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Unit 3 Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures
阅读以下两段对话，感知黑体部分并完成下面的小题
1．Lily：I haven’recently.Whatrecently.What are you doing these days
Bob：I am doing research on how to protect wildlife.
Lily：You have never done such research before，have you
Bob：Yes，this is the first time that I have done this.I have read some papers on this topic and also attended a lecture.
Lily：The lecture is very useful to your research，isn’t it
Bob：Yes，it is.It is also inspiring.
Lily：It inspires you to find more information about the topic，doesn’t it
Bob：Yes，it does.It gives me suggestions on finding more information.
2．Sam：Amy，there will be a film in the school hall tonight，won’t there
Amy：I’ve just heard about it.It is called A Brief History of Time，a film about Stephen Hawking.
Sam：It must be a great movie，isn’t it
Amy：I think so.Let’s watch it together，shall we/shan’t we
Sam：OK，we can meet in front of the school hall at about six，can’t we
Amy：OK，see you then!
Sam：See you!
1．附加疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句式，后一部分是疑问句式，两者用逗号隔开。
2．附加疑问句一般是前肯定后否定，或者前否定后肯定。
3．附加疑问句又称反意疑问句。附加疑问部分的句式是：助动词/情态动词/be动词＋主语，其中的主语必须用代词。
附加疑问句
一、含义
附加疑问句是附加在陈述句后的简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实或观点提出疑问。
二、构成
1．肯定陈述句＋否定附加疑问部分
You have already got our invitation，haven’t you
我们的请帖你们已经收到了，是吧？
2．否定陈述句＋肯定附加疑问部分
You won’t be away for long，will you
你不会离开太久，是吧？
3．祈使句＋附加疑问部分
(1)肯定祈使句＋will you？(为了使祈使句听起来更委婉、客气，附加疑问部分还可以用would you，won’t you，can you，could you，can’t you等)
Have another cup of coffee，will you
再喝杯咖啡，好吗？
(2)否定式祈使句＋will you
Don’t close the door，will you
别关门，好吗？
(3)以Let’s开头的祈使句，其附加疑问部分用“shall we”或“shan’t we”；以Let us/me开头的祈使句，其附加疑问部分用“will you”。
Let’s go and listen to the music，shall we
我们去听音乐，好吗？
Let us wait in the reading room，will you
让我们在阅览室等，好吗？
三、附加疑问句的几种特殊情况
特殊情况 例句
陈述部分有little，few，never，hardly，seldom，no，nothing，nobody，no one，none，neither等表示否定意义的词时，其附加疑问部分用肯定结构。 He seldom contacts his family，does he？
陈述部分含有由un-，im-，in-，dis- 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，视为肯定含义，附加疑问部分用否定形式。 Your little son is unhappy，isn’t he？(不能用is he) It is impossible to learn English well in that situation，isn’t it？(不能用is it)
陈述部分主语是this，that，these，those时，疑问部分主语用it或they。 These are credit cards，aren’t they？
当陈述部分是there be句型时，其附加疑问部分中要用 there。 There was an old stadium in front of our school，wasn’t there？
陈述部分用“used to＋动词原形”时，附加疑问部分用“didn’t＋主语”或“usedn’t＋主语”形式。 He used to live in the poor country，didn’t/usedn’t he？
若陈述部分是一个主从复合句，附加疑问部分一般要与主句一致。 He said the match was a failure，didn’t he？
感叹句后加附加疑问句时，附加疑问部分需用be的一般现在时的否定形式。 What fine weather，isn’t it？
[温馨提示]　当陈述部分是“I’m sure，I’m afraid，I think/suppose/expect/imagine/believe等＋宾语从句”结构时，附加疑问部分一般与从句的主语和谓语一致，而且要注意陈述部分的否定转移现象。
I don’t think he cheated in the match，did he
四、回答
—He wants to go，doesn’t he
—No，he doesn’t.
——他想去，不是吗？
——不，他不想去。
—You aren’t a student，are you
—Yes，I am.
