在他的大门外挂了“禁止停车”的标志，但没有任何效果。A. put on穿上；B. put down放下；C. put out熄灭；D. put up张贴。根据后文““No Parking” signs”指张贴标志，故选D。
58．His early experience enabled him to________ barriers between Scottish Catholics and Protestants.
A．break out B．break up C．break in D．break down
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他的早期经历使他能够打破苏格兰天主教徒和新教徒之间的障碍。A. break out爆发；B. break up破裂；C. break in突然闯入；D. break down打破。根据“barriers between Scottish Catholics and Protestants.”可知，此处是指打破苏格兰天主教徒和新教徒之间的障碍，break down“打破”符合题意。故选D。
59．I was ________ when Kenny wanted me to take care of his dog for a few days. I hate dogs.
A．brought under control B．set in motion
C．taken into account D．put on the spot
【答案】D
【详解】考查短语辨析。句意：当肯尼要我照顾他的狗几天时，我很为难。我讨厌狗。A. brought under control把……控制起来；B. set in motion启动、使开始运作起来；C. taken into account考虑到；D. put on the spot使陷入困境。根据后面的I hate dogs.可知，应该是感到为难。故选D项。
60．Our ancestors enjoyed the healing power of nature, and now scientists are starting to ________.
A．hold back B．move on C．catch up D．get across
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们的祖先曾享受过大自然的治愈力量，现在科学家们开始追赶大自然的治愈力量。A. hold back阻止；B. move on继续前进；C. catch up追赶，赶上；D. get across被理解，解释清楚。结合句意可知，此处表示“赶上”应为catch up。故选C项。
61．In spring all kinds of flowers________ their sweet smell.
A．give up B．give in C．give out D．give off
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词词组辨析。句意：春天，各种各样的花都散发出芬芳。A. give up放弃；B. give in让步；C. give out分发；D. give off散发。根据常识可知，到了春天，花朵应该是散发出芬芳的气味。故选D。
62．China is working hard to________the full potential of higher education and will move faster to build world-class universities.
A．take in B．set aside C．bring out D．give away
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：中国正在努力充分发挥高等教育的潜力，加快建设世界一流大学。A. take in吸收；B. set aside搁置；C. bring out使显现，使特点或品质更加突出；D. give away赠送。根据后文“the full potential of higher education”可知，此处指中国正在努力充分发挥高等教育的潜力，故选C。
63．Though the young girl earns less than 2000 dollars a month, she still ______ some money every month for special goals.
A．hands out B．takes on C．sets aside D．watches over
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：尽管这个女孩一个月挣不到2000美元，但她仍然会每个月存下一部分钱用于特殊情况。A. hands out分发；B. takes on呈现；C. set aside留出，储存；D. watches over看守，照管。根据句意可知，此处指她会留出一些钱。故选C。
64．Sun Yiwen was apparently when she won the third Olympic medal of her career by winning women’s individual epee (重剑) gold at Tokyo 2020 on July 24.
A．throwing in the towel B．scoring an own goal
C．walking on air D．letting off steam
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：7月24日，当孙一文在东京奥运会上获得女子个人重剑金牌时，她似乎非常高兴。A. throwing in the towel认输；B. scoring an own goal踢乌龙球；C. walking on air飘飘然，洋洋得意；D. letting off steam花掉多余的精力；发泄强烈的感情。赢得金牌时应该是开心，得意。故选C项。
65．This is called the hedonic treadmill(快乐水车), in which satisfaction ________almost immediately and we must run on to the next reward to avoid the feeling of falling behind.
A．wears off B．shows off C．drops out D．misses out
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：这就叫做快乐水车，在这种情况下，满足感会立刻消失，我们必须继续跑向下一个奖励，以避免落后的感觉。根据句意可知，此处意为“消失”。A. wears off磨损，消失；B. shows off炫耀；C. drops out退学，脱离；D. misses out错过，遗漏。故选A。
66．Liu Yu’s parents think running can________his schoolwork.
A．get in the way of B．be proud of
C．fall in love with D．be responsible for
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：刘宇的父母认为跑步会妨碍他的学业。A. get in the way of阻碍；B. be proud of以……为骄傲；C. fall in love with和……相爱；D. be responsible for对……负责。由上文“Liu Yu’s parents think running can”和下文“his schoolwork.”可知，此处指跑步会妨碍他的学业，故选A。
67．It’s important to show support for one another as we ________ these difficult times.
A．go through B．go over C．get along with D．set down
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在我们度过难关的时候，互相支持是很重要的。A. go through度过；B. go over检查；复习；C. get along with友好相处；进展；D. set down记下，写下。根据“It’s important to show support for one another”可知，度过难关时互相支持很重要。故选A。
68．Cooking together gives us a chance to relax and________on each other’s days.
A．weigh up B．pass up C．pick up D．catch up
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：一起做饭给了我们一个放松和了解彼此生活的机会。A. weigh up权衡，估量；B. pass up拒绝，把……向上递；C. pick up捡起，偶然学到，接收，中途打车；D. catch up赶上。固定搭配：catch up on“得到……消息，弥补”。故选D。
69．Despite the extreme condition, Deng Jiaxian refused to________from his responsibility and kept on conducting scientific research.
A．cut down
B．back down
C．put down
D．turn down
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：尽管情况极端，邓稼先仍拒绝放弃自己的责任，继续进行科学研究。A. cut down砍倒；B. back down放弃；C. put down写下；D. turn down拒绝。根据下文“kept on conducting scientific research(继续进行科学研究)”可知，邓稼先继续进行科学研究，拒绝放弃自己的责任，空白处应填表示“放弃”含义的动词短语，故选B项。
70．All theories ________practice and in turn service practice.
A．originate from
B．date from
C．learn from
D．differ from
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：一切理论来源于实践，反过来又服务于实践。A. originate from源于；B. date from追溯到；C. learn from向……学习；D. differ from不同于。根据“and in turn service practice.”可知，理论来源于实践。故选A。
71．There are successful examples of cancer patients who have ____ because of proper treatment.
A．pulled through B．died out C．given up D．got through
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：有一些成功的癌症患者因为适当的治疗而恢复健康。A. pulled through恢复健康；B. died out灭绝；C. given up放弃；D. got through完成。根据下文“because of proper treatment(因为适当的治疗)”可知，由于有了适当的治疗，可推理出癌症患者从疾病中康复，空白处应填表示“恢复健康”含义的动词短语，故选A项。
72．The tanker, which was full of petrol, ____ and gave off heavy and dark flames the moment a truck knocked into it.
A．blew up B．put up C．turned up D．brought up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：一辆卡车撞上这辆装满汽油的油罐车，油罐车随即爆炸，冒出了浓黑的火焰。A. blew up爆发，爆炸；B. put up提供，建造，举起；C. turned up出现；D. brought up提出，抚养。根据句意，此处考查动词短语blow up，意为“爆炸”，两车相撞导致油罐车爆炸，故选A项。
73．A good neighbour is also one who likes to ________ in small ways.
A．make out B．put out C．help out D．look out
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：一个好邻居也是一个喜欢帮助别人的人。A. make out 看清，听清，分清；B. put out 扑灭；C. help out 帮一把；D. look out 当心。根据“A good neighbour”和“in small ways”可知，这里考查动词短语，意为“帮忙”。故选C。
74．Peacock Dance by Yang Liping comes from a traditional belief that it aims to________the Dai women’s beauty.
A．bring out B．show off C．pass down D．turn up
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：杨丽萍的《孔雀舞》源于一种传统观念，认为它旨在展现傣族女性的美。A. bring out使明显； 拿出；展现；B. show off炫耀；C. pass down传递；D. turn up出现。根据“the Dai women’s beauty.”可知，杨丽萍的《孔雀舞》展现傣族女性的美。故选A。
75．Faced with a declining population and workforce, Japan has been increasingly ________ robots for help.
A．turning to B．putting away C．taking up D．holding back
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：面对人口和劳动力的下降，日本越来越多地求助于机器人。A. turning to求助于； B. putting away整理，收拾； C. taking up从事；占据； D. holding back阻止。根据句中“Faced with a declining population and workforce”可知，人口和劳动力的下降，因此此处指日本转向机器人求助。故选A。
76．A very popular thing to do on Boxing Day is to go shopping and ________ the sales.
A．keep pace with B．take advantage of
C．look forward to D．throw a light on
【答案】B
【详解】考查短语辨析。句意：节礼日最流行的一件事就是去购物，好好利用这次促销活动。A. keep pace with跟上……的步子； B. take advantage of利用； C. look forward to期盼；盼望； D. throw a light on阐明。结合句中前后内容可知，这里指充分利用促销活动，选项B符合题意，故选B。
77．—The soup needs a bit of flavor.
—I know, some tomato juice should .
A．set in motion B．carry on C．do the trick D．go wild
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：——汤需要一点味道。——我知道，加点番茄汁就可以了。A. set in motion使……运动；B. carry on继续进行；从事；C. do the trick达到目的；有效；D. go wild狂怒； 狂热。根据“The soup needs a bit of flavor.”可知，没有味道的汤中加点番茄汁就达到目的了。故选C。
78．I’m sorry I broke your vase I’ll_______it.
A．run out of B．make up for C．lose track of D．pass down
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：对不起，我打碎了你的花瓶，我会赔偿的。A. run out of用完；B. make up for弥补，补偿；C. lose track of失去联系；D. pass down传递下来。结合句意，因为打碎了花瓶，所以要补偿。故选B项。
79．Many scientists ________ the idea that it is human beings’ activities that have resulted in global warming.
A．look forward to B．subscribe to C．participate in D．get involved in
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：许多科学家赞同人类活动导致全球变暖的观点。A. look forward to期待；B. subscribe to同意；C. participate in参加；D. get involved in参加。根据后文“the idea that it is human beings’ activities that have resulted in global warming”指赞同观点，故选B。
80．People with strong immune systems are better able to ________ infection.
A．fight off B．deal with C．make up D．rest on
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：免疫系统强的人能更好地抵抗感染。A.fight off击退；B.deal with处理；C.make up编造；D.rest on依靠。根据“People with strong immune systems”可知，此处是指能更好地抵抗感染。故选A。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测）My bag is red, my sister’s red,too.
A．and;is B．but;is C．and;isn’t D．but;isn’t
【答案】A
【详解】考查连词和系动词。句意：我的包是红色的，我妹妹的也是红色的。too也，表示和前面的一样，用于肯定句的末尾；可排除C和D两项。and“和”，表并列；but但是，表转折。本题前后是两个并列关系的句子，需用and连接，主语my sister’s“我妹妹的(包)”是单数第三人称，系词需用is。故选A。
2．（2024黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）Going to the dentist's ________ not necessarily have to be ________ awful experience.
A．do; an B．does; the C．do; / D．does; an
【答案】D
【详解】考查主谓一致和冠词。句意：去看牙医并不一定是一次可怕的经历。“Going to the dentist's ”是动名词做主语，谓语要用单数形式，因此使用助词does，experience是“经历”意思时，是可数名词，此处表示泛指，用不定冠词。awful是以元音开头，用an修饰。故选D。
3．（2024·天津南开·一模）That kind of ice-cream ________like a mixture of banana and strawberry is delicious.
A．tasted B．tastes C．tasting D．being tasted
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词正确形式辨析。句意：那种尝起来像香蕉和草莓的混合味道的冰淇淋很好吃。A.tasted （品尝；尝起来是）动词过去式/过去分词；B.tastes（品尝；尝起来是）动词单三形式； C.tasting（品尝；尝起来是）动词现在分词； D.being tasted（被品尝）动词ing形式的被动式。分析句子主干，主语That kind of ice-cream，谓语动词 is，形容词 delicious.作表语。可知该空为后置定语修饰名词 ice-cream ，表示“尝起来是，有着...口感的 ”，taste为系动词，无被动形式。故选C项。
4．（2024·江苏徐州·三模）Old as my car is, it is in good condition and ________ well, even on rough roads.
A．handles B．is handled C．has been handled D．will handle
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：尽管我的汽车年代久远，但即使在崎岖不平的道路上，它的状况良好，操控性也很好。and连接并列谓语is in good condition和______ well，故可推断用一般现在时，主语it指代my car，与谓语handle“操控”是主动关系，handle是不及物动词，故选A。
5．（2024·浙江·杭州一模）Childhood memories _______ the new gardener that she has a little nature knowledge after all.
A．suggest B．remind C．command D．demand
【答案】B
【详解】试题分析：动词辨析。A建议B提醒C命令D要求；句意：童年的回忆让这个新的花匠想起了她还有这方面的知识。根据句意说明B正确。Suggest(建议)，command, demand后面的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气（should）+动词原形。
6．（2024·浙江台州·一模）Great changes ___ in my hometown and a lot of factories _______.
A．have been taken place , are being set up B．have taken place , have been set up
C．are taken place , had been set up D．had taken place , will be set up
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：我的家乡发生了巨大的变化，建立了许多工厂。根据句意可知变化已经发生，很多工厂已经修建，是过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响，用现在完成时。take place是不及物动词短语，没有被动。factories和set up是被动关系，用现在完成时的被动。故选B。
二、翻译
7．（2024·上海嘉定·一模）小张进电梯时把脚踝给崴了，现在医生正在给她缠绷带。(have)
【答案】Xiao Zhang had her ankle sprained when she entered the elevator, and now the doctor is having it bandaged.
【详解】考查时态、从句和使役动词have的用法。“小张进电梯时把脚踝给崴了”陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时，“把脚给崴了”可表达为have one’s ankle sprained，sprained为过去分词作宾补，“进电梯时”处理为when的引导的时间状语从句，“进入”用enter表达；“现在医生正在给她缠绷带”陈述现在正在发生的事情，用现在进行时，“正在给她缠绷带”可表达为have it bandaged，it指代上文出现的her ankle，bandaged为过去分词作宾补。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为Xiao Zhang had her ankle sprained when she entered the elevator, and now the doctor is having it bandaged.
8．（2024·上海长宁·二模）想到睡在帐篷的硬地上，野营就没那么诱人了。(thought)
【答案】The thought of sleeping on the hard ground of the tent makes camping less attractive.
【详解】考查时态和非谓语以及形容词。根据汉语可知，想到睡在帐篷的硬地上为The thought of sleeping on the hard ground of the tent ，谓语动词选择make表示让，使的意思，使用一般现在时，野营camping做宾语，没那么诱人作为野营的补语，译为less attractive放在camping的后面作宾补，故翻译为The thought of sleeping on the hard ground of the tent makes camping less attractive。
9．（2024·上海嘉定·二模）听到他安然无恙的消息，我们都如释重负。（relief）
【答案】Hearing the news that he was safe and sound, we breathed a sigh of relief.
【详解】考查非谓语动词、动词短语和时态。陈述过去发生的动作，谓语动词用一般过去时态。根据所给单词relief，“如释重负”可表达为动词短语breathe a sigh of relief，作谓语，relief作宾语；“听到消息”可表达动词短语hear the news；“安然无恙”可表达为形容词短语be safe and sound，形容词作表语；“他安然无恙的消息”可用同位语从句，“他安然无恙”作“消息”的同位语，可表达为the news that he was safe and sound；hear与主语“我们”之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：Hearing the news that he was safe and sound, we breathed a sigh of relief.
10．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）在等待测试结果的时候，居民们都如坐针毡。(seem)
【答案】The residents seem to be on pins and needles when they are waiting for test results.
【详解】考查时间状语从句和系动词。分析原句，描述现在的状态，用一般现在时态；“居民们都如坐针毡”是主句，“居民们”作主语，是复数概念，用the residents表示，“如坐针毡”用固定短语be on pins and needles表示，用连系动词seem (to be)连接，意为“好像是；似乎是”，译为the residents seem to be on pins and needles；“在等待测试结果的时候”是时间状语从句，用连词when引导，其主语与主句主语一致，用人称代词they代替，“等待”是谓语动词，用动词短语wait for表示，结合句意，用现在进行时态，“测试结果”是宾语，用test results表示，译为when they are waiting for test results。综上，全句译为：The residents seem to be on pins and needles when they are waiting for test results.
11．（2024·上海金山·二模）如今人们担心的不再是如何填饱肚子，而是如何防止发胖。(not... but...)
【答案】Nowadays, what people are concerned about is not how to fill their stomachs but how to prevent themselves from gaining weight.
【详解】考查主语从句、形容词和动词短语。表示“不是……而是……”应用not... but...；表示“担心”应用形容词短语be concerned about；表示“填饱”应用动词fill；表示“防止”应用动词短语prevent...from...；表示“发胖”应用动词短语gain weight。根据句意，主语是由what引导的从句，由“如今”可知时态是一般现在时，由how+动词不定式充当宾语。故翻译为Nowadays, what people are concerned about is not how to fill their stomachs but how to prevent themselves from gaining weight.
12．（2024·上海金山·二模）究竟是什么驱使人类不断地探索外太空？(on earth)
【答案】What on earth motivates humans to keep exploring outer space
【详解】考查介词短语、动词和名词。表达“究竟”应用介词短语on earth，表达“驱使”应用动词motivate，表达“外太空”应用名词outer space。根据句意可知，此处是由what连接的特殊疑问句，what充当主语，谓语动词是motivate，短语motivate sb. to do sth.“驱使某人做某事”，描述一般事实时态是一般现在时， “不断地探索”应用动词表达keep exploring。故翻译为What on earth motivates humans to keep exploring outer space 。
13．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）那位作家把书房看作是私人领域和精神家园，在那里，他可以坐拥书籍之乐，将尘世烦恼抛诸脑
后。(leave)
【答案】The writer regards his study as his private territory and spiritual home, where he can enjoy the company of the books, leaving behind worries of everyday life.
【详解】考查名词、动词和短语。句意：那位作家把书房看作是私人领域和精神家园，在那里，他可以坐拥书籍之乐，将尘世烦恼抛诸脑后。“把……当作”regard…as…，“私人的”private，“领域，领土”territory，“精神的”spiritual。私人领域和精神家园可翻译为private territory and spiritual home。坐拥书籍的快乐，可理解为享受书籍的陪伴的快乐，enjoy sth，“……的陪伴”the company of sb/sth。“丢弃，抛掉”leave behind。由句子结构可知，时态是一般现在时，主句翻译The writer regards his study as his private territory and spiritual home。“在那里”，用where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词his study，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导该从句，所以是where he can enjoy the company of the books。后半句用现在分词作伴随状语，“在那抛却了烦恼”，可翻译为leaving behind worries of everyday life。故可翻译为The writer regards his study as his private territory and spiritual home, where he can enjoy the company of the books, leaving behind worries of everyday life。
14．（2024·上海青浦·二模）正是她那种急于求成的心态让她无缘决赛。（It）
【答案】It is her eagerness for success that has made her miss the final.
【详解】考查强调句型。根据所给汉语语境，本句强调了造成“她无缘决赛”的正是“她那种急于求成的心态”，故该句可以用强调句型，即“It is +被强调部分+that+其他”用来强调句中主语成分；“她急于求成的心态”可译为her eagerness for success；“让/使某人做某事”可用动词make sb. do sth.结构；分析语境，“她的急于求成”造成了现在“无缘决赛”的结果，所以应用现在完成时；“无缘决赛”可译为miss the final。综上，该句可译为：It is her eagerness for success that has made her miss the final.
（2024·上海杨浦·二模）
15．弘扬中华民族的美德，并不意味着我们不需要与时俱进。(mean)
16．出于安全考虑，任何账户的密码都应该包括字母、数字和符号。(concern)
17．尽管最后期限延长了一个月，研究团队仍需调整策略，以便如期完成项目。(so that)
18．很多医生表情严肃说着难懂的术语，但张医生是个例外，他做事脚踏实地，话语浅显幽默，赢得了公众的认可。(whose)
【答案】
15．To promote/Promoting the virtues of the Chinese nation doesn’t mean we needn’t advance/keep pace with the times.
Due to/Out of safety concern/As far as safety is concerned, the password for any account should include letters, numbers and symbols.
Though the deadline has been extended for a month, the research team still need (s) to adjust their strategy so that they can/may complete the project as scheduled/planned.
18．Many doctors are serious and talk in complex medical terms, but doctor Zhang is an exception, whose down-to-earth/realistic/practical behaviors and (whose) plain and funny speech have won the recognition of the public.
【解析】15．考查动词。分析句子可知，时态为一般现在时，主语为不定式To promote/Promoting the virtues of the Chinese nation，谓语为doesn’t mean，宾语为省略that的宾语从句we needn’t advance/keep pace with the times。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：To promote/Promoting the virtues of the Chinese nation doesn’t mean we needn’t advance/keep pace with the times。
16．考查名词。分析句子可知，前一句为表示原因的状语，主句的主语为the password for any account，谓语为should include，并列宾语为letters, numbers and symbols。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Due to/Out of safety concern/As far as safety is concerned, the password for any account should include letters, numbers and symbols。
17．考查结果状语从句的引导词。分析句子可知，though引导让步状语从句，主句主语为the research team，谓语为need (s) to adjust，宾语为their strategy，且用so that引导结果状语从句。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Though the deadline has been extended for a month, the research team still need (s) to adjust their strategy so that they can/may complete the project as scheduled/planned。
18．考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子可知，此处要用“whose+名词”引导的定语从句，先行词是doctor Zhang；定语从句主语为whose down-to-earth/realistic/practical behaviors and (whose) plain and funny speech，谓语为have won，宾语为the recognition of the public。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Many doctors are serious and talk in complex medical terms, but doctor Zhang is an exception, whose down-to-earth/realistic/practical behaviors and (whose) plain and funny speech have won the recognition of the public。
试卷第1页，共3页动词和动词短语（讲义）
目录
一 动词的分类
二 动词词义辨析
三 易混动词归纳对比
四 常见的高频动词短语总结
五 易错点纠错练
六 高考模拟试题
动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，在历年高考题中所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面:
1.动词的词义；2.动词搭配；3.动词短语；4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；5.常用动词的用法；6.熟记16个高频动词构成的短语用法（break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go, get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, set（改为send）等）
动词的分类
根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：
1.行为动词（实义动词）
①及物动词 （带宾语）：study, develop;
②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come
③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
④动作动词 延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）
2.系动词
①表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound
②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow
③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay
3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：
be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall
4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)
动词词义辨析
动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：
1.形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。
2.意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。
3.动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。
4.意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。
5.某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。
6.某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
易混动词归纳对比
1.lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：
2.rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3.hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。
4.see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch ；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）
5.wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。
6.hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
7.bear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。
8.sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.
9.borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep.
10.win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。
11.steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。
12.fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。
13.take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。
14.shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。
15.answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。
16.reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。
17.cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work。
18.lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing。
19.have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.
20.begin与start：begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。
21.allow 与permit：allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.
22.find与found：find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
23.speak, say, talk 与tell：英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son。
24.excuse me 与sorry：excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。
25.care for 与care to do：care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。
26.与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);
27.意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。
28.动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …
29.动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …
30.与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：
1.根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(I)动词+副词(不及物)
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。
(2)动词+副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on.
她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.