——你不是学生，是吗？
——不，我是。
总结：(1)当陈述部分为肯定式，附加疑问部分为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照实际情况回答即可。
(2)当陈述部分为否定式，附加疑问部分为肯定式时，要根据事实来回答，事实是肯定的用Yes；事实是否定的用No；此时的Yes译为“不”，No译为“是的”。
Ⅰ.完成下列附加疑问句
1．He knows the athlete who has won four gold medals，doesn’t he
2. Taking notes carefully makes you learn better，doesn’t it
3．Alice，you wash the plates today，will you
4．You must have been there，haven’t you
5．The economy of our country develops well，doesn’t it
6．He is not the man who gave us a lecture，is he
7．Don’t contact the guy addicted to drug，will you
8．It is the third time that he has been a champion，isn’t it
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．评论这件事意义不大，不是吗？
There is little point in commenting on it，is there
2．我相信下周五他会来派对的，对吗？
I believe that he will come to the party next Friday，won’t he
3．他从没告诉我们他是怎么受伤的，是不是？
He never told us how he was injured，did he
4．你认为我们不会跑完这次马拉松，是吗？
You don’t think we can finish the marathon，do you
5．她告诉我们她完成了任务，是吗？
She told us that she had finished the task，didn’t she
6．郎平是一个意志非常坚定的人，不是吗？
Lang Ping is a person with great determination，isn’t she
7．停止玩手机给你儿子树立个好榜样，不行吗？
Stop playing your cellphone and set a good example for your son，will/won’t you
8．这个交换生过去常常去汉语角，不是吗？
This exchange student used to go to the Chinese corner，didn’t/usedn’t he？
训练3　Discovering Useful Structures　[分值：75.5分]
Ⅰ.用附加疑问句补全句子(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
1．Few people are here，are they
2．Lucy would like an apple，wouldn’t she
3．There is little bread in this plate，is there
4．Everything seems all right，doesn’t it
5．You must have told her about it，haven’t you
6．Let’s go there by bus，shall we/shan’t we
7．Don’t forget to give Polly some food and change her water，will you
8．No one can answer this question，can they/can he
9．He must be tired，isn’t he
10．I suppose you have finished your homework，haven’t you
Ⅱ.阅读下面短文，运用本单元所学语法补全句子(共4小题；每小题2分，满分8分)
The Old Cat
An old woman had a cat.The cat was very old；she could not run quickly,1.could she And she could not bite，because she was so old.One day the old cat saw a mouse and she jumped and caught the mouse.She could not bite it，so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away.
Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse.She began to hit the cat.The cat said，“Do not hit your old servant,2.will you I have worked for you for many years,3.haven’t I And I would work for you still，but I am too old.Do not be unkind to the old,4.will you But remember what good work the old did when they were young.”
Ⅲ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
The design of the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic torch(火炬) was shown on July 25，marking almost a year until the opening ceremony(典礼) of the Paris Olympic Games.
The torch，measuring 70 centimeters and weighing 3.3 pounds，is made with lightweight radiant steel and is known for its champagne color，a color of French white wine.
Mathieu Lehanneur，the designer of the torch said that he drew inspiration from three Paris 2024 symbols—equality(平等)，water and peacefulness.Equality is shown by perfect balance.Peacefulness is shown by the gentleness of the curves.The lower half features a relief pattern that copies the movement of the River Seine，along which the opening ceremony will be held.
It will be the first torch in the history of the Games to be used for both the Olympics and Paralympics.Past designs have shared similarities but are different in shape and color.This is part of the organizing committee’s plan to “build bridges between the Olympic and Paralympic Games”，Paris 2024’s president Tony Estanguet said in a statement.
Equality means putting the same ambition into organizing the Paralympic Games as the Olympic Games.Following on from the medals to the mascots，the Olympic and Paralympic Games will share the same torch design.
Equality in the Paris 2024 project is also reflected in the strong promise to equality in the Olympic Games：For the first time in the history of the Games，as many women as men will take part in the competitions.Reflecting this desire for peace，the torch，with its curves and rounded lines，is filled with gentleness.The design of the torch delivers generosity and unity.