她送掉了它们。
(3)动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4)动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2.熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。
常见的高频动词短语总结
1 break
break away 摆脱；逃跑
break down （机器）出故障；中断；分解
break into 闯入；打断；突然中断
break off 中断；折断；突然停止
break out 突然发生；爆发
break through 突破；克服；挣脱而出
break up 打碎；中断；分解
break in 破门而入；打断（谈话）；插嘴
2 bring
bring about 引起；造成
bring down 使倒下；使下降；使受挫折
bring forward 提出；提前（=put forward）
bring into operation实施；使生效
bring out 显示出来；出版；生产
bring up 提出；教育；培养；吐出
bring back 把---送回；使想起；恢复
bring in 引进；挣得
3 call
call for 需要；要求；邀请
call off 取消；停止
call on 拜访；看望；号召
call up 打电话；使人想起；召集
call at 访问
call in 请来；召集
call back 回电话；召回
4 come
come about 发生
come across 偶遇；碰到；讲清楚
come along 进展；成功；一道走
come into effect 生效
come off 发生；举行；成功
come on 快点；走吧；有进展
come out 出来；结果是出版
come round/around再现；恢复知觉；改变看法
come through 经历；获得成功
come to 苏醒；达到；总数为
come up 发生；走上前去;(时间)快到
come up to 达到（高度、程度）；符合
come up against 碰到（困难）
come up with 赶上；提出
come back 回来；反驳
come true 变为现实
5 cut
cut across 绕劲道穿过；超越；遮住
cut back 削减；终止；急忙返回
cut down 削减；减少
cut in 插嘴；打断；突然出来
cut off 切断；中断；隔绝
cut out 删掉；戒掉
cut short 中断；打断；缩短
6 carry
carry on 继续；坚持
carry out 执行；实施
carry through 帮助度过难关；完成；实现
7 die
die away 渐弱
die down 熄灭；平静下来
die of 因----（病）死亡
die from 因----（外部原因）死亡
die out 灭绝；绝种
be dying to do sth. 迫切想做某事
8 give
give away 赠送；颁发；泄露；告发；失去
give out 分发；公布；公开；用完（vi）;耗尽（vi）
give off 发出；放出
give up 放弃；自首；将-----交给某人（to sb.）;对某人不报希望（on sb.）
give in 屈服；投降；让步；上交；呈交
9 go
go along 进展；陪同前往
go by 时间过去；经过；遵守
go down 下降；下沉；下跌
go for 去；选择；想要；攻击（用语言）
go in for 从事；爱好；参加（选拔赛、考试等）
go into 研究；调查，从事
go off 离开；爆炸；食品变坏；断电；熄灭；（与副词连用或用于疑问句）进行；发生
go on 继续进行；发生；上场
go out 离开；熄灭；过时
go over 浏览；仔细查看；检查；审查
go through 通过；经历（苦难）；仔细检查
go up 上升；增长；涨价
10 get
get through 浏览；翻阅；经历困难（痛苦）；做完某事
get in 收割；收获；收集；购买；买进；插话
get over 克服；战胜；熬过；做完；结束；走完
get on 继续；进行；上车
get round 传播；散播；说服某人；回避；避开
get about 四处走动；传开
get across 传达；使---让人理解
get along/on (with) 进展；相处
get down 记下；下来；下车；使---人忧愁
get down to(介词) 开始认真干
get back 恢复；回来；收回
get out 泄露；逃离
get tighter 聚会；收集
11 hold
hold back 阻碍；阻止；控制；抑制；隐瞒；保留；犹豫不决
hold up 举起；抬起；拿起；支撑；耽搁；使停顿；拦劫；抢劫；举出，提出
hold out 维持；坚持；伸出；拿出
hold off 拖延；延迟
12 keep
keep away(from) 使远离
keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒
keep off 避开；不接近
keep on 继续
keep out 挡在外边；（警示语）请勿靠近
keep up 保持，不低落；持续，继续
keep up with 跟上
13 look
look after 照顾；关心
look out 看；当心；查阅；观察
look back 回头看；回顾
look down on/upon轻视；看不起
look for 寻找；寻求；期望
look forward to 盼望；期待
look in 顺便看望；顺便拜访
look into 调查，深入了解
look on 观看； 旁观
look over 翻阅；浏览
look through 浏览；详细调查
look up 查阅；查出
14 make
make for 向----前进，快速走向
make out 理解，领悟；辨认出，写出
make up 组成，占----比例；弥补，补偿；捏造
make up for 弥补，补偿
make up of 由---组成；包含有
15 pick
pick out 挑出；分辨出；区别出
pick up 拿起；捡起；收拾；偶然获得，学会，接收（节目）；（开车）去接；（顺便）捎带
16 put
put across 解释清楚；使人接受
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留
put away 放好；收好
put down 写下；记下；镇压
put forward 提出；推荐；把---提前
put in 伸进；提出；提交；申请，请求
put in for 申请；正式要求
put off 延期；推迟；关掉；阻止，妨碍
put on 穿上；戴上；上演；增加（体重）
put out 熄灭；关灯；生产出，出版
put up 举起；修建；提供
put up with 忍受；容忍
put through （把电话）接通；做完；向—传达，提出（to sb.）；使经受—的考验
17 send
send away 送走；解雇
send for 派人去请
send out 发送；长出；发出（光、信号等）
send up 上升；发射
18 set
set about 开始做，着手
set apart 使分离；使显得突出
set aside 留出；拨出
set back 推迟，阻碍；使花费
set down 记下，写下
set off 动身出发；引起；使爆炸（cause to explode）
set out 动身出发；引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式
set up 建立；创立；引起
19 take
take after 与----相似
take apart 拆卸（机器）
take away 拿走；时离开；消除（病痛等）
take down 记下来；拆掉
take for （错）当作；（误）认为
take in 吸收；接受；领会；欺骗
take off 起飞；匆匆离去；脱下
take on 呈现；采纳；承担，从事
take one’s time 不要着急，慢慢地做
take over 接收，接管，取代
take to 喜欢；养成---的习惯
take up 占据，占（时间、空间）；开始从事
20 turn
turn down 关小，调低，拒绝
turn off 关上/掉；转向；（使某人感到厌烦）
turn out 关（灯）；制造；结果是；原来是；培养
turn over （使）翻转/身；移交；周转；仔细考虑
turn to 求助于；（使）转向；（把注意力等）转向；翻书到
turn up 开大；被发现，被找到；到达；露面
易错点纠错练
1．Now my time is almost up. In a few days, someone else will arrive to _______, and the tireless work of MSF members around the world will go on.
A．step into my shoes B．pull my weight
C．take my breath D．come to my aid
2．When you are faced with obstacles in Senior 3, try not to let discouraging thoughts _______. Be optimistic and trust yourself, and you’ll make it.
A．take over B．take up C．take on D．take in
3．We can ______the options and try to come to a decision.
A．make up B．set up C．weigh up D．cut up
4．We are determined that our teacher training programs should ________ current developments in the field of education.
A．catch sight of B．make room for
C．take pride in D．keep pace with
5．She told us to ________.
A．seat B．sit at C．sit D．sit down
6．Will you please help me ________
A．open the door B．turn on the door
C．opened the door D．to turn on the door
7．With the money his uncle had left to him, Jack decided to ______ his own business.
A．set up B．set off C．make up D．take up
8．They decided to ________ their old furniture to charity.
A．give away B．hang on C．hand down D．get down
9．Every customer coming here must do the warm-up exercise before ________ swimming. That’s our regulation.
A．catching up with B．getting on with
C．getting down to D．putting up with
10．________ was once predicted by a famous scientist, in another twenty years, AI robots would completely ________ humans as workers.
A．It; take place of B．As; take the place of C．It; in the place of D．As; in place of
11．—China has made great achievements in many fields over the past thirty years.
—Yes, we all this great progress.
A．take up B．take off C．take pride in D．take care of
12．The investigation shows that too much love can make boys less independent, weaker and less able to______ frustration.
A．switch on B．cope with C．hold up D．in search of
13．—What do you__________ your new life in your new house
—It’s comfortable and convenient, especially for the children to go to school. It’s only five-minute walk.
A．think over B．think on C．think of D．think out
14．—Why don’t you ________ smoking It’s very harmful.
—I tried many times, but it’s really hard.
A．give up B．put up C．ring up D．pick up
15．Work hard and practise more, and your effort will __________.
A．pay off B．give way C．carry on D．burst onto
16．I wish to ______ the meeting as quickly as possible, for I have other things to attend to.
A．wind up B．turn up C．burn up D．look up
17．—Are you kidding I can’t believe it!
—I’m not__________ a story. It really happened!
A．making up B．dressing up C．taking up D．putting up
18．She broke____________when she heard the news, but quickly recovered.
A．down B．up C．away D．through
19．You shouldn’t that I take care of your pet dog.
A．take it easy B．take it for granted C．take it seriously D．take your time
20．He ________ and invested in a small company. As a consequence, he lost a fortune in the end.
A．jumped in with both feet B．played safe
C．had a frog in his throat D．wound up
21．If you don’t find a job soon, you may __________ begging on the streets.
A．wind up B．dry up C．pack up D．set up
22．We are running a flower shop, and females __________ the vast majority of our customers.
A．account for B．kick off C．give rise to D．take in
23．I was pleased, of course —adoptions were always what __________ my soul —but I chalked it up to a lucky break for one black kitten.
A．snuggled B．throbbed C．highlighted D．nourished
24．Ken ran over, assessed the situation, and __________ his shirt and shoes. Jumping in, he dove under and tried to reach Spica through the larger of the openings.
A．fought off B．switched off C．whipped off D．gave off
25．It is thought to be a wise way to have some money _________ for old age.
A．put aside B．taken off C．given in D．set out
26．After two years of travelling and always having endless business to ________, I kind of lost my passion for the job.
A．attend to B．apply for C．withdraw from D．test out
27．Some of these non-native fish escaped into other waterways. They can bully ecosystems, quickly ________.
A．switching off B．taking over C．bouncing around D．turning up
28．She _________ on the decision for a long time before she finally made up her mind.
A．deliberated B．fed C．carried D．brought
29．Crowds of people ________ to watch the charity of performance last night.
A．worked out B．turned out C．made out D．reached out
30．The doctor __________ me to spend several days at the seaside, so that I’ll __________ soon.
A．considered; catch up B．hoped; bring up
C．suggested; take up D．recommended; pick up
31．Leave the boy _______; he can make up his own mind.
A．alone B．for C．aside D．out
32．Regular exercise can______to your health.
A．make up B．make sense C．make mistake D．make a difference
33．Spending too much time online makes it very difficult to ______ other things in life.
A．rely on B．focus on C．depend on D．base on
34．For nearly a whole year the people didn’t ________ food any more, for the food was so delicious and nutritious.
A．talk about B．complain about C．talk with D．complain to
35．Right now, you needn’t go to school to learn knowledge, you can stay at home to learn by ________.
A．reading a book B．distance learning
C．watching TV D．playing games
36．But spending too much time online is unhealthy and makes it very difficult to _________ other things in life.
A．be attracted to B．graduate from C．sign up for D．focus on
37．——Ricky, why hasn’t Billy been with us these days
——Oh, he is _______ for next month’s 400-meter race.
A．standing out B．taking up C．backing out D．working out
38．He________ the workers to fight for their rights .
A．called for B．called in C．called on D．called off
39．Working with the medical team in Africa did ________ the best in her as a doctor.
A．work out B．bring out C．make out D．give out
40．Approximately one million people left their homes and travelled westwards to in the Gold Rush.
A．throw the baby out with the bathwater B．seek their fortune
C．put them under pressure D．comment on
41．Business negotiation may not necessarily be a game in which one loses if the other wins; we should ____a win-win result.
A．take away B．make for C．take in D．strive for
42．The witness told the police everything he had seen, being careful not to ________ any details.
A．give out B．leave out C．take out D．figure out
43．Since keeping positive is beneficial to the progress of our work and study, we should struggle not to let negative ideas ______.
A．take off B．take over C．take in D．take on
44．If you ________ any problem when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.
A．come up with B．set about C．come across D．put aside
45．I went home and _______ my schoolbag and started to help Mother do the cooking.
A．put off B．dropped off C．turned off D．shut off
46．It’s time you _________the fact that it’s a dangerous world out there. Be brave and optimistic.
A．put up with B．woke up to
C．took the place of D．looked down upon
47．The athlete’s years of hard training _________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A．picked out B．paid off C．got through D．ended up
48．On the 70th birthday of the PRC, many policemen and policewomen were called out to _________.
A．take action B．keep order C．make sense D．watch out
49．These teenagers don’t know much of the world yet; that’s why they are so easily _________.
A．taken in B．taken over C．taken after D．taken off
50．We’ll meet again in the morning and we can ________ where we left off.
A．pick up B．put down C．take in D．cut off
51．Hearing the injured soldier was saved, I ________ a sign of relief.
A．left out B．let out C．gave out D．put out
52．I don’t agree with your application for the summer job, which will probably ______ your studies.
A．interfere with B．argue with C．cooperate with D．react with
53．Einstein finally ________ Hans’ plan that Hans took his place and gave the lecture in that distant university.
A．agreed with B．agreed to C．agreed on D．agreed for
54．It is believed that the construction of a highway will ______ the growth of the suburbs.
A．increase to B．contribute to C．keep to D．take to
55．It’s difficult to ______ a global population of polar bears because much of their range has been poorly studied.
A．put out B．figure out C．come out D．turn out
56．It is pleasant to ________ a small talk in the lift.
A．cut off B．put off C．take off D．set off
57．Jasper has________ “No Parking” signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
A．put on B．put down C．put out D．put up
58．His early experience enabled him to________ barriers between Scottish Catholics and Protestants.
A．break out B．break up C．break in D．break down
59．I was ________ when Kenny wanted me to take care of his dog for a few days. I hate dogs.
A．brought under control B．set in motion
C．taken into account D．put on the spot
60．Our ancestors enjoyed the healing power of nature, and now scientists are starting to ________.
A．hold back B．move on C．catch up D．get across
61．In spring all kinds of flowers________ their sweet smell.
A．give up B．give in C．give out D．give off
62．China is working hard to________the full potential of higher education and will move faster to build world-class universities.
A．take in B．set aside C．bring out D．give away
63．Though the young girl earns less than 2000 dollars a month, she still ______ some money every month for special goals.
A．hands out B．takes on C．sets aside D．watches over
64．Sun Yiwen was apparently when she won the third Olympic medal of her career by winning women’s individual epee (重剑) gold at Tokyo 2020 on July 24.
A．throwing in the towel B．scoring an own goal
C．walking on air D．letting off steam
65．This is called the hedonic treadmill(快乐水车), in which satisfaction ________almost immediately and we must run on to the next reward to avoid the feeling of falling behind.
A．wears off B．shows off C．drops out D．misses out
66．Liu Yu’s parents think running can________his schoolwork.
A．get in the way of B．be proud of
C．fall in love with D．be responsible for
67．It’s important to show support for one another as we ________ these difficult times.
A．go through B．go over C．get along with D．set down
68．Cooking together gives us a chance to relax and________on each other’s days.
A．weigh up B．pass up C．pick up D．catch up
69．Despite the extreme condition, Deng Jiaxian refused to________from his responsibility and kept on conducting scientific research.
A．cut down
B．back down
C．put down
D．turn down
70．All theories ________practice and in turn service practice.
A．originate from
B．date from
C．learn from
D．differ from
71．There are successful examples of cancer patients who have ____ because of proper treatment.
A．pulled through B．died out C．given up D．got through
72．The tanker, which was full of petrol, ____ and gave off heavy and dark flames the moment a truck knocked into it.
A．blew up B．put up C．turned up D．brought up
73．A good neighbour is also one who likes to ________ in small ways.
A．make out B．put out C．help out D．look out
74．Peacock Dance by Yang Liping comes from a traditional belief that it aims to________the Dai women’s beauty.
A．bring out B．show off C．pass down D．turn up
75．Faced with a declining population and workforce, Japan has been increasingly ________ robots for help.
A．turning to B．putting away C．taking up D．holding back
76．A very popular thing to do on Boxing Day is to go shopping and ________ the sales.
A．keep pace with B．take advantage of
C．look forward to D．throw a light on
77．—The soup needs a bit of flavor.
—I know, some tomato juice should .
A．set in motion B．carry on C．do the trick D．go wild
78．I’m sorry I broke your vase I’ll_______it.
A．run out of B．make up for C．lose track of D．pass down
79．Many scientists ________ the idea that it is human beings’ activities that have resulted in global warming.
A．look forward to B．subscribe to C．participate in D．get involved in
80．People with strong immune systems are better able to ________ infection.
A．fight off B．deal with C．make up D．rest on
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·湖南株洲·模拟预测）My bag is red, my sister’s red,too.
A．and;is B．but;is C．and;isn’t D．but;isn’t
2．（2024黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）Going to the dentist's ________ not necessarily have to be ________ awful experience.
A．do; an B．does; the C．do; / D．does; an
3．（2024·天津南开·一模）That kind of ice-cream ________like a mixture of banana and strawberry is delicious.
A．tasted B．tastes C．tasting D．being tasted
4．（2024·江苏徐州·三模）Old as my car is, it is in good condition and ________ well, even on rough roads.
A．handles B．is handled C．has been handled D．will handle
5．（2024·浙江·杭州一模）Childhood memories _______ the new gardener that she has a little nature knowledge after all.
A．suggest B．remind C．command D．demand
6．（2024·浙江台州·一模）Great changes ___ in my hometown and a lot of factories _______.
A．have been taken place , are being set up B．have taken place , have been set up
C．are taken place , had been set up D．had taken place , will be set up
二、翻译
7．（2024·上海嘉定·一模）小张进电梯时把脚踝给崴了，现在医生正在给她缠绷带。(have)
8．（2024·上海长宁·二模）想到睡在帐篷的硬地上，野营就没那么诱人了。(thought)
9．（2024·上海嘉定·二模）听到他安然无恙的消息，我们都如释重负。（relief）
10．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）在等待测试结果的时候，居民们都如坐针毡。(seem)
11．（2024·上海金山·二模）如今人们担心的不再是如何填饱肚子，而是如何防止发胖。(not... but...)
12．（2024·上海金山·二模）究竟是什么驱使人类不断地探索外太空？(on earth)
13．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）那位作家把书房看作是私人领域和精神家园，在那里，他可以坐拥书籍之乐，将尘世烦恼抛诸脑
后。(leave)
14．（2024·上海青浦·二模）正是她那种急于求成的心态让她无缘决赛。（It）
（2024·上海杨浦·二模）
弘扬中华民族的美德，并不意味着我们不需要与时俱进。(mean)
16．出于安全考虑，任何账户的密码都应该包括字母、数字和符号。(concern)
17．尽管最后期限延长了一个月，研究团队仍需调整策略，以便如期完成项目。(so that)
18．很多医生表情严肃说着难懂的术语，但张医生是个例外，他做事脚踏实地，话语浅显幽默，赢得了公众的认可。(whose)
试卷第1页，共3页动词的时态和语态（讲义）
目录
一 动词的时态
二 动词的被动语态
三 动词的时态与语态易错点
四 高考模拟试题
动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。
动词的时态
一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes
2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：
①I have a dream.
②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。例如：
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现 在 do/does is/am/are doing has/have done has/have been doing
过 去 did was /were doing had done had been doing
将 来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing
过去将来 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing
①I always take a walk after supper.
②She writes to me very often.
③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：
①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
③Two and two makes four.
④ No man but errs.
（4）表示将来发生的动作：
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如：
① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：
①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
②When does the plane take off
③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.
二．一般过去时：动词的过去式
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：
①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：
①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.
②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.
三．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：
①He will graduate from the college next year.
②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作be gonna）
①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.
②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will
①I will be sixteen years old next year.
②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：
①Am I to take over his work
②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：
①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形
1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：
①He said that they would meet me at the station.
②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。例如：
①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.
②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.
注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：
①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：
①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：
①He is taking physics this semester.
②We are preparing for our final examination this week.
③Don't you think you eat too much You're putting on weight.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如：
① Look! The bus is coming.
②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.
4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：
①He is always thinking of others.
②The boy is continually making noises.
③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.
六．过去进行时：was /were +现在分词
1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：
①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
②When I arrived, they were watching TV.
③They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：
①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。例如：
①They told me that they were leaving for New York.
②He was going out when I arrived.
七．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词
1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：
①What will you be doing this time tomorrow
②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：
①Will you be having supper with us this evening
②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：
①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
八．现在完成时：have / has +过去分词
1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：
①He hasn't seen her lately.
②I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），，in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：
①He has worked here for 15 years.
②I have studied English since I came here.
③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。
II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
①She has gone away for a month.（误）
②She has been away for a month （正）
①The man has died for two years.（误）
②The man has been dead for two years.（正）
①How long have you bought the book （误）
②How long have you had the book.（正）
4．几组对比：
①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
②He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
①She has gone.她已走了。
②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）
①The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）
②The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）
九．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：
①They had got everything ready before I came.
②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：
①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。
3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.
十．将来完成时：shall / will have +过去分词。
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：
①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.
十一．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词
1．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：
①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
②He has been running after her for 8 years.
③I have been learning English since six years ago.
2．表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：
①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
3.表某种感彩。例如：
①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
②Who's been telling you such nonsense.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：
①I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
①Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
②Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate等等。
十二．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：
①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.
十三．过去将来进行时：would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：
①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.
十四．过去将来完成时：would have +过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：
①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
②I thought she would have told you something by then.
十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：
①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.
②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been + 现在分词
表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：
①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.
动词的被动语态
一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be动词本身没有意义，但有人称、单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)常见各种时态
对应的被动语态：（以do为例）
一般时态 完成时态 进行时态 完成进行时态
现 在 is /am/are done has/have been done is/am/are being done 无
过 去 was/were done had been done was /were being done 无
将 来 shall /will be done shall/will have been done 无 无
过去将来 would be done would have been done 无 无
二.含有情态动词的被动语态：
由情态动词must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done构成。例如：
①The task must be finished before this weekend.
②He should be punished because he told lies.
③The book may be taken away by someone.
三. 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语by sb.通常省略。例如：
①The streets are swept every day.
②His car has been stolen.
③Rice is grown in many countries.
④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.
2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：
①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.
→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者
→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).
3.get +过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态。常见结构有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：
①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.
②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.
③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.
4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例如：
①I need to have my hair cut.
②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.
③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .
④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.
⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
5.have sth to be done表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：
①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought
②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents
③Do you have anything to be typed,sir
四．主动形式表被动意义：
1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系动词+形容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：
①The ice feels cold.
②His plan proved practical.
2.表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：
①Work began at 7'clock this morning.
②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.
3.形容词easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
①This kind of water is fit to drink.
②The text is easy to understand.
4.某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：
①The clothes washes well.
②Your pen writes smoothly.
5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：
①The book is worth reading.
②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
③Who is to blame
动词的时态与语态易错点
易错陷阱1：一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时易混易错点
【分析】
一般现在时 常与always，often，sometimes，usually等连用或通过上下文表示。
一般过去时 常与时间状语连用，或者通过上下文逻辑意思及动词时态来体现。 连用时间状语：last week, in 2021, 3 days ago, the other day, in the past
现在完成时 强调对现在造成的结果和影响，通常与时间段连用。 连用时间状语：so far, since, in the past/last 3 days, up to now
The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often________ (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
易错分析：对一般规则死记硬背，不具体分析句子结构和句意。在时态题中，上下文的时态暗示是重要线索。应当在句中瞻前顾后寻找并列连词and, but, or, rather than, or, not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。
【答案】featured
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：这些高级官员和有钱商人的高大的四合院，通常以雕刻精美和被粉刷的房顶横梁和柱子为特点。分析句子结构可知，空格处需要填谓语动词，再结合and后动词时态可知，空格处应用一般过去时。故填featured。
易错陷阱2：一般过去时和过去完成时易混易错点
【分析】
一般过去时 过去的动作或情况。
过去完成时 过去的动作或时间之前发生的事。 连用时间状语：by the end of+过去时间，before+过去时间。
特殊用法 1.下列动词hope、 wish、 expect、 think、 intend、 mean、 suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。 2.This/It/That was the first/second/third ... time that ...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用过去完成时。 3.hardly ... when ...和no sooner ... than ...两个句型中，主句均用过去完成时。
易错陷阱3：现在完成时和过去完成时易混易错点
【分析】
现在完成时 连用时间状语so far, since, in the past/last 3 days, up to now
过去完成时 过去的动作或时间之前发生的事。即“过去的过去”，句中必须出现表示过去的动作、状态或时间状语。
对比 He has been ill for two weeks。他已经病了两个星期了。 He had been ill for two weeks before she came back。 在她回来之前，他已经病了两个星期了。
易错陷阱4：主动语态和被动语态易混易错点
【分析】
受母语干扰，翻译上下文时混淆被动语态与主动语态。
混淆谓语动词被动语态构词be+done与非谓语动词重点过去分词done。
不及物动词及表示主语品质和状态的动词不用被动语态，如：sell, read, write, lock, wash, drive等。
系动词不用被动语态，如：look看起来, smell闻起来, taste尝起来, sound听起来, feel摸起来, prove证明时, turn out结果，证明等。
【易错点提醒一】 一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时易混易错点
As a little girl, I ________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
易错分析：不关注句中的时间状语As a little girl和逻辑意思理解错误是失分原因。
【答案】wished
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：作为一个小女孩，我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以wish作本句谓语，和主语I之间是主动关系，根据后文的grew可知用一般过去时。故填wished。
The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ________ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
易错分析：句子较长，容易引起句子结构分析失误和翻译的重心转移，从而忽略关键词previously。
【答案】were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句讲的是过去未受保护，所以要用一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复数形式。本句句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。故填were。
The bridge (call) the Bach Long suspension bridge. It means “White Dragon” in Vietnamese.
易错分析：未能瞻前顾后，正确理解上下文的含义。下文means给出限速，强调客观事实。
【答案】is called
【解析】考查时态、语态。句意：这座桥被称为巴克隆悬索桥。陈述客观情况，用一般现在时，call与主语The bridge之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，助动词用is。故填is called。
Panda conservation, on its own, _____ (be) a success up to now.
【答案】has been
【解析】考查时态。句意：到目前为止，熊猫保护本身是成功的。根据后文up to now可知为现在完成时，主语为conservation，助动词用has。故填has been。
【易错点提醒二】 一般过去时和过去完成时易混易错点
He raised a glass of water and asked the audience, “How heavy do you think this glass of water is ” The students’ answers (range) from 20g to 500g.
易错分析：本题重在分析句子结构，容易误填ranging，应知此处作谓语。谓语与非谓语的考查是高考的重点。
【答案】ranged
【解析】考查时态。句意：学生们的回答从20克到500克不等。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少谓语动词，结合上下文时态可知，陈述过去所发生的事情，使用一般过去时，故填ranged。
Noting China’s achievements of green development in urban and rural areas, Zhang Xiaohong, vice minister of housing and urban-rural development, ___(stress) the difficult task of saving energy and reducing carbon emissions in urban and rural construction at a press conference on Monday.
易错分析：此句属于长难句，句子结构容易分析错误从而不会正确翻译，同时上下文时态的兼顾也是解题重点。
【答案】stressed
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：住房和城乡建设部副部长张晓红在周一的新闻发布会上提到了中国在城乡绿色发展方面取得的成就，强调了在城乡建设中节能减排的艰巨任务。分析句子可知，设空处在句中作谓语，应用动词；主语Zhang Xiaohong与动词stress之间为主动关系，结合时间状语on Monday可知，此处表示过去发生的事，应用一般过去时。故填stressed。
Since the Chinese highly qualified silk_________(make) its fame to the western countries, the merchants sought the opportunity of trading Chinese silk along this route and gained a great fortune.
易错分析：此题容易因为since而受到干扰，应当正确分析句子结构，理解since此处表“因为”。不能单纯看词形识别时间状语，英语单词由很多是一词多义，需具体分析上下文逻辑意思。
【答案】had made
【解析】考查时态。句意：由于中国高品质的丝绸在西方国家名声大噪，商人们就沿着这条路线寻找交易中国丝绸的机会，并获得了巨大的财富。此处从句表示过去的过去，用过去完成时。故填had made。
In fact, there is a Lanzhou Beef Noodles restaurant right downstairs, which is about 100 yards from our Beijing apartment, My niece Kim came to visit us in Beijing this summer, and after visiting many fancy restaurants, she declared this bowl of noodles to be the best thing she (eat) in China ever.
【答案】had eaten
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用的是动词作谓语，根据前文的 she declared 以及句意可知，此处表示的是动作发生在过去之前故使用过去完成时。故填had eaten。
【易错点提醒三】现在完成时和过去完成时易混易错点
I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I_____ （make）over the years.
易错分析：本题出错主要因为固定短语记忆不牢及汉语翻译已经错误联想had done运用过去完成时则句中要出现表示过去的动作或时间。要牢记现在完成时经常搭配的时间状语：since, so far, up to now, in/over/during the past days等。
【答案】have made
【解析】考查时态。句意：我喜欢去这里，看我的家人和这些年我结交的朋友们。根据句中over the years可知应道使用现在完成时，其构成是have/has done。故填have made。
On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example,roughly 200 academics - many of them climate scientists （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
易错分析：受到母语翻译影响，很多学生只要翻译为“已经”，就联想到have的过去时had，继而had done, 属于现在完成时和过去完成时构成形式记忆不牢。
【答案】have promised
【解析】考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时，故填have promised。
By Aug 19, Haihua Island________ (receive) over 1 million tourists during the summer vacation.
易错分析：未能牢记过去完成时经常搭配的时间状语如by +过去时间，by the end of+过去时间。
【答案】had received
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：截至8月19日，海花岛在暑假期间接待了超过100万游客。根据上文By Aug 19可知，此处表示“过去的过去”应用过去完成时。故填had received。
He mentioned that the Chinese market is significant for jade products, and his business (operate) in China for 10 years.
【答案】has been operating/has operated
【解析】考查时态。根据后面的时间状语for 10 years可知，此处应用现在完成进行时态或者现在完成时。
【易错点提醒四】 主动语态和被动语态易混易错点
Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist ideology (create) by one of the most famous Taoists, named Zhang Sanfeng in the early years of the Ming Dynasty.
易错分析：句子结构分析错误，谓语动词分析不当，混淆谓语的被动语态和过去分词都是错误原因。
【答案】were created
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：以道家思想为基础的武当武术，是明初著名的道士张三丰所创。根据时间状语in the early years of the Ming Dynasty可知用一般过去时，句中主语Wudang martial arts是复数，和动词create是被动关系，指武当功夫被创造，在句中作谓语用被动语态。故填一般过去时的被动语态were created。
Today, the modernist complex (stock) with so many art works that the exhibit arenas can show just a part of them at a time, making the artistic special exhibitions a highlight of any visit to the Getty.
易错分析：句子结构分析错误，未能正确理解句子的意思和句子成分，本句属于正确拆分长难句，并分析逻辑关系。
【答案】is stocked
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：如今，这座现代主义建筑群里收藏着如此多的艺术作品，以至于展览场一次只能展出其中的一部分，这使得艺术特展成为任何参观盖蒂博物馆的亮点。根据句中can show可知，句子使用一般现在时，stock与主语the modernist complex之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语the modernist complex是单数，be动词应用is。故填is stocked。
The choice of “Turret of Palace Museum” as the theme for the mini building block project (base) on several factors.
【答案】was based
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：选择“故宫角楼”作为迷你积木项目的主题是基于几个因素。这里为本句谓语动词，根据上文可知，本句时态为一般过去时；主语为“the choice”，单数，和动词“base”之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was based。
The reinforced glass (use) for the bridge can hold up to 450 people at a time.
易错分析：不关注设空后的句子成分，未能发现can hold才是真正的谓语动词，容易误填be done。
【答案】used
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：桥上使用的强化玻璃一次最多可容纳450人。句子谓语hold，设空处应用非谓语动词，use与逻辑主语The reinforced glass之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填used。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·天津和平·二模）—He has got A for his term paper. He must have prepared for it for a long time.
—Exactly. He _______ the whole summer doing research through Europe.
A．has spent B．had spent C．spent D．would spend
【答案】C
【详解】考查一般过去时。句意：——他的学期论文得了A。他一定为此准备了很长时间。——没错。他花了整个夏天在欧洲做研究。A. has spent（现在完成时）花时间B. had spent（过去完成时）花时间；C. spent（一般过去时）花时间；D. would spend花时间（过去将来时）。根据the whole summer可知，空处为过去式，空处与主语He之间为主动关系，空处应为一般过去时的主动形式spent，故选C项。
2．（2024·天津和平·二模）According to the doctor, this time next week, I_______ around as normal and the cut on my foot _______ completely.
A．am walking, healed B．will be walking, will have healed
C．walks, is going to heal D．have been walking, heals
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：根据医生的说法，下周这个时候，我将会像往常一样走路，而且我脚上的伤口也将完全愈合。walk“走路”，heal“康复”。根据时间状语this time next week可知，这里描述的是将来某一时间点正在进行的动作，and前的句子时态应用将来进行时，即will be doing形式，本题用will be walking。the cut on my foot的“康复”是到那时已经完成的动作，and后的句子时态应用将来完成时，即will have done形式，本题用will have healed。故选B。
3．（2024·天津·一模）The number of firms selling smartphones in this region ______ since last year.
A．dropped B．was being dropped
C．have been dropping D．has dropped
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：自去年以来，该地区销售智能手机的公司数量有所下降。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，根据该句时间状语since last year可知，此处为现在完成时，主语The number of firms selling smartphones为“……的数量”表示单数意义名词，所以为动词三单形式。故选D项。
4．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______
--Yes, a bit cold, though.
A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it
C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it
【答案】B
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：--天气不错吧？ --是的，不过有点冷。根据答句“不过有一点冷”可知存在转折关系，可推知问句是表示好天气。故选B项。
5．（2024·天津·二模）Since its establishment, the Flying Tiger Historical Association ______ to friendly interactions between the Chinese and American people.
A．has contributed B．has been contributing C．contributed D．contributes
【答案】B
【详解】考查现在完成进行时。句意：飞虎历史协会自成立以来，为促进中美两国人民友好交往作出了积极贡献。动词短语contribute to意为“为……做贡献”，根据Since its establishment可知，此处是指动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在，且强调动作在这一段时间是一直正在进行的，应用现在完成进行时，主语是the Flying Tiger Historical Association，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故选B。
6．（2024·天津·模拟预测）—I really shouldn’t have been so rude and lost my temper.
—Well. I ______ you to hold back your anger, but...
A．have reminded B．had reminded C．would remind D．reminded
【答案】B
【详解】考查过去完成时。句意：——我真的不应该这么粗鲁，发脾气。 ——嗯。我提醒过你忍住怒火，但是……A. have reminded提醒（现在完成时）；B. had reminded提醒（过去完成时）；C. would remind提醒（过去将来时）；D. reminded提醒（一般过去时）。分析可知，lost my temper发生在过去，remind所表示的动作发生在过去的过去，应为过去完成时态，应为had reminded，故选B项。
7．（2024·天津武清·模拟预测）— Could you attend the lecture about city development tomorrow afternoon
— Sorry, I ______ to Paris for a Chinese silk exhibition then.
A．will be flying B．will fly
C．fly D．am flying
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：——明天下午你能参加关于城市发展的讲座吗？——对不起，那个时候我正飞往巴黎去看中国的丝绸展。分析句子可知，then指代的就是tomorrow afternoon，表在将来的某一个时间正在做某事应用将来进行时。故选A项。
8．（2024·天津·二模）I miss my parents very much; I_______ from my home for 5 months by next Sunday.
A．am away B．will have been away C．have been away D．will be away
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：我非常想念我的父母；到下周日，我将离开家5个月了。be away“离开”。根据by next Sunday可知， 到下周日时离开家5个月，所以句子时态用将来完成时，构成为will have done。故选B。
9．（2024·天津·二模）There is a river near my home, into which large quantities of waste water _______ poured every day in the past.
A．were B．have been C．was D．has been
【答案】A
【详解】考查一般过去时和主谓一致。句意：我家附近有一条河，过去每天都有大量的废水被倒进河里。根据in the past可知，此处应用一般过去时。large quantities of后跟可数或不可数名词，谓语动词应用复数形式。故选A。
10．（2024·天津南开·一模）She ________that the glass would break while opening the window.
A．has frightened B．was frightened C．frightened D．had frightened
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：她害怕打开窗户时玻璃会碎。be frightened that…“对……事情感到害怕”。根据that从句中的would break可知，该句描述的是过去发生的情况，所以用一般过去时态。A和D项的时态不对。而C项中的frighten可作动词，意为“使惊吓”，所以不符合句意。故选B。
11．（2024·天津红桥·一模）The cars produced in our factory sell well, but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the market that they ________.
A．were to play B．were playing C．had played D．played
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：我们工厂生产的汽车销路很好，但几年前，没有人能想象到它们会在市场上扮演的角色。根据时间状语several years ago可知，表示过去将要发生的事情，应用过去将来时。故选A。
12．（2024·天津和平·一模）Shadow puppets ______ in China and ______ as far as Turkey and Greece today.
A．will originate; have been spreading B．originate; will be spreading
C．was originated; is spreading D．originated; have spread
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：皮影戏起源于中国，现在已经传播到土耳其和希腊。第一空陈述过去事实，用一般过去时。originate“起源”，为不及物动词，没有被动语态；第二空根据时间状语“today”可知，用现在完成时态。故选D。
13．（2024·天津河东·一模）I’m afraid I can’t go shopping with you this Sunday afternoon because I ______a meeting at that time.
A．will have B．will be having C．has had D．would have
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：恐怕这个星期天下午我不能和你一起去购物，因为那时我要开会。分析句子结构可知，空处为原因状语从句的谓语动词。根据主句的时间状语“this Sunday afternoon”以及从句中的时间状语“at that time”可知，本句话为将来进行时态，表示将来的某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生的事情，其结构为“will be doing sth.”。故选B。
14．（2024·天津河北·一模）Nearly seventeen centuries ________ before the city of Pompeii was dug from its silent resting place.
A．has rolled away B．had rolled away C．rolled away D．was rolling away
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：在庞贝城从沉寂的安息之地被挖掘出来之前，将近17个世纪已经过去了。根据句意，roll away(滚走，消散)表示的动作发生在was dug之前，即过去的过去，所以应用过去完成时。故选B。
15．（2024·天津和平·一模）I haven’t finished my homework yet. I ______ my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.
A．have been helping B．was helping C．had helped D．have helped
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：我还没有完成我的家庭作业。我昨天一整天都在厨房帮我妈妈。根据时间状语“all day yesterday”可知，表示过去的一段时间内正在发生的动作，应用过去进行时态。故选B。
16．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The students spent as much time getting trained as they ______ studying.
A．disliked B．were C．had D．did
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态和助动词。句意：学生们花在训练上的时间和学习上的时间一样多。A. disliked不喜欢；B. were是；C. had有，过去完成时中助动词；D. did做，一般过去时中助动词。句子表示“学生们花在训练上的时间和学习上的时间一样多”，空格处意为“花费”，由前面的spent可知，空格处也本应用spent，为了避免重复，可用did代替前面的动作。故选D。
17．（2024广东深圳·一模）Recent years ______ a significant increase in the use of AI across different aspects of human life.
A．saw B．see C．are seeing D．have seen
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：近年来，人工智能在人类生活的不同方面的应用显著增加。结合句意及“Recent years”可知，此处是描述过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响， 应用现在完成时，主语是名词复数，助动词使用have。故选D。
18．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）For many years, more than one generation of schoolchildren ________ by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.
A．have been amazed B．has been amazed
C．was amazed D．were amazed
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：多年来，不止一代的学生对他的勇敢和他寻找真理的科学方法感到惊讶。根据时间状语For many years可知，用现在完成时；“more than one + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。故选B。
19．（2024山东济南二模）The lady insisted that the young man ________ her wallet and that he should be sent to the police station at once.
A．had stolen B．steal C．has stolen D．stole
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：这位女士坚持说那个年轻人偷了她的钱包，应该立即把他送到警察局。insist表示坚持，有两种情况，一是 “坚决要求”；二是“坚持说”。表示“坚决要求”，和demand，order等词汇一样，宾语从句谓语用虚拟语气形式should do，should可以省略。表示“坚持说”，宾语从句谓语用陈述语气，注意和主句时态一致。分析句子可知，句中第一个that引导的宾语从句表示“坚持说”，应用陈述语气，且steal这个动作发生在主句谓语动词insisted之前，应用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。故选A项。
20．（2024·天津·一模）Better than half a billion dollars ______ that fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat over the past eighty years.
A．have gone into B．had gone into
C．have been gone into D．has gone into
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的80年里，超过5亿美元投入该基金，购买了500多万英亩的栖息地。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据时间状语over the past eighty years可知，此处应使用现在完成时，go into与句子主语Better than half a billion dollars之间为主动关系，且金钱作主语时看作一个整体，所以谓语动词使用单数形式，所以该句的谓语形式为has gone into。故选D项。
21．（2024·天津武清·二模）Hundreds of people spent good money on an experience that they knew ______ crowds, discomfort and danger.
A．include B．will include
C．included D．would include
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：数百人花了大价钱在一次他们明知道会包括拥挤、不舒适和危险的体验上。设空处为从句谓语，主句是一般过去时，从句表示从过去看将来，应用过去将来时，故选D。
22．（2024江苏南通三模）The local government announced that only when the fire was under control ________ to return to their homes.
A．the residents would be allowed B．had the residents been allowed
C．would the residents be allowed D．the residents had been allowed
【答案】C
【详解】考查倒装句和时态。句意：当地政府宣布，只有当大火被控制住以后，居民们才可以返回家中。分析句子可知，在that引导的宾语从句中，only+强调时间状语从句when the fire was under control置于句首，主句使用部分倒装的形式，主句使用的是一般过去时，宾语从句“允许”的动作还未发生，故应用过去将来时，部分到装时，将助动词would置于主语之前。故选C。
23．（2024·广东湛江·一模）________that it was already the fourth time that he _________abroad.
A．So lucky was he; traveled B．So lucky he was; traveled
C．So lucky was he; had traveled D．So lucky he was; had traveled
【答案】C
【详解】考查倒装句式和固定句式。句意：他很幸运，这已经是他第四次出国旅行了。在so... that…结构中，若将so+adj. / adv. 置于句首，则其后的主句要用部分倒装，因此第一空填So lucky was he；It is（was）the first time that…这一固定句型中，若主句是谓语是is，则从句谓语用现在完成时，若主句谓语是was，则从句谓语用过去完成时；因此第二空填had traveled。故选C项。
24．（2024·山东临沂·二模）— I want to know when Lucy ______ to my birthday party this Sunday.
— I don’t know. But I think she will tell me when she ______.
A．comes; comes B．comes; will come
C．will come; comes D．will come; will come
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态。句意：——我想知道这个星期天露西什么时候来参加我的生日聚会。——我不知道。但我想她来的时候会告诉我的。第一句when引导宾语从句，宾语从句中，主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用相关时态，根据从句语境“这个星期天露西什么时候来参加我的生日聚会”可知宾语从句使用一般将来时。第二句when引导时间状语从句，主将从现，主句（she will tell me）一般将来时，从句一般现在时。故选C项。
25．（2024·江苏连云港·三模）I __________ to give you just a surprise quiz but on second thought I chose to let you reflect on your exercises.
A．had intended B．has intended C．intended D．has been intended
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：我本打算给你一个惊喜测验，但经过仔细考虑，我选择让你反思一下你的练习。根据 I chose to let you reflect on your exercises.可知，had intended to do sth“本打算做某事,实际上却未做”符合句意。故此题选A。
二、单词拼写
26．（2024·陕西西安·一模）As soon as the fire alarm went off, everyone in the building (逃离) to the nearest exit. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
【答案】fled/escaped
【详解】考查动词。句意：火警一响，大楼里的每个人都逃到最近的出口。根据汉语提示可知应用动词flee或escape；空处为主句谓语，结合上文went可知为一般过去时。故填fled/escaped。
27．（2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测）You have f (原谅) me, haven’t you (根据中英文提示单词拼写)
【答案】forgiven/orgiven
【详解】考查动词。句意：你已经原谅我了，是吗？根据首字母及汉语提示可知，此处使用动词forgive，句中缺少谓语动词，根据have可知，应用动词的过去分词形式，构成现在完成时。故填forgiven。
三、翻译
28．（2024·上海·模拟预测）这所百年老校近年来开展了一系列“古典乐进课堂”活动，让更多学生感受到经典的独特魅力。(launch)
【答案】In recent years, this century-old school has launched a series of ‘Classical Music in the Classroom’ activities, allowing more students to experience the unique charm of classics.
【详解】考查介词短语、名词短语、动词、动词短语、非谓语动词好时态。根据句意以及句子结构可知，表示“近年来”应为介词短语In recent years作时间状语；表示“这所百年老校”应为名词短语this century-old school；表示“开展”为动词launch；表示“一系列“古典乐进课堂”活动”应为名词短语a series of ‘Classical Music in the Classroom’ activities；后接非谓语动词作状语，表示“允许某人做某事”应为动词短语allow sb to do sth；此处allow和逻辑主语this century-old school为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式；表示“感受到经典的独特魅力”应为动词短语experience the unique charm of classics；结合句意和时间状语In recent years可知，该句应为现在完成时。故翻译为：In recent years, this century-old school has launched a series of ‘Classical Music in the Classroom’ activities, allowing more students to experience the unique charm of classics.
29．（2024·上海·模拟预测）尽管市场上饮料品种丰富，但我还是深深着迷于中国传统的茶文化。(although)
【答案】Although there are various beverages in/on the market, I am still deeply fascinated by traditional Chinese tea culture.
【详解】考查时态、让步状语从句、固定短语、副词、形容词和名词。表示“尽管”用although，引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写；从句中：表示“有”用there be句型，本句陈述事实，故时态用一般现在时，且结合“饮料品种丰富”可知，be动词用are；表示“各种各样的”用形容词various，作定语，修饰“饮料”beverage，饮料不止一种，应用名词复数形式，作主语；表示“市场上”用固定短语in/on the market。主句中：表示“我”用I，作主语；表示“着迷于”用be fascinated by，be动词用am；表示“还是，仍然”用副词still；表示“深深地”用副词deeply，作状语；表示“传统的”用形容词traditional，作定语，修饰“中国茶文化”Chinese tea culture。故翻译为Although there are various beverages in/on the market, I am still deeply fascinated by traditional Chinese tea culture.
30．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）他运动之前习惯热身和拉伸以避免受伤。(ritual)
【答案】He makes it a ritual to warm up and stretch before exercising to avoid getting injured.
【详解】考查固定搭配，固定句式和动词不定式。本句描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。he作主语；表示“习惯”为a ritual；表示“热身”短语为warm up；表示“拉伸”动词为stretch；表示“运动之前”的短语为before exercising；表示“他运动之前习惯热身和拉伸”可用固定搭配He makes it a ritual to warm up and stretch before exercising，it作形式宾语，a ritual作宾补，动词不定式作真正的宾语；表示“避免做某事”应用avoid doing sth.。表示“以避免受伤”应用短语to avoid getting injured，动词不定式作目的状语。句首字母大写，故翻译为He makes it a ritual to warm up and stretch before exercising to avoid getting injured.
31．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）为缓解人口老龄化的压力，中国政府正在建立更多的社区机构来为老年人的生活提供支持。(ease)
【答案】To ease the pressure from the aging population, the Chinese government is now establishing more community agencies to support the lives of the elderly.
【详解】考查非谓语动词，时态和短语。分析句意可知，句子描述现阶段正在进行的动作用现在进行时，“为缓解人口老龄化的压力”作目的状语，用不定式形式，译为To ease the pressure from the aging population，主语the Chinese government“中国政府”，establish“建立”作谓语，用现在进行时，宾语“更多的社区”译为more community agencies，“来为老年人的生活提供支持”为目的状语，用不定式短语to support the lives of the elderly。故答案为To ease the pressure from the aging population, the Chinese government is now establishing more community agencies to support the lives of the elderly.
32．（2024·上海宝山·二模）坦率地说，考试分数只能作为一个参考，不能作为评价的唯一标准。(guideline)
【答案】Frankly speaking, a grade in a test is just a guideline, not the only standard for evaluation.
【详解】考查短语和时态。句子描述的为一般事实，使用一般现在时。“坦率地说”为“frankly speaking”，“考试分数”为“a grade in a test”，“只是”为“just”，“一个参考”为“a guideline”，则“考试分数只能作为一个参考”使用“主系表”的结构翻译为“A grade in a test is just a guideline.”，“不”为“not”，名词“评价”为“evaluation”，“唯一标准”为“the only standard”，则“评价的唯一标准”为“the only standard for evaluation”。故翻译为Frankly speaking, a grade in a test is just a guideline, not the only standard for evaluation.
33．（2024·上海松江·二模）这位摄影师觉得去热门景点拍照没意思，他已计划好要去沙漠找灵感。(instead)
【答案】The photographer finds it meaningless/boring to shoot/take pictures in popular tourist destinations, and instead he has planned to look for inspiration/inspiring ideas/things that can inspire him in the desert.
【详解】考查固定句型、名词、形容词、介词短语、动词短语和定语从句。根据句意以及句子的提示词可知，表示“摄影师”为名词The photographer；后接find it+adj+to do sth表示“发现做某事是怎样的”的固定句型，句子陈述目前事实，应用一般现在时，表示“毫无意义的”为形容词meaningless；表示“拍照”应为动词短语take pictures；表示“在热门旅游目的地”应为介词短语in popular tourist destinations；表示“相反的是”为副词instead；表示“计划做某事”应为动词短语plan to do sth，此处表示已经完成的动作，为现在完成时；表示“寻找灵感”应为动词短语look for inspiration；后接关系代词that引导的定语从句，对先行词inspiration的修饰，在该定语从句中，表示“在沙漠中激励他”可译为that can inspire him in the desert。故翻译为The photographer finds it meaningless/boring to shoot/take pictures in popular tourist destinations, and instead he has planned to look for inspiration/inspiring ideas/things that can inspire him in the desert.
34．（2024·上海松江·二模）她原以为没多少人会来体育馆看比赛，结果看台上座无虚席。(it)
【答案】She (had) supposed that not many people would come to the stadium to watch the game, but it turned out that all the seats on the stand(s) were occupied.
【详解】考查宾语从句和固定句型。第一句主语为she；表示“以为”应用suppose，可用一般过去时或过去完成时；后跟that引导的宾语从句，表示“没多少人”应用not many people作主语；表示“来体育馆看比赛”翻译为come to the stadium to watch the game，为过去将来时；but连接并列句，表示“结果”句型为it turned out that…，为一般过去时；表示“看台上座无虚席”翻译为all the seats on the stand(s) were occupied。故翻译为She (had) supposed that not many people would come to the stadium to watch the game, but it turned out that all the seats on the stand(s) were occupied.
35．（2024·上海松江·二模）这家软件公司会从技术上保护设计师的创意。(perspective)
【答案】The software company will protect designers’ creativity/creative from a technical perspective/from a perspective of technology.
【详解】考查名词短语、动词短语、介词短语和时态。根据句意以及句子的提示词可知，表示“这家软件公司”应为名词短语The software company；表示“保护设计师的创意”应为动词短语protect designers’ creativity；表示“从技术上”应为介词短语from a perspective of technology；结合句意可知，该句应为陈述将来发生的事情，为一般将来时。故翻译为The software company will protect designers’ creativity/creative from a technical perspective/from a perspective of technology.
36．（2024·上海松江·二模）大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。(tend)
【答案】Most Chinese people tend to eat a bowl of noodles on their birthdays.
【详解】考查动词短语。“大多数中国人”可翻译为“most Chinese people”，该名词短语在句中作主语。“tend to do sth.”意为“倾向于做……”。tend在句中作谓语动词。本句话描述一般事实，所以用一般现在时态，主语为复数，所以谓语动词用原形；“在生日的时候吃碗面”可以翻译为“eat a bowl of noodles on their birthdays”，their指代“most Chinese people”。故翻译为Most Chinese people tend to eat a bowl of noodles on their birthdays.
37．（2024·上海崇明·二模）你只要脚踏实地，努力做好每一件事，你的梦想就会离你越来越近。(effort)
【答案】As long as you stay rooted in the practical and make an effort to do everything well, your dream will get closer and closer to you.