“Such a project is a dream for a designer，because it’s a project that connects something symbolic and technical in one，for a big moment，” Lehanneur said.
1．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The shape of the torch.
B．The inspiration of the torch.
C．The ceremony of the Games.
D．The place of the opening ceremony.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。根据第三段内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要讲述了火炬的灵感来源。故选B。
2．What is special about the torch
A．It is very heavy.
B．It is perfect in shape.
C．It copies the movement of the River Seine.
D．It’ll be used in the Olympics and Paralympics.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，巴黎奥运火炬将是奥运会历史上首次既用于奥运会又用于残奥会的火炬，这是它的特别之处。故选D。
3．What can we infer from what Lehanneur said in the last paragraph
A．He had a passion for sports.
B．He wanted to be a well-known designer.
C．He felt a sense of achievement and pride.
D．He wished to connect everything together.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段他说的话“Such a project is a dream for a designer，because it’s a project...for a big moment”可知，作为一名设计师，能设计奥运火炬让他有一种成就感和自豪感，故选C。
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．Paris 2024 Torch Design Showed
B．Inspiration of the 2024 Games
C．A designer Realized His Dream
D．Equality，Water and Peacefulness
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。纵观全文尤其根据第一段内容可知，本文主要讲述了2024年巴黎奥运会和残奥会火炬的设计和意义，所以A项(2024年巴黎奥运会火炬设计被展示)是本文最好的标题。故选A。
B
Regularly heading a football leads to a measurable drop in brain function over two years in active players，and could increase the risk of dementia(痴呆) in later life，a study led by Doctor Michael Lipton，a researcher from Columbia University，has found.
West Bromwich Albion player Jeff Astle died at the age of 59 after having developed a brain disease.A doctor said that his heading of footballs during his career had damaged his brain and ruled that he had died from an “industrial disease”．
The researchers took 148 footballers with an average age of 27，three quarters of whom were male and a quarter female.They developed a questionnaire to figure out how often these football players headed the ball.
The players were given memory and learning tests，and took a form of MRI scanning，which can examine the brain structure by recording the movement of water molecules(分子) through the tissue.They then took the same tests again two years later.
“Our analysis(解题思路) found that high levels of heading over the two-year period were connected with changes in brain structure similar to findings seen in brain injuries，” said Doctor Michael Lipton.“High levels of heading were also connected with a drop in learning performance.This is the first study to show a change of brain structure over the long term related to head damage in soccer.”
“There is wide concern for brain injury in the potential for soccer heading to cause long-term adverse effects on brains in particular，” Lipton explained.
That has led the Football Association to put a ban(禁令) on heading for children under 12 in youth teams.The England Football website recently notes of its trial to ban heading for children and it “can support the development of more skillful players...contributing to the improved technical ability of our young players.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了Michael Lipton的一项研究发现，经常用头顶球会导致活跃球员的大脑功能明显下降，并可能增加晚年患痴呆症的风险。
5．Why does the author mention Jeff Astle
A．To compare him with other 148 players.
B．To support Doctor Michael’s findings.
C．To explain what industrial disease is.
D．To memorize a talented player.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，球员Jeff Astle在患上脑部疾病之后于59岁去世，医生说他“用头顶球”破坏了他的大脑，这一说法和第一段的发现一致，即作者提到Jeff Astle是为了支持Michael博士的发现。故选B。
6．How did the researchers carry out the study
A．By reviewing previous results.
B．By controlling activities of the brain.
C．By grouping male and female football players.
D．By conducting medical checkups of the brain.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段可知，研究人员是通过对球员的大脑进行医学检查来进行这项研究的。故选D。
7．What is the main focus of the study on footballers
A．The influence of heading on brain diseases.
B．The potential to suffer dementia in their school life.
C．The long-term effect of heading on brain structure.
D．The lack of technical ability in young football players.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第五段中“This is the first study to show a change of brain structure over the long term related to head damage in soccer.”可知，此项关于足球运动员的研究主要关注用头球对大脑结构的长期影响。故选C。
8．What does the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 6 mean
A．Negative. B．Direct.