【详解】考查条件状语从句、固定短语和时态。“你只要脚踏实地，努力做好每一件事”为“你的梦想就会离你越来越近”实现的条件，可用固定短语as long as表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句，从句时态用一般现在时表将来，主语“你”用代词you，“脚踏实地”可用固定短语stay rooted in the practical，“努力做好每一件事”可用动词短语make an effort to do everything well，两个动词短语之间用并列连词and连接；主句描述未来的情况，时态应用一般将来时，主语“你的梦想”可用名词短语your dream，“会离……越来越近”可用固定短语will get closer and closer to，“你”用代词you。故可译为：As long as you stay rooted in the practical and make an effort to do everything well, your dream will get closer and closer to you.
38．（2024·上海崇明·二模）毫无疑问，这个历史小镇已成为了很多游客追捧的旅游胜地。(doubt)
【答案】There’s no doubt that the historic town has become a popular tourist attraction for many tourists.
【详解】考查固定句型、名词短语和形容词。“毫无疑问”可用固定句型there’s no doubt that…，that引导同位语从句，从句描述过去发生的行为现在产生的结果，时态应用现在完成时，主语“这个历史小镇”可用名词短语the historic town，为单数，谓语“已成为了”可用动词has become，表语“很多游客追捧的旅游胜地”可用名词短语a popular tourist attraction for many tourists，其中形容词popular作修饰tourist attraction的定语。故可译为：There’s no doubt that the historic town has become a popular tourist attraction for many tourists.
39．（2024·上海崇明·二模）难以置信的是，她看似柔弱，却是一个渴望探险的女孩子。(long)
【答案】It is incredible that she looks weak, but is actually a girl longing for adventures.
【详解】考查固定句型、动词短语、非谓语动词和时态。根据句意以及句子的提示词可知，该句应为It is incredible that…“难以置信的是”的固定句型，表示“看似柔弱”应为动词短语looks weak；表示“却，但是”为连词but连接的并列句，表示“一个女孩”为名词a girl；后接非谓语动词作后置定语修饰a girl，a girl和动词短语表示“渴望”的long for为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式，表示“探险”为名词adventures；结合句意可知，该句应为一般现在时。故翻译为：It is incredible that she looks weak, but is actually a girl longing for adventures.
40．（2024·上海虹口·二模）随着人们的生活回归正轨，工作节奏加快，一些宠物被遗弃街头无家可归。(As)
【答案】As people’s lives returned to normal and the pace of work sped up, some pets were left homeless on the streets.
【详解】考查状语从句、动词的时态和语态。表示“回归正轨”应用短语return to normal；表示“节奏”应用名词pace；表示“加快”应用动词短语speed up；表示“无家可归”应用形容词homeless；表示“被遗弃街头无家可归”应用be left homeless on the streets；表示“随着……”应用as引导时间状语从句。由句意可知，本句应用一般过去时态描述过去的动作。故翻译为：As people’s lives returned to normal and the pace of work sped up, some pets were left homeless on the streets.
试卷第1页，共3页动词的时态和语态（讲义）
目录
一 动词的时态
二 动词的被动语态
三 动词的时态与语态易错点
四 高考模拟试题
动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。
动词的时态
一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes
2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：
①I have a dream.
②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。例如：
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现 在 do/does is/am/are doing has/have done has/have been doing
过 去 did was /were doing had done had been doing
将 来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing
过去将来 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing
①I always take a walk after supper.
②She writes to me very often.
③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：
①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
③Two and two makes four.
④ No man but errs.
（4）表示将来发生的动作：
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如：
① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：
①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
②When does the plane take off
③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.
二．一般过去时：动词的过去式
1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：
①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：
①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.
②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.
三．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：
①He will graduate from the college next year.
②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作be gonna）
①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.
②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will
①I will be sixteen years old next year.
②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：
①Am I to take over his work
②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：
①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形
1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：
①He said that they would meet me at the station.
②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。例如：
①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.
②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.
注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,这时……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：
①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词
1．表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：
①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：
①He is taking physics this semester.
②We are preparing for our final examination this week.
③Don't you think you eat too much You're putting on weight.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如：
① Look! The bus is coming.
②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.
4．与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：
①He is always thinking of others.
②The boy is continually making noises.
③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.
六．过去进行时：was /were +现在分词
1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：
①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
②When I arrived, they were watching TV.
③They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：
①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。例如：
①They told me that they were leaving for New York.
②He was going out when I arrived.
七．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词
1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：
①What will you be doing this time tomorrow
②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：
①Will you be having supper with us this evening
②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：
①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
八．现在完成时：have / has +过去分词
1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：
①He hasn't seen her lately.
②I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），，in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：
①He has worked here for 15 years.
②I have studied English since I came here.
③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。
II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
①She has gone away for a month.（误）
②She has been away for a month （正）
①The man has died for two years.（误）
②The man has been dead for two years.（正）
①How long have you bought the book （误）
②How long have you had the book.（正）
4．几组对比：
①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
②He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
①She has gone.她已走了。
②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）
①The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）
②The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）
九．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：
①They had got everything ready before I came.
②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：
①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。
3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.
十．将来完成时：shall / will have +过去分词。
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：
①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.
十一．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词
1．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：
①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
②He has been running after her for 8 years.
③I have been learning English since six years ago.
2．表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：
①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
3.表某种感彩。例如：
①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
②Who's been telling you such nonsense.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：
①I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
①Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
②Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate等等。
十二．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：
①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.
十三．过去将来进行时：would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：
①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.
十四．过去将来完成时：would have +过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：
①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
②I thought she would have told you something by then.
十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：
①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.
②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been + 现在分词
表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：
①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.
动词的被动语态
一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be动词本身没有意义，但有人称、单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)常见各种时态
对应的被动语态：（以do为例）
一般时态 完成时态 进行时态 完成进行时态
现 在 is /am/are done has/have been done is/am/are being done 无
过 去 was/were done had been done was /were being done 无
将 来 shall /will be done shall/will have been done 无 无
过去将来 would be done would have been done 无 无
二.含有情态动词的被动语态：
由情态动词must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done构成。例如：
①The task must be finished before this weekend.
②He should be punished because he told lies.
③The book may be taken away by someone.
三. 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语by sb.通常省略。例如：
①The streets are swept every day.
②His car has been stolen.
③Rice is grown in many countries.
④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.
2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：
①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.
→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者
→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).
3.get +过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态。常见结构有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：
①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.
②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.
③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.
4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例如：
①I need to have my hair cut.
②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.
③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .
④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.
⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
5.have sth to be done表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：
①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought
②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents
③Do you have anything to be typed,sir
四．主动形式表被动意义：
1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系动词+形容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：
①The ice feels cold.
②His plan proved practical.
2.表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：
①Work began at 7'clock this morning.
②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.
3.形容词easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
①This kind of water is fit to drink.
②The text is easy to understand.
4.某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：
①The clothes washes well.
②Your pen writes smoothly.
5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：
①The book is worth reading.
②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
③Who is to blame
动词的时态与语态易错点
易错陷阱1：一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时易混易错点
【分析】
一般现在时 常与always，often，sometimes，usually等连用或通过上下文表示。
一般过去时 常与时间状语连用，或者通过上下文逻辑意思及动词时态来体现。 连用时间状语：last week, in 2021, 3 days ago, the other day, in the past
现在完成时 强调对现在造成的结果和影响，通常与时间段连用。 连用时间状语：so far, since, in the past/last 3 days, up to now
The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often________ (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子).
易错分析：对一般规则死记硬背，不具体分析句子结构和句意。在时态题中，上下文的时态暗示是重要线索。应当在句中瞻前顾后寻找并列连词and, but, or, rather than, or, not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。
易错陷阱2：一般过去时和过去完成时易混易错点
【分析】
一般过去时 过去的动作或情况。
过去完成时 过去的动作或时间之前发生的事。 连用时间状语：by the end of+过去时间，before+过去时间。
特殊用法 1.下列动词hope、 wish、 expect、 think、 intend、 mean、 suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。 2.This/It/That was the first/second/third ... time that ...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用过去完成时。 3.hardly ... when ...和no sooner ... than ...两个句型中，主句均用过去完成时。
易错陷阱3：现在完成时和过去完成时易混易错点
【分析】
现在完成时 连用时间状语so far, since, in the past/last 3 days, up to now
过去完成时 过去的动作或时间之前发生的事。即“过去的过去”，句中必须出现表示过去的动作、状态或时间状语。
对比 He has been ill for two weeks。他已经病了两个星期了。 He had been ill for two weeks before she came back。 在她回来之前，他已经病了两个星期了。
易错陷阱4：主动语态和被动语态易混易错点
【分析】
受母语干扰，翻译上下文时混淆被动语态与主动语态。
混淆谓语动词被动语态构词be+done与非谓语动词重点过去分词done。
不及物动词及表示主语品质和状态的动词不用被动语态，如：sell, read, write, lock, wash, drive等。
系动词不用被动语态，如：look看起来, smell闻起来, taste尝起来, sound听起来, feel摸起来, prove证明时, turn out结果，证明等。
【易错点提醒一】 一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时易混易错点
As a little girl, I ________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
易错分析：不关注句中的时间状语As a little girl和逻辑意思理解错误是失分原因。
The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ________ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
易错分析：句子较长，容易引起句子结构分析失误和翻译的重心转移，从而忽略关键词previously。
The bridge (call) the Bach Long suspension bridge. It means “White Dragon” in Vietnamese.
易错分析：未能瞻前顾后，正确理解上下文的含义。下文means给出限速，强调客观事实。
Panda conservation, on its own, _____ (be) a success up to now.
【易错点提醒二】 一般过去时和过去完成时易混易错点
He raised a glass of water and asked the audience, “How heavy do you think this glass of water is ” The students’ answers (range) from 20g to 500g.
易错分析：本题重在分析句子结构，容易误填ranging，应知此处作谓语。谓语与非谓语的考查是高考的重点。
Noting China’s achievements of green development in urban and rural areas, Zhang Xiaohong, vice minister of housing and urban-rural development, ___(stress) the difficult task of saving energy and reducing carbon emissions in urban and rural construction at a press conference on Monday.
易错分析：此句属于长难句，句子结构容易分析错误从而不会正确翻译，同时上下文时态的兼顾也是解题重点。
Since the Chinese highly qualified silk_________(make) its fame to the western countries, the merchants sought the opportunity of trading Chinese silk along this route and gained a great fortune.
易错分析：此题容易因为since而受到干扰，应当正确分析句子结构，理解since此处表“因为”。不能单纯看词形识别时间状语，英语单词由很多是一词多义，需具体分析上下文逻辑意思。
In fact, there is a Lanzhou Beef Noodles restaurant right downstairs, which is about 100 yards from our Beijing apartment, My niece Kim came to visit us in Beijing this summer, and after visiting many fancy restaurants, she declared this bowl of noodles to be the best thing she (eat) in China ever.
【易错点提醒三】现在完成时和过去完成时易混易错点
I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I_____ （make）over the years.
易错分析：本题出错主要因为固定短语记忆不牢及汉语翻译已经错误联想had done运用过去完成时则句中要出现表示过去的动作或时间。要牢记现在完成时经常搭配的时间状语：since, so far, up to now, in/over/during the past days等。
On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example,roughly 200 academics - many of them climate scientists （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
易错分析：受到母语翻译影响，很多学生只要翻译为“已经”，就联想到have的过去时had，继而had done, 属于现在完成时和过去完成时构成形式记忆不牢。
By Aug 19, Haihua Island________ (receive) over 1 million tourists during the summer vacation.
易错分析：未能牢记过去完成时经常搭配的时间状语如by +过去时间，by the end of+过去时间。
He mentioned that the Chinese market is significant for jade products, and his business (operate) in China for 10 years.
【易错点提醒四】 主动语态和被动语态易混易错点
Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist ideology (create) by one of the most famous Taoists, named Zhang Sanfeng in the early years of the Ming Dynasty.
易错分析：句子结构分析错误，谓语动词分析不当，混淆谓语的被动语态和过去分词都是错误原因。
Today, the modernist complex (stock) with so many art works that the exhibit arenas can show just a part of them at a time, making the artistic special exhibitions a highlight of any visit to the Getty.
易错分析：句子结构分析错误，未能正确理解句子的意思和句子成分，本句属于正确拆分长难句，并分析逻辑关系。
The choice of “Turret of Palace Museum” as the theme for the mini building block project (base) on several factors.
The reinforced glass (use) for the bridge can hold up to 450 people at a time.
易错分析：不关注设空后的句子成分，未能发现can hold才是真正的谓语动词，容易误填be done。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·天津和平·二模）—He has got A for his term paper. He must have prepared for it for a long time.
—Exactly. He _______ the whole summer doing research through Europe.
A．has spent B．had spent C．spent D．would spend
2．（2024·天津和平·二模）According to the doctor, this time next week, I_______ around as normal and the cut on my foot _______ completely.
A．am walking, healed B．will be walking, will have healed
C．walks, is going to heal D．have been walking, heals
3．（2024·天津·一模）The number of firms selling smartphones in this region ______ since last year.
A．dropped B．was being dropped
C．have been dropping D．has dropped
4．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______
--Yes, a bit cold, though.
A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it
C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it
5．（2024·天津·二模）Since its establishment, the Flying Tiger Historical Association ______ to friendly interactions between the Chinese and American people.
A．has contributed B．has been contributing C．contributed D．contributes
6．（2024·天津·模拟预测）—I really shouldn’t have been so rude and lost my temper.
—Well. I ______ you to hold back your anger, but...
A．have reminded B．had reminded C．would remind D．reminded
7．（2024·天津武清·模拟预测）— Could you attend the lecture about city development tomorrow afternoon
— Sorry, I ______ to Paris for a Chinese silk exhibition then.
A．will be flying B．will fly
C．fly D．am flying
8．（2024·天津·二模）I miss my parents very much; I_______ from my home for 5 months by next Sunday.
A．am away B．will have been away C．have been away D．will be away
9．（2024·天津·二模）There is a river near my home, into which large quantities of waste water _______ poured every day in the past.
A．were B．have been C．was D．has been
10．（2024·天津南开·一模）She ________that the glass would break while opening the window.
A．has frightened B．was frightened C．frightened D．had frightened
11．（2024·天津红桥·一模）The cars produced in our factory sell well, but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the market that they ________.
A．were to play B．were playing C．had played D．played
12．（2024·天津和平·一模）Shadow puppets ______ in China and ______ as far as Turkey and Greece today.
A．will originate; have been spreading B．originate; will be spreading
C．was originated; is spreading D．originated; have spread
13．（2024·天津河东·一模）I’m afraid I can’t go shopping with you this Sunday afternoon because I ______a meeting at that time.
A．will have B．will be having C．has had D．would have
14．（2024·天津河北·一模）Nearly seventeen centuries ________ before the city of Pompeii was dug from its silent resting place.
A．has rolled away B．had rolled away C．rolled away D．was rolling away
15．（2024·天津和平·一模）I haven’t finished my homework yet. I ______ my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.
A．have been helping B．was helping C．had helped D．have helped
16．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The students spent as much time getting trained as they ______ studying.
A．disliked B．were C．had D．did
17．（2024广东深圳·一模）Recent years ______ a significant increase in the use of AI across different aspects of human life.
A．saw B．see C．are seeing D．have seen
18．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）For many years, more than one generation of schoolchildren ________ by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.
A．have been amazed B．has been amazed
C．was amazed D．were amazed
19．（2024山东济南二模）The lady insisted that the young man ________ her wallet and that he should be sent to the police station at once.
A．had stolen B．steal C．has stolen D．stole
20．（2024·天津·一模）Better than half a billion dollars ______ that fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat over the past eighty years.
A．have gone into B．had gone into
C．have been gone into D．has gone into
21．（2024·天津武清·二模）Hundreds of people spent good money on an experience that they knew ______ crowds, discomfort and danger.
A．include B．will include
C．included D．would include
22．（2024江苏南通三模）The local government announced that only when the fire was under control ________ to return to their homes.
A．the residents would be allowed B．had the residents been allowed
C．would the residents be allowed D．the residents had been allowed
23．（2024·广东湛江·一模）________that it was already the fourth time that he _________abroad.
A．So lucky was he; traveled B．So lucky he was; traveled
C．So lucky was he; had traveled D．So lucky he was; had traveled
24．（2024·山东临沂·二模）— I want to know when Lucy ______ to my birthday party this Sunday.
— I don’t know. But I think she will tell me when she ______.
A．comes; comes B．comes; will come
C．will come; comes D．will come; will come
25．（2024·江苏连云港·三模）I __________ to give you just a surprise quiz but on second thought I chose to let you reflect on your exercises.
A．had intended B．has intended C．intended D．has been intended
二、单词拼写
26．（2024·陕西西安·一模）As soon as the fire alarm went off, everyone in the building (逃离) to the nearest exit. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
27．（2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测）You have f (原谅) me, haven’t you (根据中英文提示单词拼写)
三、翻译
28．（2024·上海·模拟预测）这所百年老校近年来开展了一系列“古典乐进课堂”活动，让更多学生感受到经典的独特魅力。(launch)
29．（2024·上海·模拟预测）尽管市场上饮料品种丰富，但我还是深深着迷于中国传统的茶文化。(although)
30．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）他运动之前习惯热身和拉伸以避免受伤。(ritual)
31．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）为缓解人口老龄化的压力，中国政府正在建立更多的社区机构来为老年人的生活提供支持。(ease)
32．（2024·上海宝山·二模）坦率地说，考试分数只能作为一个参考，不能作为评价的唯一标准。(guideline)
33．（2024·上海松江·二模）这位摄影师觉得去热门景点拍照没意思，他已计划好要去沙漠找灵感。(instead)
34．（2024·上海松江·二模）她原以为没多少人会来体育馆看比赛，结果看台上座无虚席。(it)
35．（2024·上海松江·二模）这家软件公司会从技术上保护设计师的创意。(perspective)
36．（2024·上海松江·二模）大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。(tend)
37．（2024·上海崇明·二模）你只要脚踏实地，努力做好每一件事，你的梦想就会离你越来越近。(effort)
38．（2024·上海崇明·二模）毫无疑问，这个历史小镇已成为了很多游客追捧的旅游胜地。(doubt)
39．（2024·上海崇明·二模）难以置信的是，她看似柔弱，却是一个渴望探险的女孩子。(long)
40．（2024·上海虹口·二模）随着人们的生活回归正轨，工作节奏加快，一些宠物被遗弃街头无家可归。(As)
试卷第1页，共3页主谓一致（讲义）
目录
一 主谓一致的三条原则
二 主谓一致的各种情形
三 主谓一致易错点分析
四 高考模拟试题
主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用第三人称单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。
主谓一致的三条原则
　　英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则优先考虑。
1．语法一致原则
　　主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取第三人称单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
e.g.Mr. Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS.
布莱克先生是著名艾滋科学家。
These books are intended for children under nine years old.
这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的。
2．意义一致原则
所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。
e.g.Three months has passed since you left.
你已离开三个月了。(three months表示单数概念。)
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.
这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。(教授与作家是同一个人，是单数。)
The old are very well taken care of in our city.
老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。(the old指所有的老年人，为复数概念。)
3．邻近一致原则
邻近一致原则是指谓语动词的变化以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。
e.g.Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定。)
Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
不是杰克而是他父母应为这个家庭事故受到责备。
(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定。)
主谓一致的各种情形
1．并列结构作主语
并列结构作主语主要指主语是由并列的名词或名词短语构成，此时主要有如下几种情况。
（1）and及both…and…类
一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接，表示两个不同的人或物时，动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念，则动词须用单数。
e.g.Her teacher and her friend are in the sitting-room.
她的老师和她的朋友都在客厅里。
A smile and handshake show welcome.
微笑和握手表示欢迎。
Bread and butter is healthful food.
涂有黄油的面包是一种有益于健康的食物。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.真诚为上策。
Both Lily and Henry are my good friends.
莉莉和亨利都是我的好朋友。
Both my sister and I are interested in listening to music.
我和我妹妹都喜欢听音乐。
特别提示
and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：
a horse and cart　马车　　　　　a knife and fork　刀叉
a cup and saucer　茶盘　　　　　a watch and chain　手表
bread and butter　涂有黄油的面包
　　the poet and the writer则表示“诗人和画家”两个人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；而the poet and writer则表示“诗人兼作家”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
（2）each…and each…及every…and every…类
every…and every…，each…and each…或no…and no…作主语时，动词用单数。
e.g.Every man and (every) woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
Each boy and each girl has been invited to the tea-party.
每个男孩和每个女孩都被邀请参加茶话会了。
（3）not…but…，not only…but also，or，either…or…，neither…nor...类
在由not…but…，not only…but (also)，or，either…or，neither…nor等连接的并列主语中，谓语动词的人称和数应该和邻近它的主语相一致。
e.g.Tom or you are to blame.
应该怪汤姆或你。
Was he or you able to persuade her
是你还是他劝服了她
Not you but I am to blame for the mistake.
不是你而是我该为此错误而受到责备。
Not only I but also my parents are fond of traveling around.
不仅我而且我父母也喜欢到处旅游。
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
你和我都不适合这个工作。
Are neither you nor I fit for the work
你和我都不适合这个工作吗
2．不定代词作主语
（1）不定代词either，neither，each，one，the other，another，someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone，everybody，everything，nobody，no one，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
e.g.Someone has parked the car in the way.
有人把车停在了路上，挡住了去路。
No one is actually able to complete the work in such a short time.
没人能够在这么短的时间内完成这项工作。
特别提示：
none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.None of the students have made mistakes this time.
这次没有一个学生犯错误。
None of us is/are interested in your new subject.
我们中没人对你的新课题感兴趣。
Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.
吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。
（2）neither/either of…作主语
“neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
e.g.Either of the two stories is/are interesting.
这两个故事都很有趣。
Neither of us has/have received postcards this Christmas.
今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡。
Either of the children is/are eager to go home.
两个孩子都想回家。
I don’t think either of them has/have married.
我想他们两个都没结婚。
Neither of the topics has/have been discussed so far.
到目前为止这两个话题都没有被讨论过。
（3）the other two (…)等短语作主语
the other+基数词(+复数名词)，another+基数词(+复数名词)，both等作主语谓语动词用复数。
e.g.I keep only one apple for myself, and the other two are yours.
我只给自己留了一个苹果，另外两个给你。
Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.
已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个。
I’m very delighted that both are what we need.
我们很高兴两个都是我们所需要的。
（4）all作主语：all作主语，指人时谓语动词用复数，指物时常用单数。
e.g.All are present besides the professor.
所有的人都出席，包括那位教授。
All is going on very well.
一切顺利。
（5）each修饰的名词作主语：由each修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；each位于复数主语后或句尾作同位语，谓语动词仍与主语一致。
e.g.Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.
每个学生都有一个随身听，这对提高他们的听力大有帮助。
Each of the class has been given a gift.
班里的每一个学生都得到了一份礼物。
They each have won a prize.
他们每人都得了奖。
（6）such作主语：such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定。
e.g.Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
这就是史蒂芬·霍金，遭受着巨大的痛苦而作出伟大成就的人。
Such are the difficulties that we are now faced with.
这就是我们现在所面临的困难。
Such as have plenty of money want more money.
那些有许多钱的人还想要更多的钱。
3．形容词的名词化作主语
有些形容词加上the(如the old，the blind，the living，the dead，the rich，the poor，the young，the deaf(等)，用来表示一类人时，其意义为复数，谓语动词需用复数形式。表示一类物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.The old are taken good care of in our country.
在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。
The poor are part of the people we help.
穷人是我们救助的一部分。
The injured have been sent to the hospital.
受伤人员已被送往医院。
The new is sure to replace the old.
新生事物一定会替代旧事物的。
The beautiful goes with the true and the good.
美总是和真、善相伴而生。
4．复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语
（1）以-ics结尾的学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.Mathematics is the science of numbers.
数学是数字的科学。
Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.
政治是我们常常讨论的话题。
Physics is one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.
物理是中学生感到最难的科目之一。
注意：以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，若改变词义表示学科能力时，则用复数形式。
e.g.Her mathematics are weak.
她的数学很差。
（2）形式上是复数形式的专有名词作主语
专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上虽然是复数，但谓语动词还是要用单数。
e.g.The United Nations was founded in 1945.
联合固是1945年建立的。
The United States is in North America.
美国位于北美洲。
The New York Times has a wide circulation.
《纽约时报》有很广的销路。
（3）以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等名词作主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。
e.g.The Straits of Gibraltar haven’t lost their strategical importance.
直布罗陀海峡尚未丧失其战略上的重要地位。
The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China.
喜马拉雅山脉沿着中印边境一直延伸。
（4）表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语，通常看作整体，谓语用单数。
e.g.Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee.
用两个小时喝杯咖啡的时间足够长了。
Ten pounds was missing from the till.
钱柜里的钱丢了10镑。
Six hundred miles is a long distance.
六百英里是一段很长的距离。
5．集体名词作主语
（1）谓语动词只能用复数的情况：有些集体名词，如people，cattle，police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。
e.g.Traffic police are always very busy, especially at busy streets.
交通警察总是十分忙碌，特别是在繁忙的街道。
People read for pleasure during their spare time.
人们在业余时间读书自娱。
（2）谓语动词单复数皆可的情况
　　集体名词，如audience(观众)，army(军队)，class(班级)，crew(船员)，company(公司)，crowd(人群)，enemy(敌人)，family(家庭)，group(团，组)，government(政府)，public(公众)，population(人口)，team(队员)等作主语时，若视为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员时，谓语动词则用复数。
e.g.His family was poor and he used to sit in the family garage and draw pictures.
他家很穷，他常常坐在他家的车库里画画。
My family are going on a trip this summer.
我们全家今年夏天要出外旅行。
The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.
中国人口很多，其中80%的人口在农村。
（3）表示国家、人民的名词作主语的情况
有些以-sh，-ese，-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.The English like to be with their families at Christmas.
英国人喜欢在圣诞节与家人团聚。
The Chinese are a hard-working people.
中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。
The French are fond of champagne.
法国人喜欢香槟酒。
6．含有修饰语的名词作主语
（1）含有量词的名词作主语
①量词修饰由两个对应部分组成的名词
　　一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers(裤子)，pants(短裤)，glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)等作主语，前面若无a pair of，a suit of，a set of，a series of等这类的单位词，通常视为复数，谓语动词用复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
e.g.My blue trousers have worn out.
我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。
This pair of glasses is very expensive.
这幅眼镜很贵。
The two pairs of scissors are Hangzhou-made.
这两把剪刀都是杭州制造的。
Two pieces of good news have been published on today’s evening paper.
今天的晚报报道了两条好消息。
②特殊量词修饰普通名词
　　含有像pile(堆)，mountain(山)，row(排)，mass(很多)，cup(杯)，basket(篮)，box(箱)，pack(包)，packet(小包)等词修饰的短语作主语，谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定。
e.g.Piles of rubbish have not only blocked the way, but polluted the air as well.
成堆的垃圾不仅阻塞了道路，而且污染了环境。
A row of willows is lined on one side of the river.
河的一岸长着一排柳树。
Masses of work are to be done to welcome the new year.
为了迎接新年，我们还有很多活要干。
A packet of letters needs mailing.
一包信需要寄出。
③ a group of和a couple of修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.A group of boys and girls are dancing to welcome Children’s Day.
一群儿童在跳舞迎接儿童节。
A couple of days have passed since we parted.
我们分手已经有几天了。
④ a number of，the number of短语修饰名词作主语
　　a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数；the number of意思为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.A number of the other plants were found in America.
在美洲还发现了许多别的作物。
The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.
在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。
⑤ several等词或其修饰的名词作主语
　　只修饰可数名词的量词several，a few，quite a few，a great many (of…)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词都用复数形式。
e.g.Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.
通常很少有人把工作当成一种乐趣。
We’ve gathered varieties of books and a great many are to be sent to primary schools in the west of China.
我们已经募捐了很多书，很多即将送到西部的小学。
Several of us are determined to remain in the city after graduation.
我们中有一些人决定在毕业后留在城市。
⑥ some等词或其修饰的名词作主语
　　some，plenty of，a lot(of)，lots(of)等词既可修饰或指代可数名词，又可修饰或指代不可数名词，其谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定。
e.g.A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
很多学生要来参加这次会议。
A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.
为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。
特别提示：
　　a quantity (of), (large) quantities (of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。
e.g.Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.
学校安装设备需要很多钱。
A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.
为儿童买了大量的故事书。
⑦ a great/good deal (of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount (of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词只用单数形式。
e.g.A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.
很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但应该好好利用的。
A large amount of medicine is needed in the stricken area.
灾区需要大量的药品。
⑧ more(…) than one修饰的名词作主语
　　“more than one+单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词常用复数。
e.g.More than one person was injured in the accident.
不止一人在这次事故中受伤。
More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.
已经试过了很多方法来制止噪音污染。
More members than one are against the proposal.
反对这项提议的会员不止一个。
注意：
more than one hundred指复数或修饰可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g.More than one hundred children have joined this year’s summer camp.
100多个孩子参加了今年的夏令营。
⑨ many a修饰的名词作主语
“many a+单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。
e.g.Many a scientist has been trying to research into the SARS bacterin.
许多科学家正在研究非典疫苗。
⑩ one or two，a… or two修饰的名词作主语
one or two后接复数名词，谓语要用复数，但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数。
e.g.One or two days are enough for this work.
A day or two is enough for this work.
干这活一两天就够了。
the rest (of…)等作主语
the rest (of…)，the remaining，part (of…)，one half (of…)等词或短语或它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，其谓语动词应根据所表达的意义而定。
e.g.Many people present at the meeting were from the US, many from the UK and the rest were from China.
出席这次会议的很多人来自美国，很多来自英国，其他的来自中国。
The first part of the vacation was frustrating, but the rest of it was exciting.
假期的前半部分非常令人失望，但剩下的部分非常令人兴奋。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，剩下的部分却非常枯燥。
Part of his story was not true.
他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。
Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.
我们学校的部分外籍教师来自加拿大。
百分数、分数及其他比例词或其修饰的名词作主语
1）“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语：当“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
e.g.50% of the land is now suitable to grow plants.
百分之五十的土地现在适合种庄稼。
20% of the people in the city object to the price for running water going up.
这个城市中百分之二十的人反对自来水价格上调。
This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans.
这是因为地球表面的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的。
Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.
这些任务已完成了三分之二。
2）“one and a half+复数可数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
e.g.One and a half days is all I can spare.
我只能抽出一天半的时间。
One and a half apples is a good meal for the child.
一个半苹果对这个小孩来说是一顿美餐。
3）“one in+基数词…”作主语：一般情况下，“one in+基数词”或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.
据报道此地区有四分之一的人患有肺癌。
7．非谓语形式、从句作主语
（1）非谓语形式作主语
①单独的不定式、动词的-ing形式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
e.g.To prevent the air from being polluted is what we’re now researching.
阻止空气污染是我们正在研究的课题。
Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
劝他加入我们似乎很难。
②由连接词连接的多个非谓语动词作主语
　　如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是好习惯。
To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.
工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但它们永远相伴。
（2）从句作主语
that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据概念一致原则决定谓语动词的数。
e.g.That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶。
Who is Abraham Lincoln
亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁
Who are talking with each other
谁正在谈话
What he says and acts does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。(这里的says and acts笼统指人的行为。)
What he says and acts do not agree.
他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事不一致。)
Whichever is yours
究竟哪一个是你的
Which are yours
哪一些是你的
8．算式中的主谓一致
（1）两数相加、相乘：此时谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。
e.g.Fifteen and five is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to twenty.
15加5等于20。
Five times six is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to thirty.
5乘以6等于30。
（2）两数相减、相除：此时谓语动词用单数。
e.g.15 minus 5 is/leaves/makes/is equal to 10.
15减去5等于10。
Fifteen divided by 5 is/makes/equals/is equal to 3.
15除以5等于3。
9．There/Here引起主语的主谓一致
句子是由there，here引起且主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
e.g.There is a lake and some hills around it.
那里被一个湖泊和几座小山环绕着。
There are several grammar mistakes in your composition.
你的作文中出现了几个语法错误。
Here goes the song again.
又唱起了这首歌。
主谓一致易错点分析
分数与百分数及主谓一致易混易错点
【分析】
表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，在分母后加-s。（易错点：1/2不能用a second, 应用a/one half）
分数、百分数+of+名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词而决定。
年龄、世纪年代易混易错点
【分析】
表示“某人多大年龄”用“at the age of+基数词”或“基数词+years old”或“基数词+years of age”
表示“某人几十多岁时”，用in one’s+整十基数词的复数（如in his thirties）
表示“......世纪年代时”，用in the +世纪年代s /世纪年代’s（in the 1980s/1980’s）
“一些；许多”的词汇与主谓一致易混易错点
【规律总结】
只修饰可数名词 a few, quit a few, many, a good many, a large number of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, dozens of, scores of作主语时，谓语动词用复数
只修饰不可数名词 a little, quite a little, much, a great of, a large amount of 作主语时，谓语动词用单数
即修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, the rest of作主语时，谓语动词单复数形式由名词来决定 a large quantity of...作主语时，谓语动词用单数 large quantities of...作主语时，谓语动词用复数
分数与百分数及主谓一致易混易错点
The factory used 70 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ______ (be) saved for other purposes.
易错分析：对先行词的指代及句子结构划分易出错，数词及相关修饰词作主语时主谓一致原则应牢记。
【答案】were
【解析】which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词raw materials, “the rest of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词应与of后的名词保持一致。故设空处应用复数形式，由used可知应当使用过去时，故填were。
Water shortage is one of the greatest crises facing us today, with two ______ (three) of the global population living in areas where water is scarce for a month or more every year.
易错分析：分数表达法掌握不牢。分子大于一时，分母使用序数词复数形式。
【答案】 thirds
【解析】考查数词。句意：缺水是我们今天面临的最大危机之一，全球每年有三分之二的人口有一个月或更多的时间生活在缺水的地区。分数由基数词（分子）和序数词（分母）构成。
Two thirds of the region _______ (have) been deforested in the past decade.
易错分析：分数加名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由后面的名词决定。
【答案】 has
【解析】考查数词与主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年来，这个地区的三分之二的地方遭到了森林砍伐。根据时间状语in the past decade应当使用现在完成时，region应当使用单数谓语，故填has。
年龄、世纪年代易混易错点
The majority of the inhabitants left for the mainland in the early _______(1990).
易错分析：本题需牢记世家年代的表达法，易和名词复数所有格混淆，误写为1990s’,
【答案】1990s/1990’s
【解析】考查数词。句意：在二十世纪九十年代早期，大多数居民前往大陆。in the early 1990s表示“在20世纪90年代”。
Funnily enough I can remember what I had for lunch ________ July 5th,2012, but I’ve forgotten what I had for breakfast today.
易错分析：在具体的某一天前面使用介词on, 易混淆在几点的at, 或在某年的in。
【答案】on
【解析】考查具体日期前的介词搭配。句意：有趣的是，我记得2012年7月5日的午餐吃了什么，但我忘记了今天的早餐吃了什么。
“一些；许多”的词汇与主谓一致易混易错点
On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics — many of the climate scientists ________ (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
易错分析：对数词的考查常常兼顾对时态和语态的考查，应当综合考虑整体语境。
【答案】have promised
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：例如，在一个名为“无蝇气候科学”的网站上，大约200名学者——其中许多气候科学家——承诺自两年前开始这项工作以来，尽可能少地飞行。根据时间状语“since the effort started two years ago”可知，主句应使用现在完成时，主语“many of them climate scientists”是复数，因此空格处是have promised。故填have promised。
My parents frequently traveled for work, sometimes as far as Hainan Province when I was a child, and they used to return home every few ______ (month).
易错分析：本题根据few可知后面应当使用名词复数，但month变复数形式易混淆以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es中的sh和ch。此处应当直接加-e。
【答案】months
【解析】句意：我的父母经常需要远途去上班，当我小时候有时还去到海南那么远，并且他们以前经常每隔几个月才回家。every few+名词复数表示“每隔几......”。故填months。
A large quantity of students live in the shabby dormitory, while large amounts of money have been spent on the headmaster’s new car.
【答案】live改为lives
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：大量的学生住在破旧的宿舍里，而大量的钱已经花在了校长的新车上。a large quantity of加名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数和quantity保持一致，又根据句意可知使用一般现在时，故将live改为lives。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·山东烟台·三模）—A number of students ______ on the bus.
—Let me count. The number of them ______ 60.
A．are; are B．is; are C．are; is D．is; is
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：——许多学生在公共汽车上。——让我数数。他们的数量是60。第一空，根据空前主语为A number of students，意为：许多学生，是复数形式，因此be动词应选用are，所以排除B项和D项；第二空，根据空前主语为The number of them，意为：他们的数量，是单数形式，因此be动词应选用is，所以排除A项。故选C。
2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— ______of the world’s quality paper ______from this region.
—Wow, that’s great!
A．Ninety percent; comes B．Ninety percents; comes
C．Ninety percents; come D．Ninety percent; come
【答案】A
【详解】考查百分数和主谓一致。句意：——世界上90%的优质纸张来自这个地区。——哇，太棒了! percent与数词连用时，无复数变化，所以此处的percent应为单数形式；第二空为谓语动词，结合句意，此处讲述的是客观事实，所以使用一般现在时，当百分数或分数修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式由该名词决定，paper意为“纸”为不可数名词，所以此处谓语动词应为单数形式。故选A项。
3．（2024·天津南开·二模）Shi Yuqi, as well as his badminton team members, ______ a gold medal at the Thomas Cup Awarding Ceremony on May 5th.
A．is awarded B．are awarded C．was awarded D．were awarded
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词时态、被动语态、主谓一致。句意：石宇奇和他的羽毛球队成员在5月5日的汤姆斯杯颁奖典礼上被授予一枚金牌。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，因与主语之间为被动关系，使用被动语态。根据句子中的“on May 5th(在5月5日)”可知，这个动作发生在过去，因此需要使用一般过去时的被动语态。另外，“Shi Yuqi, as well as his badminton team members(石宇奇和他的羽毛球队成员)”表示主语是Shi Yuqi，而"as well as his badminton team members" 作主语的补充，不影响谓语动词的数。因此，谓语动词应该与单数主语"Shi Yuqi"保持一致，使用单数形式，故选C。
4．（2024·天津河西·三模）One third of the neighborhood ______ covered with trees and the majority of the residents ______ foreigners.
A．is; is B．are; are
C．is; are D．are; is
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：这个社区的三分之一被树木覆盖，大多数居民是外国人。分数+of+名词作主语，谓语动词的形式要以of后面的名词而定，neighbourhood是不可数名词，所以，第一个空格处用is；the majority of后面的名词决定了它的谓语单复数形式，如果后面接可数名词复数，则谓语用复数，如果接不可数名词，则谓语用单数，所以the majority of the residents指的是复数概念，因此与are连用。故选C项。
5．（2024·山东泰安·一模）________ of the students in our class ________ going to summer camp in Beijing.
A．Two third; is B．Two thirds; is C．Two third; are D．Two thirds; are
【答案】D
【详解】考查分数和主谓一致。句意：我们班三分之二的学生打算去北京参加夏令营。分数用基数词作分子，序数词作分母，分子大于1时，做分母的序数词用复数，因此三分之二的表达应该是Two thirds；分数做主语时，谓语动词的单复数由分数指代的名词的数决定，本题分数指代的名词students是复数，因此谓语动词应该用 are。故选D。
6．（2024·天津·一模）Linda as well as her two close friends into universities in Beijing last year.
A．was admitted B．were admitted
C．has been admitted D．had been admitted
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词语态和主谓一致。句意：琳达和她的两个密友去年被北京的大学录取了。动词admit意为“准许……加入；接收入院”，结合last year可知，事情发生在过去，故句子用一般过去时，且Linda as well as her two close friends有admit为被动关系，句子用一般过去时的被动语态，as well as连接两个成分作主语时，其后的谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致，本句谓语与Linda一致，be动词用was。选项A为一般过去时的被动语态，选项B为一般过去时的被动语态，选项C为现在完成时的被动语态，选项D为过去完成时的被动语态。故选A。
7．（23-24高二上·广东深圳·二模）The issue ________ at this moment yesterday by the company’s managers.
A．was being discussed B．is being discussed
C．had discussed D．was discussing
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：昨天这个时候公司的经理们正在讨论这个问题分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语at this moment yesterday可知，此处应为过去进行时，且discuss与句子主语The issue之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去进行时态的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词应为was being discussed。
8．（23-24·天津河西·一模）The villagers hope that the world knows more about their traditional art that _________ for hundreds of years through the TV program.
A．preserved B．has been preserved
C．will be preserved D．was preserved
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：村民们希望通过电视节目让世界更多地了解他们保存了数百年的传统艺术。设空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，关系代词that指代先行词their traditional art在从句中作主语，与动词preserve之间是被动关系，结合时间状语for hundreds of years可知，此从句讲述从过去持续到现在的事情，用现在完成时态，that指代先行词their traditional art作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。故选B项。
9．（2024江苏·高考真题）The publication of Great Expectations, which ________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
A．is B．are
C．was D．were
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：《远大前程》的出版，得到了广泛的好评和高度赞扬，加强了狄更斯作为一名主要小说家的地位。先行词The publication of Great Expectations在定语从句中作主语，是单数概念，根据主谓一致的原则，所以谓语动词用单数，再根据主句谓语动词strengthened是一般过去时可知，从句用一般过去时。故应选C项。
10．（2014·湖南·高考真题）（2014·湖南）All we need _________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
A．are B．was
C．is D．were
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致及时态用法。句意：我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的水果树。句中的主语为不定代词all，代指的是物。不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。故C正确。
【知识拓展】1. all指人时谓语动词用复数；指物时谓语动词用单数。
Now all has been changed. 一切都已改变。
“All are present today, Mr Li.” answered the monitor. 班长回答说：李老师，今天大家全到了。
2. all + of + 名词”时，若of后为不可数名词，动词用单数形式，若of后为复数名词或代词时，动词用复数形式。
All of us like sports. 我们所有人都喜欢体育。
11．（2014·吉林·一模）—Lydia, what did our head-teacher say just now
—Every boy and every girl as well as the teachers who _____ to lead the group _____ asked to be at the
school gate before 6:30 in the morning.
A．is; is B．are; are C．are; is D．is; are
【答案】C
【详解】考查主谓一致。——莉迪亚，我们班主任刚才说什么了 ——要求每个男孩和女孩以及带队的老师在早上六点半以前到校门口。第一空是定语从句中的谓语动词，这个定语从句的先行词是the teachers，所以谓语动词使用复数形式。第二空是主句的谓语动词，句子的主语是Every boy and every girl，所以谓语动词使用单数形式。因为every/each/no+单数名词+ every/each/no做主语的时候，谓语动词使用单数形式。故C正确。
二、翻译
12．（2024·上海闵行·二模）这种新产品防水耐高温，卖得很好。(resistant)
【答案】The new product is resistant to water and heat, and sells well.
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。这种新产品是主语译为“the new product”，短语be resistant to，意为“抵抗……的”，描述一般事实，用一般现在时，主语单数，谓语第三人称单数形式，水和高温作宾语，译为“water and heat”，卖得很好译为“sell well”，和前半句并列用and的连接，所以sell也用一般现在时，并且用第三人称单数形式，故翻译为The new product is resistant to water and heat, and sells well.
13．（2024·上海·二模）一般说来，交通繁忙的十字路口可能会发生交通事故。(happen)
【答案】Generally speaking, traffic accidents are likely to happen at a crossroads where traffic is heavy.
【详解】考查固定搭配和时态。表示“一般说来”应用固定搭配generally speaking；表示“交通事故”应用traffic accidents；表示“可能做某事”应用be likely to do sth.，此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语动词使用复数形式；表示“发生”应用happen，位于动词不定式符号to后面，使用动词原形；表示“在十字路口”应用at a crossroads；表示“交通繁忙的”应用where traffic is heavy，此处where引导定语从句，修饰先行词crossroads，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。故翻译成：Generally speaking, traffic accidents are likely to happen at a crossroads where traffic is heavy.。
14．（2024上海·一模）直播可以让主持人实时回答网络观众的提问，这将提高购物体验，吸引更多的网民在线购物。（allow）
【答案】Livestreaming allows hosts to answer questions from online viewers in real time, which will improve the shopping experience and attract more netizens to shop online.
【详解】考查短语、时态和定语从句。allow sb. to do允许某人做某事； answer question回答问题； online viewer网络观众； in real time实时；shopping experience购物体验；attract sb to do 吸引某人做某事。指代前面一件事，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。主句陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语是livestreaming，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。从句表示将要发生的事情，所以用一般将来时。根据句意，故翻译为Livestreaming allows hosts to answer questions from online viewers in real time, which will improve the shopping experience and attract more netizens to shop online.
15．（2024·上海闵行·二模）短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么？(account)
【答案】What accounts for the growing popularity of short videos
【详解】考查动词短语和时态。“短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么？”即“什么因素导致了短视频越来越受欢迎？”，“短视频”为“short videos”，“越来越受欢迎”为“growing popularity”，则“短视频越来越受欢迎”为“the growing popularity of short videos”，“导致，解释”为“account for”，句子描述的是客观存在的现状，谓语动词使用一般现在时，主语“什么”为“what”，谓语动词使用单数，故翻译为What accounts for the growing popularity of short videos
试卷第1页，共3页主谓一致（讲义）
目录
一 主谓一致的三条原则
二 主谓一致的各种情形
三 主谓一致易错点分析
四 高考模拟试题
主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用第三人称单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。
主谓一致的三条原则
　　英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则优先考虑。
1．语法一致原则
　　主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取第三人称单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
e.g.Mr. Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS.
布莱克先生是著名艾滋科学家。
These books are intended for children under nine years old.
这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的。
2．意义一致原则
所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。
e.g.Three months has passed since you left.
你已离开三个月了。(three months表示单数概念。)
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.
这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。(教授与作家是同一个人，是单数。)
The old are very well taken care of in our city.
老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。(the old指所有的老年人，为复数概念。)
3．邻近一致原则
邻近一致原则是指谓语动词的变化以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。
e.g.Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定。)
Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
不是杰克而是他父母应为这个家庭事故受到责备。
(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定。)
主谓一致的各种情形
1．并列结构作主语
并列结构作主语主要指主语是由并列的名词或名词短语构成，此时主要有如下几种情况。
（1）and及both…and…类
一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接，表示两个不同的人或物时，动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念，则动词须用单数。
e.g.Her teacher and her friend are in the sitting-room.
她的老师和她的朋友都在客厅里。
A smile and handshake show welcome.
微笑和握手表示欢迎。
Bread and butter is healthful food.
涂有黄油的面包是一种有益于健康的食物。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.真诚为上策。
Both Lily and Henry are my good friends.
莉莉和亨利都是我的好朋友。
Both my sister and I are interested in listening to music.
我和我妹妹都喜欢听音乐。
特别提示
and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：
a horse and cart　马车　　　　　a knife and fork　刀叉
a cup and saucer　茶盘　　　　　a watch and chain　手表
bread and butter　涂有黄油的面包
　　the poet and the writer则表示“诗人和画家”两个人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；而the poet and writer则表示“诗人兼作家”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
（2）each…and each…及every…and every…类
every…and every…，each…and each…或no…and no…作主语时，动词用单数。
e.g.Every man and (every) woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
Each boy and each girl has been invited to the tea-party.
每个男孩和每个女孩都被邀请参加茶话会了。
（3）not…but…，not only…but also，or，either…or…，neither…nor...类
在由not…but…，not only…but (also)，or，either…or，neither…nor等连接的并列主语中，谓语动词的人称和数应该和邻近它的主语相一致。
e.g.Tom or you are to blame.
应该怪汤姆或你。
Was he or you able to persuade her
是你还是他劝服了她
Not you but I am to blame for the mistake.
不是你而是我该为此错误而受到责备。
Not only I but also my parents are fond of traveling around.
不仅我而且我父母也喜欢到处旅游。
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
你和我都不适合这个工作。
Are neither you nor I fit for the work
你和我都不适合这个工作吗
2．不定代词作主语
（1）不定代词either，neither，each，one，the other，another，someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone，everybody，everything，nobody，no one，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
e.g.Someone has parked the car in the way.
有人把车停在了路上，挡住了去路。
No one is actually able to complete the work in such a short time.
没人能够在这么短的时间内完成这项工作。
特别提示：
none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.None of the students have made mistakes this time.
这次没有一个学生犯错误。
None of us is/are interested in your new subject.
我们中没人对你的新课题感兴趣。
Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.
吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。
（2）neither/either of…作主语
“neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
e.g.Either of the two stories is/are interesting.
这两个故事都很有趣。
Neither of us has/have received postcards this Christmas.
今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡。
Either of the children is/are eager to go home.
两个孩子都想回家。
I don’t think either of them has/have married.
我想他们两个都没结婚。
Neither of the topics has/have been discussed so far.
到目前为止这两个话题都没有被讨论过。
（3）the other two (…)等短语作主语
the other+基数词(+复数名词)，another+基数词(+复数名词)，both等作主语谓语动词用复数。
e.g.I keep only one apple for myself, and the other two are yours.
我只给自己留了一个苹果，另外两个给你。
Five people came to help, but another three were still needed.
已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个。
I’m very delighted that both are what we need.
我们很高兴两个都是我们所需要的。
（4）all作主语：all作主语，指人时谓语动词用复数，指物时常用单数。
e.g.All are present besides the professor.
所有的人都出席，包括那位教授。
All is going on very well.
一切顺利。
（5）each修饰的名词作主语：由each修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；each位于复数主语后或句尾作同位语，谓语动词仍与主语一致。
e.g.Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.
每个学生都有一个随身听，这对提高他们的听力大有帮助。
Each of the class has been given a gift.
班里的每一个学生都得到了一份礼物。
They each have won a prize.
他们每人都得了奖。
（6）such作主语：such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定。
e.g.Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
这就是史蒂芬·霍金，遭受着巨大的痛苦而作出伟大成就的人。
Such are the difficulties that we are now faced with.
这就是我们现在所面临的困难。
Such as have plenty of money want more money.
那些有许多钱的人还想要更多的钱。
3．形容词的名词化作主语
有些形容词加上the(如the old，the blind，the living，the dead，the rich，the poor，the young，the deaf(等)，用来表示一类人时，其意义为复数，谓语动词需用复数形式。表示一类物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.The old are taken good care of in our country.
在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。
The poor are part of the people we help.
穷人是我们救助的一部分。
The injured have been sent to the hospital.
受伤人员已被送往医院。
The new is sure to replace the old.
新生事物一定会替代旧事物的。
The beautiful goes with the true and the good.
美总是和真、善相伴而生。
4．复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语
（1）以-ics结尾的学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.Mathematics is the science of numbers.
数学是数字的科学。
Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.
政治是我们常常讨论的话题。
Physics is one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.
物理是中学生感到最难的科目之一。
注意：以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，若改变词义表示学科能力时，则用复数形式。
e.g.Her mathematics are weak.
她的数学很差。
（2）形式上是复数形式的专有名词作主语
专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上虽然是复数，但谓语动词还是要用单数。
e.g.The United Nations was founded in 1945.
联合固是1945年建立的。
The United States is in North America.
美国位于北美洲。
The New York Times has a wide circulation.
《纽约时报》有很广的销路。
（3）以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等名词作主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。
e.g.The Straits of Gibraltar haven’t lost their strategical importance.
直布罗陀海峡尚未丧失其战略上的重要地位。
The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China.
喜马拉雅山脉沿着中印边境一直延伸。
（4）表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语，通常看作整体，谓语用单数。
e.g.Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee.
用两个小时喝杯咖啡的时间足够长了。
Ten pounds was missing from the till.
钱柜里的钱丢了10镑。
Six hundred miles is a long distance.
六百英里是一段很长的距离。
5．集体名词作主语
（1）谓语动词只能用复数的情况：有些集体名词，如people，cattle，police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。
e.g.Traffic police are always very busy, especially at busy streets.
交通警察总是十分忙碌，特别是在繁忙的街道。
People read for pleasure during their spare time.
人们在业余时间读书自娱。
（2）谓语动词单复数皆可的情况
　　集体名词，如audience(观众)，army(军队)，class(班级)，crew(船员)，company(公司)，crowd(人群)，enemy(敌人)，family(家庭)，group(团，组)，government(政府)，public(公众)，population(人口)，team(队员)等作主语时，若视为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员时，谓语动词则用复数。
e.g.His family was poor and he used to sit in the family garage and draw pictures.
他家很穷，他常常坐在他家的车库里画画。
My family are going on a trip this summer.
我们全家今年夏天要出外旅行。
The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.
中国人口很多，其中80%的人口在农村。
（3）表示国家、人民的名词作主语的情况
有些以-sh，-ese，-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.The English like to be with their families at Christmas.
英国人喜欢在圣诞节与家人团聚。
The Chinese are a hard-working people.
中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。
The French are fond of champagne.
法国人喜欢香槟酒。
6．含有修饰语的名词作主语
（1）含有量词的名词作主语
①量词修饰由两个对应部分组成的名词
　　一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers(裤子)，pants(短裤)，glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)等作主语，前面若无a pair of，a suit of，a set of，a series of等这类的单位词，通常视为复数，谓语动词用复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
e.g.My blue trousers have worn out.
我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。
This pair of glasses is very expensive.
这幅眼镜很贵。
The two pairs of scissors are Hangzhou-made.
这两把剪刀都是杭州制造的。
Two pieces of good news have been published on today’s evening paper.
今天的晚报报道了两条好消息。
②特殊量词修饰普通名词
　　含有像pile(堆)，mountain(山)，row(排)，mass(很多)，cup(杯)，basket(篮)，box(箱)，pack(包)，packet(小包)等词修饰的短语作主语，谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定。
e.g.Piles of rubbish have not only blocked the way, but polluted the air as well.
成堆的垃圾不仅阻塞了道路，而且污染了环境。
A row of willows is lined on one side of the river.
河的一岸长着一排柳树。
Masses of work are to be done to welcome the new year.
为了迎接新年，我们还有很多活要干。
A packet of letters needs mailing.
一包信需要寄出。
③ a group of和a couple of修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.A group of boys and girls are dancing to welcome Children’s Day.
一群儿童在跳舞迎接儿童节。
A couple of days have passed since we parted.
我们分手已经有几天了。
④ a number of，the number of短语修饰名词作主语
　　a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数；the number of意思为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语用单数。
e.g.A number of the other plants were found in America.
在美洲还发现了许多别的作物。
The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.
在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。
⑤ several等词或其修饰的名词作主语
　　只修饰可数名词的量词several，a few，quite a few，a great many (of…)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词都用复数形式。
e.g.Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.
通常很少有人把工作当成一种乐趣。
We’ve gathered varieties of books and a great many are to be sent to primary schools in the west of China.
我们已经募捐了很多书，很多即将送到西部的小学。
Several of us are determined to remain in the city after graduation.
我们中有一些人决定在毕业后留在城市。
⑥ some等词或其修饰的名词作主语
　　some，plenty of，a lot(of)，lots(of)等词既可修饰或指代可数名词，又可修饰或指代不可数名词，其谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定。
e.g.A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
很多学生要来参加这次会议。
A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.
为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。
特别提示：
　　a quantity (of), (large) quantities (of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。
e.g.Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.
学校安装设备需要很多钱。
A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.
为儿童买了大量的故事书。
⑦ a great/good deal (of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount (of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词只用单数形式。
e.g.A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.
很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但应该好好利用的。
A large amount of medicine is needed in the stricken area.
灾区需要大量的药品。
⑧ more(…) than one修饰的名词作主语
　　“more than one+单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词常用复数。
e.g.More than one person was injured in the accident.
不止一人在这次事故中受伤。
More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.
已经试过了很多方法来制止噪音污染。
More members than one are against the proposal.
反对这项提议的会员不止一个。
注意：
more than one hundred指复数或修饰可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g.More than one hundred children have joined this year’s summer camp.
100多个孩子参加了今年的夏令营。
⑨ many a修饰的名词作主语
“many a+单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。
e.g.Many a scientist has been trying to research into the SARS bacterin.
许多科学家正在研究非典疫苗。
⑩ one or two，a… or two修饰的名词作主语
one or two后接复数名词，谓语要用复数，但在“a/an+单数名词+or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数。
e.g.One or two days are enough for this work.
A day or two is enough for this work.
干这活一两天就够了。
the rest (of…)等作主语
the rest (of…)，the remaining，part (of…)，one half (of…)等词或短语或它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，其谓语动词应根据所表达的意义而定。
e.g.Many people present at the meeting were from the US, many from the UK and the rest were from China.
出席这次会议的很多人来自美国，很多来自英国，其他的来自中国。
The first part of the vacation was frustrating, but the rest of it was exciting.
假期的前半部分非常令人失望，但剩下的部分非常令人兴奋。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，剩下的部分却非常枯燥。
Part of his story was not true.
他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。
Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.
我们学校的部分外籍教师来自加拿大。
百分数、分数及其他比例词或其修饰的名词作主语
1）“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语：当“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
e.g.50% of the land is now suitable to grow plants.
百分之五十的土地现在适合种庄稼。
20% of the people in the city object to the price for running water going up.
这个城市中百分之二十的人反对自来水价格上调。
This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans.
这是因为地球表面的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的。
Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.
这些任务已完成了三分之二。
2）“one and a half+复数可数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
e.g.One and a half days is all I can spare.
我只能抽出一天半的时间。
One and a half apples is a good meal for the child.
一个半苹果对这个小孩来说是一顿美餐。
3）“one in+基数词…”作主语：一般情况下，“one in+基数词”或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.
据报道此地区有四分之一的人患有肺癌。
7．非谓语形式、从句作主语
（1）非谓语形式作主语
①单独的不定式、动词的-ing形式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
e.g.To prevent the air from being polluted is what we’re now researching.
阻止空气污染是我们正在研究的课题。
Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
劝他加入我们似乎很难。
②由连接词连接的多个非谓语动词作主语
　　如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。
e.g.To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是好习惯。
To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.
工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但它们永远相伴。
（2）从句作主语
that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据概念一致原则决定谓语动词的数。
e.g.That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶。
Who is Abraham Lincoln
亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁
Who are talking with each other
谁正在谈话
What he says and acts does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。(这里的says and acts笼统指人的行为。)
What he says and acts do not agree.
他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事不一致。)
Whichever is yours
究竟哪一个是你的
Which are yours
哪一些是你的
8．算式中的主谓一致
（1）两数相加、相乘：此时谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。
e.g.Fifteen and five is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to twenty.
15加5等于20。
Five times six is/are/makes/make/equals/equal/is equal to/are equal to thirty.
5乘以6等于30。
（2）两数相减、相除：此时谓语动词用单数。
e.g.15 minus 5 is/leaves/makes/is equal to 10.
15减去5等于10。
Fifteen divided by 5 is/makes/equals/is equal to 3.
15除以5等于3。
9．There/Here引起主语的主谓一致
句子是由there，here引起且主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
e.g.There is a lake and some hills around it.
那里被一个湖泊和几座小山环绕着。
There are several grammar mistakes in your composition.
你的作文中出现了几个语法错误。
Here goes the song again.
又唱起了这首歌。
主谓一致易错点分析
分数与百分数及主谓一致易混易错点
【分析】
表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，在分母后加-s。（易错点：1/2不能用a second, 应用a/one half）
分数、百分数+of+名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词而决定。
年龄、世纪年代易混易错点
【分析】
表示“某人多大年龄”用“at the age of+基数词”或“基数词+years old”或“基数词+years of age”
表示“某人几十多岁时”，用in one’s+整十基数词的复数（如in his thirties）
表示“......世纪年代时”，用in the +世纪年代s /世纪年代’s（in the 1980s/1980’s）
“一些；许多”的词汇与主谓一致易混易错点
【规律总结】
只修饰可数名词 a few, quit a few, many, a good many, a large number of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, dozens of, scores of作主语时，谓语动词用复数
只修饰不可数名词 a little, quite a little, much, a great of, a large amount of 作主语时，谓语动词用单数
即修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, the rest of作主语时，谓语动词单复数形式由名词来决定 a large quantity of...作主语时，谓语动词用单数 large quantities of...作主语时，谓语动词用复数
分数与百分数及主谓一致易混易错点
The factory used 70 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ______ (be) saved for other purposes.
易错分析：对先行词的指代及句子结构划分易出错，数词及相关修饰词作主语时主谓一致原则应牢记。
Water shortage is one of the greatest crises facing us today, with two ______ (three) of the global population living in areas where water is scarce for a month or more every year.
易错分析：分数表达法掌握不牢。分子大于一时，分母使用序数词复数形式。
Two thirds of the region _______ (have) been deforested in the past decade.
易错分析：分数加名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由后面的名词决定。
年龄、世纪年代易混易错点
The majority of the inhabitants left for the mainland in the early _______(1990).
易错分析：本题需牢记世家年代的表达法，易和名词复数所有格混淆，误写为1990s’,
Funnily enough I can remember what I had for lunch ________ July 5th,2012, but I’ve forgotten what I had for breakfast today.
易错分析：在具体的某一天前面使用介词on, 易混淆在几点的at, 或在某年的in。
“一些；许多”的词汇与主谓一致易混易错点
On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics — many of the climate scientists ________ (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
易错分析：对数词的考查常常兼顾对时态和语态的考查，应当综合考虑整体语境。
My parents frequently traveled for work, sometimes as far as Hainan Province when I was a child, and they used to return home every few ______ (month).
易错分析：本题根据few可知后面应当使用名词复数，但month变复数形式易混淆以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es中的sh和ch。此处应当直接加-e。
A large quantity of students live in the shabby dormitory, while large amounts of money have been spent on the headmaster’s new car.
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·山东烟台·三模）—A number of students ______ on the bus.
—Let me count. The number of them ______ 60.
A．are; are B．is; are C．are; is D．is; is
2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— ______of the world’s quality paper ______from this region.
—Wow, that’s great!
A．Ninety percent; comes B．Ninety percents; comes
C．Ninety percents; come D．Ninety percent; come
3．（2024·天津南开·二模）Shi Yuqi, as well as his badminton team members, ______ a gold medal at the Thomas Cup Awarding Ceremony on May 5th.
A．is awarded B．are awarded C．was awarded D．were awarded
4．（2024·天津河西·三模）One third of the neighborhood ______ covered with trees and the majority of the residents ______ foreigners.
A．is; is B．are; are
C．is; are D．are; is
5．（2024·山东泰安·一模）________ of the students in our class ________ going to summer camp in Beijing.
A．Two third; is B．Two thirds; is C．Two third; are D．Two thirds; are
6．（2024·天津·一模）Linda as well as her two close friends into universities in Beijing last year.
A．was admitted B．were admitted
C．has been admitted D．had been admitted
7．（23-24高二上·广东深圳·二模）The issue ________ at this moment yesterday by the company’s managers.
A．was being discussed B．is being discussed
C．had discussed D．was discussing
8．（23-24·天津河西·一模）The villagers hope that the world knows more about their traditional art that _________ for hundreds of years through the TV program.
A．preserved B．has been preserved
C．will be preserved D．was preserved
9．（2024江苏·高考真题）The publication of Great Expectations, which ________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
A．is B．are
C．was D．were
10．（2014·湖南·高考真题）（2014·湖南）All we need _________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
A．are B．was
C．is D．were
11．（2014·吉林·一模）—Lydia, what did our head-teacher say just now
—Every boy and every girl as well as the teachers who _____ to lead the group _____ asked to be at the
school gate before 6:30 in the morning.
A．is; is B．are; are C．are; is D．is; are
二、翻译
12．（2024·上海闵行·二模）这种新产品防水耐高温，卖得很好。(resistant)
water and heat, and sells well.
13．（2024·上海·二模）一般说来，交通繁忙的十字路口可能会发生交通事故。(happen)
【答案】Generally speaking, traffic accidents are likely to happen at a crossroads where traffic is heavy.
14．（2024上海·一模）直播可以让主持人实时回答网络观众的提问，这将提高购物体验，吸引更多的网民在线购物。（allow）
15．（2024·上海闵行·二模）短视频越来越受欢迎的原因是什么？(account)
试卷第1页，共3页句子成分，简单句，并列句（讲义）
目录
一 句子成分解析
二 英语句子分类
三 并列句易错点
四 高考模拟试题
句子成分解析
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
主语通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
1）名词：A tree has fallen across the road. 　　
（2）代词：He told a joke but it fell flat. 　　　　
（3）数词：Three is enough.
（4）动名词：Smoking is bad for you.
（5）不定式： To find your way can be a problem.
（6）it 形式主语：It is certain that he will win the match.
（7）从句：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 　
谓语：主语的行为或状态，一般在主语之后。
谓语反映：时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等。
I. 常用的动词时态
时间 形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成 进行 have/has been asking
I. 常用被动语态
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
be（时态、人称、数的变化形式）+物动词的过去分词
时间 形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done
过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done
过去将来 should/would be done
含有情态动词 must be / have been done
谓语分为：简单谓语和复合谓语。
The breeze brushed her cheek.
I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.（“助动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
He might be able to speak English.（“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
宾语: 是动作的对象或承受者， 一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。
可以作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。
（1）名词：Do you fancy a drink 　　
（2）代词：They won’t hurt us. 　　
（3）数词：If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 　
（4）不定式：Does she really want to leave home 　　
（5）动名词：We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen. 　
（6）从句（即宾语从句）：Do you understand what I mean
（7）it 形式宾语：I find it difficult to learn English well.
2. 宾语的种类
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）
间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.
表语：用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。表语与系动词一起构成复合谓语 (系表结构)。
可作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、过去分词、介词短语、从句。
（1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday.
（2）代词：Seventy-four —You don’t look it.　　
（3）数词：We are seven.
（4）形容词：Are you busy
（5）副词：I am here.　　
（6）不定式：All I could do was to wait.
（7）动名词：Seeing is believing.
（8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has done.
（9）介词短语：She is in good health.
（10）从句：That is why I was angry.
定语：是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。
可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短语和从句等。
（1）形容词：She is a natural musician.
（2）名词：A baby girl is crying.
（3）代词：Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词）
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.（不定代词所有格）
（4）数词：Do it now, you may not get a second chance. （序数词）
（5）副词：The room above is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置）
（6）不定式：Her promise to write was forgotten.
（7）动名词：Learning methods vary from person to person.
（8）分词： The broken window has been replaced.（过去分词）
The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词）
（9）介词短语：This is a map of China.
（10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine.
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。
主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。
宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。
可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
（1）You must keep the room clean and tidy.
（2） John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
（3） I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
（4） We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
状语: 状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。
可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等。
状语的分类：状语按用途可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 。
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that I missed the train.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
I waited to see you.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
This book is very interesting.
The meeting over，we left the room．
He arrived home, hungry and tired.
They cared for the child day and night.
同位语：对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to
build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
（2）代词：They all wanted to see him.
He himself doesn’t know why. 　　
（3）数词：Are you two ready 　　
（4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
英语句子分类
英语句子分为: 简单句、并列句、复合句
简单句
英语的基本句型
（1）主语 ＋谓语（不及物动词）
She came．/ My head aches.
主谓结构的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。但也可以加介词跟宾语：“主＋谓+介词+宾语”。We go to school everyday.
（2）主语 ＋谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语
She likes English.
主语 ＋谓语（双宾动词）＋ 间宾＋直宾
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
he gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
（4）主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）＋ 宾语＋宾补
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
（5）主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
She is happy．
（6）There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
简单句的扩展：基本句型 + 附属成分（定语、状语）
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of picturess．
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
并列句
并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成， 起基本结构是 分句加并列连词加分句。
在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。
常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor …
并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also…
连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover …
表示联合关系
常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词
There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.
I can neither write songs nor play the guitar.
表示选择关系
常用or, either …or 等连词
We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk.
…either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. …
表示转折和对比关系
常用yet， but， however， while 等
but表示完全转折， 语气较强。 while主要表示对比。 however在使用时必须用逗号把它和句子其他成分隔开。 yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。
Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors.
They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down.
In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.
One can not see wind, however, it does exist.
I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full.
The essay is good; it could be improved ,however.
He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词)
It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词)
表示因果关系
常用so， for，therefore等连接词
I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning.
It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home.
He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail.
表示条件或者结果
常用and或者or等连词
Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time.
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident .
Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better.
You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past.
表示递进关系
常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。
Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive.
并列句固定句型
1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。
(1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。
(2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。
(3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然……
Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city.
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition.
A few minutes and they went away.
He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily.
2.however，but，while的用法比较。
however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。
He was ill，but he still kept on working.
What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，然而，格林先生就是不信她。
There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少雨。
3.(1) so不能与because连用。
(2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用
并列句易错点
误区一　并列连词的缺失或误用
(1)【误】We bought her a birthday present, she liked it very much.
【正】We bought her a birthday present, and she liked it very much.
[分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“我们给她买了生日礼物，而且她很喜欢”可知，前后分句之间是并列关系，故在she前加and。
(2)【误】Everyone in the town knew him, we had no trouble finding his house.
【正】Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house.
[分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“镇上谁都认识他，因此我们毫不费力就找到了他的家”可知，前后分句之间是因果关系，故在we前加so。
(3)【误】Come a little earlier next time, and you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
【正】Come a little earlier next time, or/otherwise you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
[分析]　此句是“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”句型。
[注意]　导致以上错误的原因主要在于两方面：①用逗号连接两个简单句；②不清楚句意或句式区别造成连词误用。要记住，逗号前后不能为两句话，要么其中一个是从句，要么有连词连接，这才符合语法规则。另外，还应注意避免机械地排列简单句，这也是书面表达中不能取得高分的原因之一，如：
I believe I am fit for it. I'm writing to apply for the position.
如果我们把这两个意义相关的句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：
I believe I am fit for it， so I'm writing to apply for the position.
比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（23-24广东深圳·一模）Not only ________my skills of communication but also ________me to know more about our traditional culture.
A．the activity trained; it allowed B．did the activity train; did it allow
C．did the activity train; it allowed D．the activity trained; did it allow
【答案】C
【详解】考查倒装句。句意：这次活动不仅锻炼了我的沟通技巧，还让我更多地了解了我们的传统文化。not only...but also...为固定结构，意为“不仅……而且……”，可以连接并列句，且not only位于句首时，前面分句应用部分倒装，即将情态动词、助动词或be动词提到主语之前，后面分句仍用陈述句语序。结合选项可知，第一空应用did the activity train，使用了倒装结构，助动词did提前；第二空应用it allowed，使用了陈述语序。故选C。
2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
【答案】B
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：——2022年前，我们家乡将修建一条地铁。——多么令人兴奋的消息！它会经过我家吗？感叹句的句型：How +形容词+ a(n) +单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What + a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!news为不可数名词，故用句型What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!故选B项。
3．（2024·山东烟台·二模）John, read the text for us, ______
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
【答案】D
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：约翰，给我们读课文好吗？A. does he他会吗；B. will he他会吗；C. do you你会吗；D. will you你会吗。这是向对方提建议或命令对方做某事，空格前面是动词原形read开头的祈使句的肯定句，反义疑问句的疑问部分用will you。故选D。
4．（2024·山东·临沂三模）______ polite to others, and you will find it easy to get on well with them.
A．Being B．Doing C．Be D．Do
【答案】C
【详解】考查祈使句，句意：对别人有礼貌，你会发现很容易与他们相处融洽。句子为：祈使句+and+陈述句，固定句型，祈使句应以动词原形开头，be polite to sb.对某人有礼貌，固定短语，故选C。
5．（2024·山东日照·三模）—Can you tell me ______ he will come back
—In two weeks.
A．how long B．how far C．how soon D．how much
【答案】C
【详解】考查疑问词。句意：——你能告诉我他多久能回来吗 ——两周后。A. how long多长时间；B. how far多远；C. how soon多久；D. how much 多少钱。How soon是一个常用的疑问词，它的意思是“多久”，特别是用来对从某个基本时间到将来某动作结束或某动作发生这段时间提问。它常用在一般将来时态的句子中，其答语通常是“in+一段时间”。故选C项。
6．（2024·山东济南·二模）It’s fine today. Let’s go a walk, ______
A．do you B．let we C．shall we D．does it
【答案】C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：今天天气很好。我们去散步吧，好吗？该题为“let's”开头的祈使句的反意疑问句，应使用shall we。故选C项。
7．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______
--Yes, a bit cold, though.
A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it
C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it
【答案】B
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：--天气不错吧？ --是的，不过有点冷。根据答句“不过有一点冷”可知存在转折关系，可推知问句是表示好天气。故选B项。
8．（2024·山东青岛·一模）__________advice the teacher gave us!
A．What B．What a C．What an D．How
【答案】A
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：老师给了我们多么好的建议啊！本句考查感叹句，how修饰形容词或副词；what修饰名词，advice是不可数名词，故应用what。故选A项。
9．（2024·山东·一模）Adams never has breakfast, __________ he
A．does B．doesn’t C．has D．hasn’t
【答案】A
【详解】考查反义疑问句，时态和主谓一致。句意：亚当斯从来不吃早餐，是吗？空格处是反义疑问句，遵循前肯后否的原则，never has是否定，空格处用肯定，由has可知，时态是一般现在时，主语he是第三人称单数，因此空格处是does。故选A。
10．（2024·山烟台·一模）Work hard, __________you will have a bright future.
A．and B．or C．since D．but
【答案】A
【详解】考查连词词义辨析和固定句型。句意：努力工作，你会有一个光明的未来。A. and然后；B. or或者；C. since自从；D. but但是。由Work hard和you will have a bright future可知，句子表示“努力工作，你会有一个光明的未来”，句子是“祈使句+and you will...”固定句式，因此空格处是and，故选A。
11．（2024·北京·高考真题）In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
【答案】A
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。
点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。
二、翻译
12．（2024·上海奉贤·一模）穿着睡衣去超市不太合适，不是吗 (It)
【答案】It is improper/inappropriate to go to supermarkets in pajamas, isn’t it
【详解】考查固定句型和反意疑问句。表示“作某事不合适”句型为It is improper/inappropriate to do sth.；表示“穿着睡衣去超市”翻译为go to supermarkets in pajamas；此处为反意疑问句，为一般现在时。反意疑问句遵循前肯后否的原则。故翻译为It is improper/inappropriate to go to supermarkets in pajamas, isn’t it
13．（2024·上海嘉定·二模）我刚才一不小心点了“提交申请”，还有可能撤回吗？(there be)
【答案】I have just clicked (on) “Submit Application” by mistake/accident, so is there any possibility of withdrawing it
【详解】考查时态、固定短语、there be句型的一般疑问句式。表示“点击”含义的表达为：click (on)，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，谓语动词使用现在完成时；表示“刚刚”含义的表达为：just；表示“提交申请”含义的表达为：Submit Application；表示“不小心”含义的表达为：by mistake或by accident；表示“还有可能撤回吗？”含义的表达为：is there any possibility of withdrawing it ，该句为一般疑问句，因句子表达的是一个客观情况，谓语动词使用一般现在时，用so连接，故翻译为：I have just clicked (on) “Submit Application” by mistake/accident, so is there any possibility of withdrawing it
14．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）冷静，别让焦虑影响你的表现。（or）
【答案】Calm down, or you will/may let anxiety affect your performance.
【详解】考查短语和句型。此处为“祈使句+or+简单句”；表示“冷静”短语为calm down；后一句主语为you；表示“让”应用动词let，且may或will后跟动词原形；表示“焦虑”应用名词anxiety；表示“影响你的表现”翻译为affect your performance。故翻译为Calm down, or you will/may let anxiety affect your performance.
试卷第1页，共3页句子成分，简单句，并列句（讲义）
目录
一 句子成分解析
二 英语句子分类
三 并列句易错点
四 高考模拟试题
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
主语通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
1）名词：A tree has fallen across the road. 　　
（2）代词：He told a joke but it fell flat. 　　　　
（3）数词：Three is enough.
（4）动名词：Smoking is bad for you.
（5）不定式： To find your way can be a problem.
（6）it 形式主语：It is certain that he will win the match.
（7）从句：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 　
谓语：主语的行为或状态，一般在主语之后。
谓语反映：时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等。
I. 常用的动词时态
时间 形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成 进行 have/has been asking
I. 常用被动语态
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
be（时态、人称、数的变化形式）+物动词的过去分词
时间 形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done
过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done
过去将来 should/would be done
含有情态动词 must be / have been done
谓语分为：简单谓语和复合谓语。
The breeze brushed her cheek.
I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.（“助动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
He might be able to speak English.（“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。）
宾语: 是动作的对象或承受者， 一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。
可以作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。
（1）名词：Do you fancy a drink 　　
（2）代词：They won’t hurt us. 　　
（3）数词：If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 　
（4）不定式：Does she really want to leave home 　　
（5）动名词：We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen. 　
（6）从句（即宾语从句）：Do you understand what I mean
（7）it 形式宾语：I find it difficult to learn English well.
2. 宾语的种类
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）
间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.
表语：用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。表语与系动词一起构成复合谓语 (系表结构)。
可作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、过去分词、介词短语、从句。
（1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday.
（2）代词：Seventy-four —You don’t look it.　　
（3）数词：We are seven.
（4）形容词：Are you busy
（5）副词：I am here.　　
（6）不定式：All I could do was to wait.
（7）动名词：Seeing is believing.
（8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has done.
（9）介词短语：She is in good health.
（10）从句：That is why I was angry.
定语：是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。
可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短语和从句等。
（1）形容词：She is a natural musician.
（2）名词：A baby girl is crying.
（3）代词：Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词）
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.（不定代词所有格）
（4）数词：Do it now, you may not get a second chance. （序数词）
（5）副词：The room above is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置）
（6）不定式：Her promise to write was forgotten.
（7）动名词：Learning methods vary from person to person.
（8）分词： The broken window has been replaced.（过去分词）
The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词）
（9）介词短语：This is a map of China.
（10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked outside is mine.
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。
主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。
宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。
可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
（1）You must keep the room clean and tidy.
（2） John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
（3） I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
（4） We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
状语: 状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。
可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等。
状语的分类：状语按用途可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 。
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that I missed the train.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
I waited to see you.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
This book is very interesting.
The meeting over，we left the room．
He arrived home, hungry and tired.
They cared for the child day and night.
同位语：对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to
build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
（2）代词：They all wanted to see him.
He himself doesn’t know why. 　　
（3）数词：Are you two ready 　　
（4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
英语句子分类
英语句子分为: 简单句、并列句、复合句
简单句
英语的基本句型
（1）主语 ＋谓语（不及物动词）
She came．/ My head aches.
主谓结构的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。但也可以加介词跟宾语：“主＋谓+介词+宾语”。We go to school everyday.
（2）主语 ＋谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语
She likes English.
主语 ＋谓语（双宾动词）＋ 间宾＋直宾
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
he gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
（4）主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）＋ 宾语＋宾补
She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
（5）主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
She is happy．
（6）There +be
There lies a book on the desk.
简单句的扩展：基本句型 + 附属成分（定语、状语）
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of picturess．
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
并列句
并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成， 起基本结构是 分句加并列连词加分句。
在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。
常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor …
并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also…
连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover …
表示联合关系
常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词
There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.
I can neither write songs nor play the guitar.
表示选择关系
常用or, either …or 等连词
We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk.
…either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. …
表示转折和对比关系
常用yet， but， however， while 等
but表示完全转折， 语气较强。 while主要表示对比。 however在使用时必须用逗号把它和句子其他成分隔开。 yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。
Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors.
They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down.
In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.
One can not see wind, however, it does exist.
I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full.
The essay is good; it could be improved ,however.
He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词)
It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词)
表示因果关系
常用so， for，therefore等连接词
I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning.
It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home.
He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail.
表示条件或者结果
常用and或者or等连词
Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time.
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident .
Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better.
You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past.
表示递进关系
常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。
Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive.
并列句固定句型
1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。
(1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。
(2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。
(3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然……
Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city.
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition.
A few minutes and they went away.
He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily.
2.however，but，while的用法比较。
however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。
He was ill，but he still kept on working.
What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，然而，格林先生就是不信她。
There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少雨。
3.(1) so不能与because连用。
(2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用
并列句易错点
误区一　并列连词的缺失或误用
(1)【误】We bought her a birthday present, she liked it very much.
【正】We bought her a birthday present, and she liked it very much.
[分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“我们给她买了生日礼物，而且她很喜欢”可知，前后分句之间是并列关系，故在she前加and。
(2)【误】Everyone in the town knew him, we had no trouble finding his house.
【正】Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house.
[分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“镇上谁都认识他，因此我们毫不费力就找到了他的家”可知，前后分句之间是因果关系，故在we前加so。
(3)【误】Come a little earlier next time, and you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
【正】Come a little earlier next time, or/otherwise you'll miss the best part of the TV play.
[分析]　此句是“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”句型。
[注意]　导致以上错误的原因主要在于两方面：①用逗号连接两个简单句；②不清楚句意或句式区别造成连词误用。要记住，逗号前后不能为两句话，要么其中一个是从句，要么有连词连接，这才符合语法规则。另外，还应注意避免机械地排列简单句，这也是书面表达中不能取得高分的原因之一，如：
I believe I am fit for it. I'm writing to apply for the position.
如果我们把这两个意义相关的句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：
I believe I am fit for it， so I'm writing to apply for the position.
比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。
高考模拟试题
单项选择
1．（23-24广东深圳·一模）Not only ________my skills of communication but also ________me to know more about our traditional culture.
A．the activity trained; it allowed B．did the activity train; did it allow
C．did the activity train; it allowed D．the activity trained; did it allow
2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
3．（2024·山东烟台·二模）John, read the text for us, ______
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
4．（2024·山东·临沂三模）______ polite to others, and you will find it easy to get on well with them.
A．Being B．Doing C．Be D．Do
5．（2024·山东日照·三模）—Can you tell me ______ he will come back
—In two weeks.
A．how long B．how far C．how soon D．how much
6．（2024·山东济南·二模）It’s fine today. Let’s go a walk, ______
A．do you B．let we C．shall we D．does it
7．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______
--Yes, a bit cold, though.
A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it
C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it
8．（2024·山东青岛·一模）__________advice the teacher gave us!
A．What B．What a C．What an D．How
9．（2024·山东·一模）Adams never has breakfast, __________ he
A．does B．doesn’t C．has D．hasn’t
10．（2024·山烟台·一模）Work hard, __________you will have a bright future.
A．and B．or C．since D．but
11．（2024·北京·高考真题）In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
二、翻译
12．（2024·上海奉贤·一模）穿着睡衣去超市不太合适，不是吗 (It)
13．（2024·上海嘉定·二模）我刚才一不小心点了“提交申请”，还有可能撤回吗？(there be)
14．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）冷静，别让焦虑影响你的表现。（or）
试卷第1页，共3页非谓语动词（讲义）
目录
一 非谓语动词的形式
二 非谓语动词的作用
三 易错题解读
四 高考模拟试题
非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下：
1. 不定式
①基本形式：to do（表示主动，并且一般表示将来）
②被动式：to be done（表示被动，并且一般表示将来）
③进行式：to be doing （表示主动和进行）
④完成时：to have done（表示主动和完成）
⑤完成被动式：to have been done（表示被动和完成）
⑥完成进行式：to have been doing （表示主动和完成进行）
例如：
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。
The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。
She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.老师进来时，她假装正在读书。
The thief is said to have escaped.据说小偷已经逃跑了。
The thief is said to have been arrested.据说小偷已经被抓住了。
She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.据说在过去的20年里，她一直在这家工厂工作。
2. 动名词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动）
②被动式：being done（表示被动）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。
3. 现在分词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）
②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：
He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.完成作业后，我开始看电视。
Having been told many times，she still can't remember it.已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。
4. 过去分词：done
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成；不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。polluted river 被污染的河流fallen leaves 落叶
注意：非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的：和谓语动作同时发生表示进行；发生在谓语动作之后表示将来；发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
非谓语动词的作用
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1. 不定式：做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .（作主语）学会一门外语是很难的。
It’s easy to see their aunt.（作真正主语，it做形式主语）很容易见到他们的姑姑。
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.（作宾语）汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。
His wish is to be a driver.（作表语）他的愿望是当一名司机。
I have nothing to say.（作定语）我没有什么可说的。
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . （作宾语补足语）老师让我们做早操。
They went to see their aunt. （目的状语）他们去见他们的姑姑。
2. 动名词：做主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。
Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）学英语非常困难。
I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。
His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。
3. 现在分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
The story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。
4. 过去分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
He is interested in the news.（作表语）他对这则消息很感兴趣。
polluted river（做定语） 被污染的河流
Given more time,I can do my work better.（做状语）如果再被多给些时间，我会把工作做得更好。
I found my watch stolen.（做宾补）我发现我的手表被偷了。
易错题解读
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【分析】非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
现在分词：doing表示主动关系，表伴随、自然而然的结果、原因、条件等; having done强调动作发生在主句谓语之前。having done强调被动且完成的动作。
过去分词：表被动，表时间、原因、条件等。
不定式： 作目的状语，用于句中时不能用逗号。 不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。作原因、程度等状语。用于固定短语中。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
现在分词：表示主动或正在进行的动作。being done表示被动且正进行的动作，作后置定语。
过去分词：表被动，易与谓语动词被动被动语态be done和谓语动词主动语态的过去时混淆。
不定式： 需跟不定式的名词：ability, attempt, decision, effort, failure, way, promise等。
现在分词与过去分词作补语易混易错点
现在分词：作宾补时，表示主动或正进行。
过去分词：在表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾补。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice, feel等；在“使”动词后作宾补。如：have, get, keep, leave, make等。
不定式：常跟不定式作宾补的动词：allow，ask，beg，cause , command, elect, forbid, force, get, help, intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, advise, wish, encourage, instruct, urge等.
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
常跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语：finish , practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate,
feel like, suggest, stand, risk，consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to, insist on, be busy, can't help, get down to, be worth等。
常接不定式作宾语的动词:afford，agree，arrange, ask,care， choose, decide , demand, determine, expect, hope, manage，of- fer，plan,， prepare ， pretend，promise ，refuse，want, wish, aim， fail , long, happen, hesitate , struggle , attempt, volunteer, desire 等。在wh-疑问词后常跟不定式作宾语。
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
作主语：动名词、不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
作表语：动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质；过去分词作表语说明人的状态、表情或感受。当主语部分有all/what/everything/do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号to。
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【例1】 The tablet, (find) in Jindong Village, measures 1.4 meters high, 0.61 meters wide, and 0.14 meters thick.
易错分析：不能正确分析句子结构，误判断句子的谓语，容易错填为was found或finding。
【答案】found
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这块石碑出土于金洞村，高1.4米，宽0.61米，厚0.14米。本句的谓语动词是measures，所以该空在这里作定语，修饰The tablet，且与逻辑主语为被动关系，故填动词的-ed形式。故填found。
Dr. Wang began to question the umbrella species narrative and carried out research, only (find) that panda conservation had not helped large carnivores in China.
易错分析：没有理解句子逻辑意思，未能掌握不定式作结果状语的用法是两大错误原因。
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：王博士开始质疑保护伞物种的说法，并进行了研究，结果发现保护熊猫并没有帮助中国的大型食肉动物。此处为only to do sth.，为不定式作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果。故填to find。
The study, which appeared in the journal PLOS Medicine, indicates that individuals who take in higher-than-average amounts of artificial sweetener are 13% more likely _ (suffer) from cancer.
易错分析：固定搭配没有牢记，be willing to do, be likely to do, be sorry to do等be+adj.+to需牢记。
【答案】to suffer
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：这项发表在《公共科学图书馆 医学》杂志上的研究表明，摄入高于平均水平的人工甜味剂的人患癌症的可能性要高13%。be likely to do sth.为固定短语，表示“有可能做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填to suffer。
_______ (dress) in a full body suit of ice, a symbol of purity and strength, the panda wears a helmet with colored halo.
易错分析：没有理解dress作动词与人之间是被动关系，并且其与主语the panda的关系。
【答案】Dressed
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：熊猫穿着象征纯洁和力量的全套冰衣，戴着带彩色光环的头盔。be dressed in“穿着”。应用过去分词作状语，第一个字母大写，故填Dressed。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
【例2】 Huawei, which has endured years of US sanctions, surprised the world on Aug 29, with an unadvertised announcement -the launch of its latest high-end smartphone, the Mate 60 Pro, (price) at 6,999 yuan ($964).
易错分析：长难句结构不会划分，不理解句意，同时不能掌握price的动词词义。应当首先提炼主干Huawei surprise the world.
【答案】priced
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：8月29日，遭受美国多年制裁的华为发布了一份未经宣传的公告，震惊了世界——发布了其最新的高端智能手机Mate 60 Pro，售价为6999元人民币（964美元）。分析句子结构可知price与逻辑主语the Mate 60 Pro构成被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语，修饰名词短语the Mate 60 Pro。故填priced。
A resort (度假胜地) in Vietnam has opened a glass-bottomed foot bridge, the third such bridge in the Southeast Asian country, ______ (connect) two mountains.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误，不理解非谓语动词与所修饰词之间的关系，句意理解错误。
【答案】connecting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：越南的一个度假胜地开设了一座玻璃底人行桥，这是东南亚国家的第三座这样的桥，连接两座山。句子的谓语为has opened，设空处作非谓语动词，connect与逻辑主语a glass-bottomed foot bridge之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填connecting。
There are many ways (enjoy) spring bamboo shoots, from nutritious soups to fun snacks.
【答案】to enjoy
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：享受春笋有很多方式，从营养汤到有趣的小吃。不定式作后置定语，修饰名词way。故填to enjoy。
A stone tablet(牌匾) (date) back to the year 1693, which falls within the Qing Dynasty(1644—1911), was discovered in Daming County, north China’s Hebei Province, said local authorities.
易错分析：未能瞻前顾后发现谓语动词,误将date视作谓语，且date为不及物动词，不能用被动。
【答案】dating
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：据当地政府称，在中国北部河北省大明县发现了一块1693年的清朝(1644-1911)石碑。本句的谓语动词是was discovered，空处为非谓语动词，A stone tablet与date back to为主动关系。所以用现在分词。故填dating。
非谓语动词作补语易混易错点
【例3】This film not only identifies with the Chinese people but also allows the world __ (explore) the rich tradition of Tang poetry and the “Chinese Poetry Universe.”
易错分析：长难句分析错误造成句意不明了，不能判断其作宾语补足语的用法。
【答案】to explore
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这部电影不仅认同中国人民，而且让世界探索唐诗的丰富传统和“中国诗歌宇宙”。固定搭配allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”。故填to explore。
It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan.
易错分析：句子结构错误，不完全了解逻辑意思，没有掌握with的复合结构的用法。
【答案】expected
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：据估计，到今年年底，中国使用汉服产品的人数将达到689万人，总销售额预计将达到101.6亿元。句中构成with sth done的复合结构，此处sales与expect之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作宾补。故填expected。
When she spotted such abandoned goods, she put a pair of eyeball-shaped stickers on them before publishing notes on her social media accounts, and guiding others_____ ( pick) them up from the streets.
【答案】to pick
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当她发现这些被遗弃的物品时，她在上面贴了一对眼球形状的贴纸，然后在她的社交媒体账户上发布注释，并引导其他人从街上捡起这些物品。guide sb. to do sth.意为“指导某人做某事”。故填to pick。
With more demand (come) from domestic market, artists began painting different subjects.
易错分析：误将come当作谓语，不能正确分析宾语demand和补语的逻辑关系是两个错误原因。
【答案】coming
【解析】考查非谓语动词现在分词。句意：随着国内市场需求的增加，艺术家们开始画不同的主题。分析句子可知，此处是with复合结构，demand和come之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此需使用现在分词表示主动，作宾补。故填coming。
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
【例4】One should be clear about what (love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it can be seen from a person’s appearance.
易错分析：没有牢记只跟不定式作宾语的词以及搭配。
【答案】to love
【解析】考查不定式。句意：一个人应该清楚地知道爱什么或恨什么。分析句子可知此处为“疑问词+不定式”作介词about的宾语，故填to love。
What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and Denmark, to name a few, are introducing China by holding cultural activities, opening training classes, and (build) libraries.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误影响句子成分的判断是错误的直接原因。
【答案】building
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，开罗、巴黎、柏林、东京、丹麦等地的中国文化中心正在通过举办文化活动、开设培训班、建设图书馆等方式介绍中国。根据上文opening training classes, and可知本句与上文构成并列非谓语结构，为动名词作介词的宾语。故填building。
Confucius believes that being benevolent does not mean_________ (be)without principles.
易错分析：句意理解错误会混淆mean后面to do和doing的用法。mean to do表示“打算”。
【答案】being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：孔子认为，仁不等于无原则。mean doing sth.“意味着做某事”，用动名词作宾语，故填being。being。
Shyness makes it difficult (meet) new people and make friends.
【答案】to meet
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：害羞使你很难结识新朋友。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定结构make it + adj.+ to do sth.结构，其中it为形式宾语，不定式作真正的宾语。故填to meet。
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
【例5】As an expert for the Baby Annabell Ask The Experts campaign, people have asked me if (have) a shy personality is something we are born with or if it’s something we develop based on our experiences.
易错分析：长难句拆解错误，未能判断if从句中缺少主语是错误根本原因。
【答案】having
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子结构，空白处在以if为连接词的宾语从句中做主语，使用动名词，故填having。
For Wang, (win) this title is just the beginning of a promising future. The rising star said he would head to the top spots in the professional arena.
易错分析：现在分词的变化形式中的特殊形式记忆不牢。
【答案】winning
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：对王发来说，赢得这个冠军只是他美好未来的开始。动名词作主语。故填winning。
It has indeed been a growing trend for urban residents ________(volunteer) in rural areas.
易错分析：句子结构分析不清楚，影响正确翻译句意，未能判断真正的主语。
【答案】to volunteer
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：城市居民到农村做志愿者确实是一个日益增长的趋势。考查非谓语动词担当主语，用动词不定式形式，构成句型：it + be + for +sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人来说是……的。故填to volunteer。
What you've said is _________ (convince), so I'll take your advice.
易错分析：如果句子结构不理解，句意便会出错，容易误填过去分词。
【答案】convincing
【解析】考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：你说的话令人信服，因此，我将接受你的建议。so表示因果关系的并列连词，设空处为非谓语动词作表语，主语是what引导的主语从句。convincing表示“令人信服的”。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·天津河北·二模）Mr. Smith is looking for a classroom that is big enough _________ all the students.
A．to be held B．to hold C．to have held D．to be holding
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：史密斯先生正在寻找一间足够大的教室，可以容纳所有的学生。“形容词/副词+enough to do sth”是固定搭配，意为“……足够……做……”，用不定式作结果状语，同时hold与逻辑主语a classroom之间是主动关系，用主动式to hold。故选B项。
2．（2024·山东·三模）Helen’s smartphone doesn’t work. She has to get it ________.
A．to be repairing B．repairing C．to repair D．repaired
【答案】D
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：海伦的智能手机坏了。她得把它修好。此空为“get+宾语+宾补”结构，所以此处为非谓语动词短语作宾补，it指代的为smartphone，与repair之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式作宾补。故选D项。
3．（2024·天津河北·二模）Nowadays doctors can perform incredibly precise operations ______ advanced robotics and live imaging technology.
A．using B．used C．having used D．having been used
【答案】A
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：如今，医生们可以利用先进的机器人技术和实时成像技术进行难以置信的精确手术。分析句子结构可知，use在句子中为非谓语动词，它和doctors之间为逻辑主动关系，因此使用现在分词作方式状语，故选A。
4．（2024·天津·二模）It is recently reported that the number of people ______ a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change their cooking in some way.
A．stick to B．sticking to C．stuck to D．having stuck to
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：最近有报道称，坚持传统饮食的人数正在缓慢下降，大约一半的英国消费者希望以某种方式改变他们的烹饪方式。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。名词people与stick to之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故选B。
5．（2024·天津和平·二模）Many people have no idea what to do when a disaster strikes. _______ is the best way to increase your chances of survival.
A．Prepared B．Having prepared C．Prepare D．Being prepared
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当灾难发生时，很多人都不知道该做什么。做好准备是提高生存几率的最佳方法。“_______ is the best way to increase your chances of survival.”中is之前的部分应为句子的主语，因此需要使用动名词形式或动名词短语作主语。prepare“准备”，be prepared“准备妥当”。选项A为过去式或过去分词，不可作主语；选项B为动名词的完成式，强调“准备”的动作先于谓语动作发生，但此处未明确表达此时间关系；选项C为动词原形，不能直接作主语；选项D为动名词的一般式，符合语法要求，表示“处于准备状态”的概念，适合充当句子主语。故选D。
6．（2024·天津河东·二模）Jerry received 3 text messages from his bank, ________ him that 3 online payments had just been made from his account.
A．informed B．to inform C．informing D．inform
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：杰瑞从银行收到了三条短信，通知他刚刚从他的账户中进行了三笔在线支付。句中已有谓语received，空处作非谓语动词，messages和inform为主动关系，所以空处应用现在分词形式作状语。故选C项。
7．（2024·天津·二模）__________ by his actions, she quietly walked away, cutting off all contact with him from that moment on.
A．Disappointing B．Disappointed
C．To disappoint D．Being disappointed
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她对他的行为感到失望，悄悄地走开了，从那一刻起就切断了与他的一切联系。动词disappoint“使失望”和主语之间是被动关系，应用其过去分词作状语，表示原因，disappointed已转化为形容词，意为“感到失望的”，修饰人。故选B。
8．（2024·天津·一模）When I entered the room, I found Emily seated quietly on the sofa, her eyes ______ on the storybook.
A．fixed B．fixing C．to fix D．to be fixed
【答案】A
【详解】考查独立主格结构。句意：当我走进房间时，我发现艾米丽静静地坐在沙发上，眼睛盯着故事书。her eyes为独立主语，此处为独立主格结构，其中的动词fix应为非谓语形式，her eyes和fix为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故选A项。
9．（2024·山东济南·二模）--I’m sure you have a plan.
--Erm, yes, we are considering ______a trip around the island.
A．take B．to take C．to be taking D．taking
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：——我相信你已经有计划了。——嗯，是的，我们正在考虑环岛旅行。此处是固定搭配：consider doing sth.意为“考虑做某事”。故选D项。
10．（2024·天津·二模）______ safety checks outside, the ground recovery team opened the Shenzhou X capsule and conducted an examination of the astronauts’ health.
A．To follow B．Following C．Having followed D．Followed
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在进行了安全检查后，地面回收小组打开了神舟十号太空舱，对宇航员的健康状况进行了检查。动词follow意为“（时间或顺序）在……后”，和谓语之间没有连词，和主语构成主动关系，和谓语之间没有明显的先后关系，所以应用现在分词的一般式作状语。故选B。
11．（2024·天津·二模）A variety of applications with filters ________ in allow users to soften wrinkles or adjust the size and shape of their facial features.
A．to build B．building C．built D．having been built
【答案】C
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：各种内置滤镜的应用程序允许用户软化皱纹或调整面部特征的大小和形状。设空处为with的宾语补足语，和宾语 filters之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，构成with的复合结构，故选C。
12．（2024·天津·二模）The headmaster blamed the naughty student caught ________ flowers in the garden.
A．to be picking B．picking C．to pick D．to have picked
【答案】B
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：校长指责那个被抓住在花园里摘花的淘气学生。短语catch sb doing sth，意为“抓到某人正在做某事”，符合句意，所以这里应用现在分词作补足语，caught ________flowers in the garden修饰the naughty student作后置定语，故选B。
13．（2024·天津·二模）A fisherman claimed to have witnessed a giant sea turtle this morning _______ almost two meters long.
A．measured B．having measured C．measuring D．to be measured
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：一位渔民声称今天早上看到了一只将近两米长的巨型海龟。本句谓语为claimed，此处为非谓语动词，且turtle与measure“（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为”为主动关系，应用现在分词，作定语。having measured强调测量的动作已完成，不符合题意，故排除。故选C。
14．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）Celebrated American author F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, ______ in the 1920s, reveals the emptiness and anxiety of the society then.
A．setting B．set C．to set D．having set
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：美国著名作家弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》，以1920年代为背景，揭示了当时社会的空虚与焦虑。be set in“以……为背景”为固定短语，空处在句中作非谓语，把be去掉即可。故选B项。
15．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）It’s important to share China’s wisdom-filled art with people worldwide, truly ______ traditional Chinese culture to be understood.
A．allowed B．to allow C．allowing D．being allowed
【答案】C
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：与世界各地的人们分享中国充满智慧的艺术，真正让中国传统文化被理解是很重要的。空处为非谓语动词，allow与上文为逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词作状语。故选C项。
16．（2024·天津北辰·三模）Shops in Winsor Castle offer a wide range of souvenirs ______ for the Royal Collection, including books, postcards, china, jewellery, and children’s toys.
A．designing B．to be designed
C．being designed D．designed
【答案】D
【详解】考查过去分词。句意：温莎城堡的商店提供为皇家收藏设计的各种纪念品，包括书籍、明信片、瓷器、珠宝和儿童玩具。句中已有谓语offer，空处作非谓语动词，design和逻辑主语souvenirs是被动关系，且结合语意可知，design这一动作已经完成，空处应用design的过去分词形式作souvenirs的后置定语。故选D项。
17．（2024·天津河北·一模）When Mrs Smith arrived at her company, she saw her office ________ dark blue by some workers.
A．to paint B．painting C．being painted D．to be painted
【答案】C
【详解】考查现在分词。句意：当史密斯夫人到达她的公司时，她看到她的办公室被一些工人漆成了深蓝色。设空处为宾语补足语，表示看见某事正在发生，应用现在分词作补足语，和宾语her office之间是被动关系，所以应用现在分词的被动语态，故选C。
18．（2024·天津·一模）Hate speech on the Internet causes violence, and undermines diversity and social unity, ________ the common values and principles that bond us together.
A．to threaten B．having threatened
C．threatening D．threatened
【答案】C
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：互联网上的仇恨言论会引发暴力，逐渐破坏多样性和社会团结，威胁到将我们联系在一起的共同价值观和原则。分析句子结构并根据句意，这里表示自然而然的结果，应用现在分词的一般式，作结果状语。故选C。
19．（2024·天津·一模）The shopkeeper and assistants will get all these goods ordered ______ to the customers today.
A．to deliver B．delivering C．deliver D．delivered
【答案】D
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：店主和助手们今天会把订购的货物全部送到顾客手中。分析句子可知，此处为动词短语get sth done“使某事被做”，其中ordered为过去分词作后置定语，修饰all these goods；因为all these goods ordered与deliver之间为逻辑上存在动宾关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。故选D项。
20．（2024·天津和平·一模）The actor is believed ______ the TV drama soon due to personal reasons.
A．to have left B．to leave C．to be left D．to have been left
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：据信，由于个人原因，这位演员很快就会离开这部电视剧。be believed to do意为“据信做某事”，leave“离开”和The actor逻辑上是主动关系，不需要用被动语态，可排除C和D项，且结合“soon”可知，leave的行为没有已经完成，不需要用完成式。故选B。
二、翻译
21．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）网络红包的乐趣在于它的未知性，因为收到红包的人只有打开它时才知道自己到底抢到了多少钱。(until)
【答案】The joy of online red packet lies in its unpredictability, for the one receiving it will never know how much he has grabbed until he opens it.
【详解】考查固定搭配、非谓语动词、并列句、宾语从句和状语从句。根据汉语中的“因为……”可知，这里可用for引出表示原因的句子，for表示“因为”；根据汉语中的“只有……才……”可知，这里应用not/never until(直到……才)表示。“网络红包”可表示为online red packet；“……的乐趣”可表示为the joy of；“在于”可表示为lie in，为固定搭配；“未知性”可表示为unpredictability；“收到”可表示为receive，“红包”在前面已经提及，这里可用it代指，根据句中的“收到红包的人”可知，这里特指收到红包的那个人，应用the one表示，且“收到红包”作定语修饰the one，receive和the one之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作后置定语，即the one receiving it；“打开”可表示为open；“知道”可表示为know；“抢到了多少钱”作“知道”的宾语，可用how much引导的宾语从句how much he has grabbed表示。故本句可翻译为：The joy of online red packet lies in its unpredictability, for the one receiving it will never know how much he has grabbed until he opens it.
22．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）景区可利用短视频提升知名度，助力文旅宣传。(facilitate)
【答案】Scenic spots can use short videos to raise reputation/profile and facilitate the cultural tourism promotion.
【详解】考查动词。“景区”可以翻译为“scenic spots”，在句中作主语。“可利用”可以翻译为“can use”，该结构在句中作谓语。“短视频”可翻译为“short videos”，在句中作use的宾语。“提升知名度”可翻译为“raise reputation/profile”，“助力”可用动词“facilitate”，“文化宣传”可翻译为“the cultural tourism promotion”，该名词短语作facilitate的宾语。“raise reputation/profile and facilitate the cultural tourism promotion”为并列的目的状，所以需要动词不定式。故翻译为Scenic spots can use short videos to raise reputation/profile and facilitate the cultural tourism promotion.
23．（2024·上海普陀·二模）这部电影充满正能量，它用一个女孩的成长经历激励人们在人生道路上不断挑战自我，努力成为更好的自己。（which）
【答案】This film is full of positive energy, which uses a girl’s experience of growing up to inspire people to challenge themselves in life and try to be a better version of themselves.
【详解】考查短语、非谓语、时态和定语从句。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。“这部电影”翻译为this film，在句中作主语；“充满”用短语be full of；“正能量”翻译为 positive energy；陈述前面的一件事，用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句；“用一个女孩的成长经历”翻译为 use a girl’s experience of growing up，后接不定式作目的状语；“激励某人做某事”用短语inspire sb. to do sth.；“挑战自我”用短语challenge oneselve；“人生道路上”翻译为in life；“努力做某事”用短语try to do sth.；“成为更好的自己”翻译为be a better version of themselves。故翻译为This film is full of positive energy, which uses a girl’s experience of growing up to inspire people to challenge themselves in life and try to be a better version of themselves.
24．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）面对网络时代的冲击，实体商店必须寻求创新之道，才能在激烈的竞争中生存，否则将不可避免地退出历史舞台。(survive)
【答案】Faced with/Facing the impact of the Internet era/age, physical stores must seek innovative/creative ways to survive (in) the intense/fierce competition, or they will inevitably withdraw from the historical stage/step off the stage of history.
【详解】考查非谓语和时态。“面对”be faced with，在句中作状语，把be去掉即可，或及物动词face“面对”与句子主语physical stores构成主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，“网络时代的冲击”the impact of the Internet era/age作with或facing的宾语，句子主语“实体商店”physical stores，“必须”用情态动词must，后接动词原形形式，“寻求”seek，后接宾语“创新的方法”innovative/creative ways，“在激烈的竞争中生存”survive (in) the intense/fierce competition，survive用不定式形式作目的状语，“否则”or，并列连词连接前后两个句子，“他们”they，描述将要发生的动作，应用一般将来时，“不可避免地”inevitably，置于助动词will后，“退出历史舞台” withdraw from the historical stage或step off the stage of history，动词withdraw和step都用动词原形形式。故翻译为Faced with/Facing the impact of the Internet era/age, physical stores must seek innovative/creative ways to survive (in) the intense/fierce competition, or they will inevitably withdraw from the historical stage/step off the stage of history.
25．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）对于有选择困难症的人来说，决定午餐吃什么都会困扰他们，更别提做一个重大的人生抉择了。
【答案】For those who have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) making choices, deciding what to eat for lunch can bother/trouble them, let alone making a big life decision.或For people with choice difficulties, they are bothered with/by deciding what to eat for lunch, let alone making a major life decision.
【详解】考查定语从句和动名词。描述现在的一般情况，应用一般过去时。介词“对于”For，“那些……的人” those who，who引导修饰those的定语从句，指代先行词those，并在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词用复数形式，“做某事有困难”have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) doing，have用原形形式，“做选择”make choices，make用动名词形式作in的宾语，“决定午餐吃什么”decide what to eat for lunch，decide用动名词形式作主语，表示“可能，会”用情态动词can，后接动词原形“困扰”bother/trouble，宾语“他们”them，“更别提”let alone...，“做重大的人生抉择”make a big life decision，make用动名词形式作宾语。或：介词“对于”For，“人们”people，“有选择困难”with choice difficulties，介词短语作定语修饰people，主语“他们”they，“被……困扰”be bothered with/by，they作主语，be用are，后接“决定”decide的动名词形式作宾语，“午饭吃什么”what to eat for lunch，“更别提”let alone...，“做重大的人生抉择”make a major life decision，make用动名词形式作宾语。故翻译为：For those who have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) making choices, deciding what to eat for lunch can bother/trouble them, let alone making a big life decision.或For people with choice difficulties, they are bothered with/by deciding what to eat for lunch, let alone making a major life decision.
26．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）你能告诉我怎样架设这个梯子，才能使其既稳定又安全吗？(so that)
【答案】Can you tell me how to set up/place the ladder so that it can be steady/stable and safe to climb
【详解】考查一般疑问句、疑问词+to do结构、目的状语从句。观察句子可知，这是Can开头的一般疑问句，表示“告诉我”用tell me，宾语为“怎样架设这个梯子”用how+to do结构，表示“架设”用set up/place，表示“这个梯子”用the ladder，“才能”用so that引导的目的状语从句，用it指代梯子，表示“能够”用can，其后用be动词原形，表示“稳定又安全”用steady/stable and safe，to climb为不定式作状语。故翻译为Can you tell me how to set up/place the ladder so that it can be steady/stable and safe to climb
27．（2024·上海徐汇·二模）作为年轻人，我们具有极强的创造力，可以大胆设想、勇敢探索。(As …)
【答案】As young individuals, we possess immense creativity, allowing us to imagine boldly and explore fearlessly. /As young individuals, we are very creative, full of imagination and brave/courageous to explore.
【详解】考查时态、介词短语、非谓语动词。表示“作为年轻人”含义的表达为：as young individuals；表示“具有极强的创造力”可以用动词短语possess immense creativity或be very creative，因句子表示的是一个客观情况，谓语动词使用一般现在时；表示“可以大胆设想、勇敢探索”含义的表达为：allow us to imagine boldly and explore fearlessly，因该表达在句子中作状语，使用非谓语动词，又因与逻辑主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，该表达还可以使用形容词短语，翻译为：full of imagination and brave或courageous to explore，故翻译为：As young individuals, we possess immense creativity, allowing us to imagine boldly and explore fearlessly. /As young individuals, we are very creative, full of imagination and brave/courageous to explore.
28．（2024·上海长宁·二模）公司感受到了威胁, 其应对策略是书写长长的警示标签，试图预见可能发生的事故。（respond）
【答案】Feeling/Being threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate /foresee any possible accident.
【详解】考查非谓语动词和短语。表示“感受到了威胁”应用现在分词短语feeling/being threatened，作状语；主语为复数名词companies；表示“应对”应用respond；表示“书写长长的警示标签”应用by writing ever-longer warning labels；表示“试图”短语为try to do sth.，为现在分词短语作状语，表示“预见可能发生的事故”翻译为anticipate /foresee any possible accident。为一般过去时。故翻译为Feeling/Being threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate /foresee any possible accident.
29．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）作为首个致力于城市规划和建设成果的展览中心，它追朔了这座城市从早期到21世纪的惊人演变。（dedicate）
【答案】As the first exhibition center dedicated to urban planning and construction achievements, it traces the breathtaking evolution of the city from its early days to its 21st century.
【详解】考查句子结构，非谓语，名词短语和介词短语。分析可知，“作为首个致力于城市规划和建设成果的展览中心”为伴随状语，用“介词as+名词短语”的结构表达。其中，“首个”用序数词“the first”表达；“展览中心”用名词短语“exhibition center”表达；“致力于城市规划和建设成果的”作“exhibition center”的后置定语，“致力于”用动词短语“dedicate (sth) to...”表达，与所修饰词之间为被动关系，应是过去分词形式“dedicated to”；“城市规划和建设成果”用名词短语“urban planning and construction achievements”表达。因此，该部分翻译为“as the first exhibition center dedicated to urban planning and construction achievements”。句子主语“它”用“it”表达；“追朔”用动词“trace”表达，作谓语，结合语境，用一般现在时表客观事实，主语为三单，动词用单数“traces”；“这座城市的惊人的演变”用名词短语“the breathtaking evolution of the city”表达，作宾语；“从早期到21世纪”用介词短语“from the early days to its 21st century”表达。因此，该部分翻译为“it traces the breathtaking evolution of the city from its early days to its 21st century”。故译为：As the first exhibition center dedicated to urban planning and construction achievements, it traces the breathtaking evolution of the city from its early days to its 21st century.
30．（2024·上海闵行·二模）这个提案聚焦如何保护青少年自由活跃的天性，我觉得评审小组会感兴趣。(appeal to)
【答案】The proposal/bill focuses on how to protect teenagers’ nature of freedom and activeness, which I think will appeal to the review group.
【详解】考查时态、定语从句、固定短语。表示“这个提案”用the proposal或the bill，做主语；表示“聚焦”用focus on；表示“如何保护青少年自由活跃的天性”用疑问词加不定式形式，即how to protect teenagers’ nature of freedom and activeness，作宾语；结合句意，应使用一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数形式，故主句翻译为The proposal/bill focuses on how to protect teenagers’ nature of freedom and activeness；之后的部分可以用which引导非限制性定语从句，表示主句这件事会使得评审小组感兴趣；I think作为插入语放在引导词之后； appeal to sb.“对某人有吸引力”，为固定短语；表示“评审小组”用review group放在appeal to后作宾语；结合句子意思可知，该部分应使用一般将来时。故翻译为The proposal/bill focuses on how to protect teenagers’ nature of freedom and activeness, which I think will appeal to the review group.
试卷第1页，共3页非谓语动词（讲义）
目录
一 非谓语动词的形式
二 非谓语动词的作用
三 易错题解读
四 高考模拟试题
非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下：
1. 不定式
①基本形式：to do（表示主动，并且一般表示将来）
②被动式：to be done（表示被动，并且一般表示将来）
③进行式：to be doing （表示主动和进行）
④完成时：to have done（表示主动和完成）
⑤完成被动式：to have been done（表示被动和完成）
⑥完成进行式：to have been doing （表示主动和完成进行）
例如：
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。
The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。
She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.老师进来时，她假装正在读书。
The thief is said to have escaped.据说小偷已经逃跑了。
The thief is said to have been arrested.据说小偷已经被抓住了。
She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.据说在过去的20年里，她一直在这家工厂工作。
2. 动名词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动）
②被动式：being done（表示被动）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。
3. 现在分词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）
②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：
He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.完成作业后，我开始看电视。
Having been told many times，she still can't remember it.已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。
4. 过去分词：done
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成；不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。polluted river 被污染的河流fallen leaves 落叶
注意：非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的：和谓语动作同时发生表示进行；发生在谓语动作之后表示将来；发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
非谓语动词的作用
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1. 不定式：做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .（作主语）学会一门外语是很难的。
It’s easy to see their aunt.（作真正主语，it做形式主语）很容易见到他们的姑姑。
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.（作宾语）汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。
His wish is to be a driver.（作表语）他的愿望是当一名司机。
I have nothing to say.（作定语）我没有什么可说的。
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . （作宾语补足语）老师让我们做早操。
They went to see their aunt. （目的状语）他们去见他们的姑姑。
2. 动名词：做主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。
Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）学英语非常困难。
I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。
His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。
3. 现在分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
The story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。
4. 过去分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
He is interested in the news.（作表语）他对这则消息很感兴趣。
polluted river（做定语） 被污染的河流
Given more time,I can do my work better.（做状语）如果再被多给些时间，我会把工作做得更好。
I found my watch stolen.（做宾补）我发现我的手表被偷了。
易错题解读
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【分析】非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
现在分词：doing表示主动关系，表伴随、自然而然的结果、原因、条件等; having done强调动作发生在主句谓语之前。having done强调被动且完成的动作。
过去分词：表被动，表时间、原因、条件等。
不定式： 作目的状语，用于句中时不能用逗号。 不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。作原因、程度等状语。用于固定短语中。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
现在分词：表示主动或正在进行的动作。being done表示被动且正进行的动作，作后置定语。
过去分词：表被动，易与谓语动词被动被动语态be done和谓语动词主动语态的过去时混淆。
不定式： 需跟不定式的名词：ability, attempt, decision, effort, failure, way, promise等。
现在分词与过去分词作补语易混易错点
现在分词：作宾补时，表示主动或正进行。
过去分词：在表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾补。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice, feel等；在“使”动词后作宾补。如：have, get, keep, leave, make等。
不定式：常跟不定式作宾补的动词：allow，ask，beg，cause , command, elect, forbid, force, get, help, intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, advise, wish, encourage, instruct, urge等.
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
常跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语：finish , practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate,
feel like, suggest, stand, risk，consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to, insist on, be busy, can't help, get down to, be worth等。
常接不定式作宾语的动词:afford，agree，arrange, ask,care， choose, decide , demand, determine, expect, hope, manage，of- fer，plan,， prepare ， pretend，promise ，refuse，want, wish, aim， fail , long, happen, hesitate , struggle , attempt, volunteer, desire 等。在wh-疑问词后常跟不定式作宾语。
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
作主语：动名词、不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
作表语：动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质；过去分词作表语说明人的状态、表情或感受。当主语部分有all/what/everything/do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号to。
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【例1】 The tablet, (find) in Jindong Village, measures 1.4 meters high, 0.61 meters wide, and 0.14 meters thick.
易错分析：不能正确分析句子结构，误判断句子的谓语，容易错填为was found或finding。
Dr. Wang began to question the umbrella species narrative and carried out research, only (find) that panda conservation had not helped large carnivores in China.
易错分析：没有理解句子逻辑意思，未能掌握不定式作结果状语的用法是两大错误原因。
The study, which appeared in the journal PLOS Medicine, indicates that individuals who take in higher-than-average amounts of artificial sweetener are 13% more likely _ (suffer) from cancer.
易错分析：固定搭配没有牢记，be willing to do, be likely to do, be sorry to do等be+adj.+to需牢记。
_______ (dress) in a full body suit of ice, a symbol of purity and strength, the panda wears a helmet with colored halo.
易错分析：没有理解dress作动词与人之间是被动关系，并且其与主语the panda的关系。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
【例2】 Huawei, which has endured years of US sanctions, surprised the world on Aug 29, with an unadvertised announcement -the launch of its latest high-end smartphone, the Mate 60 Pro, (price) at 6,999 yuan ($964).
易错分析：长难句结构不会划分，不理解句意，同时不能掌握price的动词词义。应当首先提炼主干Huawei surprise the world.
A resort (度假胜地) in Vietnam has opened a glass-bottomed foot bridge, the third such bridge in the Southeast Asian country, ______ (connect) two mountains.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误，不理解非谓语动词与所修饰词之间的关系，句意理解错误。
There are many ways (enjoy) spring bamboo shoots, from nutritious soups to fun snacks.
A stone tablet(牌匾) (date) back to the year 1693, which falls within the Qing Dynasty(1644—1911), was discovered in Daming County, north China’s Hebei Province, said local authorities.
易错分析：未能瞻前顾后发现谓语动词,误将date视作谓语，且date为不及物动词，不能用被动。
非谓语动词作补语易混易错点
【例3】This film not only identifies with the Chinese people but also allows the world __ (explore) the rich tradition of Tang poetry and the “Chinese Poetry Universe.”
易错分析：长难句分析错误造成句意不明了，不能判断其作宾语补足语的用法。
It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan.
易错分析：句子结构错误，不完全了解逻辑意思，没有掌握with的复合结构的用法。
When she spotted such abandoned goods, she put a pair of eyeball-shaped stickers on them before publishing notes on her social media accounts, and guiding others_____ ( pick) them up from the streets.
With more demand (come) from domestic market, artists began painting different subjects.
易错分析：误将come当作谓语，不能正确分析宾语demand和补语的逻辑关系是两个错误原因。
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
【例4】One should be clear about what (love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it can be seen from a person’s appearance.
易错分析：没有牢记只跟不定式作宾语的词以及搭配。
What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and Denmark, to name a few, are introducing China by holding cultural activities, opening training classes, and (build) libraries.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误影响句子成分的判断是错误的直接原因。
Confucius believes that being benevolent does not mean_________ (be)without principles.
易错分析：句意理解错误会混淆mean后面to do和doing的用法。mean to do表示“打算”。
Shyness makes it difficult (meet) new people and make friends.
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
【例5】As an expert for the Baby Annabell Ask The Experts campaign, people have asked me if (have) a shy personality is something we are born with or if it’s something we develop based on our experiences.
易错分析：长难句拆解错误，未能判断if从句中缺少主语是错误根本原因。
For Wang, (win) this title is just the beginning of a promising future. The rising star said he would head to the top spots in the professional arena.
易错分析：现在分词的变化形式中的特殊形式记忆不牢。
It has indeed been a growing trend for urban residents ________(volunteer) in rural areas.
易错分析：句子结构分析不清楚，影响正确翻译句意，未能判断真正的主语。
What you've said is _________ (convince), so I'll take your advice.
易错分析：如果句子结构不理解，句意便会出错，容易误填过去分词。
convincing
考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：你说的话令人信服，因此，我将接受你的建议。so表示因果关系的并列连词，设空处为非谓语动词作表语，主语是what引导的主语从句。convincing表示“令人信服的”。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·天津河北·二模）Mr. Smith is looking for a classroom that is big enough _________ all the students.
A．to be held B．to hold C．to have held D．to be holding
2．（2024·山东·三模）Helen’s smartphone doesn’t work. She has to get it ________.
A．to be repairing B．repairing C．to repair D．repaired
3．（2024·天津河北·二模）Nowadays doctors can perform incredibly precise operations ______ advanced robotics and live imaging technology.
A．using B．used C．having used D．having been used
4．（2024·天津·二模）It is recently reported that the number of people ______ a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change their cooking in some way.
A．stick to B．sticking to C．stuck to D．having stuck to
5．（2024·天津和平·二模）Many people have no idea what to do when a disaster strikes. _______ is the best way to increase your chances of survival.
A．Prepared B．Having prepared C．Prepare D．Being prepared
6．（2024·天津河东·二模）Jerry received 3 text messages from his bank, ________ him that 3 online payments had just been made from his account.
A．informed B．to inform C．informing D．inform
7．（2024·天津·二模）__________ by his actions, she quietly walked away, cutting off all contact with him from that moment on.
A．Disappointing B．Disappointed
C．To disappoint D．Being disappointed
8．（2024·天津·一模）When I entered the room, I found Emily seated quietly on the sofa, her eyes ______ on the storybook.
A．fixed B．fixing C．to fix D．to be fixed
9．（2024·山东济南·二模）--I’m sure you have a plan.
--Erm, yes, we are considering ______a trip around the island.
A．take B．to take C．to be taking D．taking
10．（2024·天津·二模）______ safety checks outside, the ground recovery team opened the Shenzhou X capsule and conducted an examination of the astronauts’ health.
A．To follow B．Following C．Having followed D．Followed
11．（2024·天津·二模）A variety of applications with filters ________ in allow users to soften wrinkles or adjust the size and shape of their facial features.
A．to build B．building C．built D．having been built
12．（2024·天津·二模）The headmaster blamed the naughty student caught ________ flowers in the garden.
A．to be picking B．picking C．to pick D．to have picked
13．（2024·天津·二模）A fisherman claimed to have witnessed a giant sea turtle this morning _______ almost two meters long.
A．measured B．having measured C．measuring D．to be measured
14．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）Celebrated American author F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, ______ in the 1920s, reveals the emptiness and anxiety of the society then.
A．setting B．set C．to set D．having set
15．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）It’s important to share China’s wisdom-filled art with people worldwide, truly ______ traditional Chinese culture to be understood.
A．allowed B．to allow C．allowing D．being allowed
16．（2024·天津北辰·三模）Shops in Winsor Castle offer a wide range of souvenirs ______ for the Royal Collection, including books, postcards, china, jewellery, and children’s toys.
A．designing B．to be designed
C．being designed D．designed
17．（2024·天津河北·一模）When Mrs Smith arrived at her company, she saw her office ________ dark blue by some workers.
A．to paint B．painting C．being painted D．to be painted
18．（2024·天津·一模）Hate speech on the Internet causes violence, and undermines diversity and social unity, ________ the common values and principles that bond us together.
A．to threaten B．having threatened
C．threatening D．threatened
19．（2024·天津·一模）The shopkeeper and assistants will get all these goods ordered ______ to the customers today.
A．to deliver B．delivering C．deliver D．delivered
20．（2024·天津和平·一模）The actor is believed ______ the TV drama soon due to personal reasons.
A．to have left B．to leave C．to be left D．to have been left
二、翻译
21．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）网络红包的乐趣在于它的未知性，因为收到红包的人只有打开它时才知道自己到底抢到了多少钱。(until)
22．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）景区可利用短视频提升知名度，助力文旅宣传。(facilitate)
23．（2024·上海普陀·二模）这部电影充满正能量，它用一个女孩的成长经历激励人们在人生道路上不断挑战自我，努力成为更好的自己。（which）
24．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）面对网络时代的冲击，实体商店必须寻求创新之道，才能在激烈的竞争中生存，否则将不可避免地退出历史舞台。(survive)
25．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）对于有选择困难症的人来说，决定午餐吃什么都会困扰他们，更别提做一个重大的人生抉择了。
26．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）你能告诉我怎样架设这个梯子，才能使其既稳定又安全吗？(so that)
27．（2024·上海徐汇·二模）作为年轻人，我们具有极强的创造力，可以大胆设想、勇敢探索。(As …)
28．（2024·上海长宁·二模）公司感受到了威胁, 其应对策略是书写长长的警示标签，试图预见可能发生的事故。（respond）
29．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）作为首个致力于城市规划和建设成果的展览中心，它追朔了这座城市从早期到21世纪的惊人演变。（dedicate）
30．（2024·上海闵行·二模）这个提案聚焦如何保护青少年自由活跃的天性，我觉得评审小组会感兴趣。(appeal to)
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