C．Protective. D．Special.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。第五段提到用头顶球会对大脑结构造成损伤，第六段是研究者的解释，可推知是关于用头顶球对大脑的长期不利影响，所以推知画线词应为“不利的，有害的”的意思。故选A。
Ⅳ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2024·河南新乡高一期中)
Walking might seem simple.“But it’s not，” explains Peggy Cawthon，a professor at Harvard Medical School.“It’s an amazingly complex behavior especially when we try to understand how to improve our lives as we age.” 1 Here are a few ideas.
Don’t stop exercising.
Cawthon agrees that the worst thing a person can do is to stop exercising.“You’ll feel the effects almost immediately，” says Cawthon.Sitting for hours leaves her uncomfortable，and it’s the days when she types that her arthritis(关节炎) doesn’t cause much pain. 2
Train yourself to walk with skill.
To truly improve your walking，you need to think like an athlete.Imagine you want to play tennis，but you have a bad backhand.Playing lots of tennis won’t fix the problem，Cawthon says. 3 It’s the same thing with walking.
Give your brain a boost(激励)．
4 So don’t forget that when working out your fitness plan.Cawthon has been studying an area of the brain related to motivation(动机) and executive function.Subjects with a boost walk more steps on average than the control group，and they have been maintaining that even several months later.
　5　
So when should we face the music about our mobility？There is no final answer for when walking problems begin to come up.“You should be as active as you can at any age，” Cawthon says，noting that people who are healthy in their 20s and 30s are best equipped to deal with future age-related challenges.“The best time to start is now.Next best is tomorrow，” she says.
A．Start planning now.
B．Be in pretty good shape.
C．You need to improve your skill.
D．So what steps should we take to do it right
E．How can you sweat your way to good health
F．It is a helpful reminder that our bodies need action.
G．Basically，the body part controlling everything is your brain.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。哈佛医学院教授Peggy Cawthon给我们指出了四点有关走路锻炼的建议。
1．答案　D
解析　上文指出走路其实很复杂，结合下文“Here are a few ideas.”可知，空处应承上启下，询问应该如何做，D项“那么，我们应该采取什么措施才能正确地做到呢”符合题意。故选D。
2．答案　F
解析　根据本段小标题“Don’t stop exercising.”和空前几句可知，本段主要讲不要停止锻炼，并指出久坐不动会不舒服，用打字来活动手指可以让关节炎有所减轻；空处承接上文，F项“这是一个有益的提醒：我们的身体需要动起来”符合题意。故选F。
3．答案　C
解析　根据本段小标题“Train yourself to walk with skill.”可知，关键词是“skill”。上文讲述了打网球时不能靠多打几次来解决自己的反手问题，所以空处应是说需要怎么做，C项“你需要提高你的技能”符合题意。故选C。
4．答案　G
解析　根据本段小标题“Give your brain a boost(激励)．”可知，关键词是“brain”和“boost”。再结合下文提到大脑和动机及决策有关可知，G项“基本上，控制一切的身体部分是你的大脑”承上启下，符合题意。故选G。
5．答案　A
解析　空处是本段小标题，根据上文小标题的形式可知，这里应用祈使句。根据下文中的“The best time to start is now.Next best is tomorrow”可知，本段建议要从现在开始，A项“立即开始计划”符合题意。故选A。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
As the capital of 13 dynasties(朝代) throughout Chinese history，Xi’an has never been far from sports.From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty，the city 1. (hold) many sports events，such as cuju.
Cuju was 2. ancient Chinese competitive game involving kicking a ball through an opening.As the ancestor of soccer，it first appeared in the ancient Chinese historical work Zhan Guo Ce，in which cuju 3. (describe) as one of amusements among the general public.
Later，cuju was 4. (common) played in the army during the Han Dynasty(202BCE－220CE)．Emperor Hangaozu Liu Bang，the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty，not only liked watching cuju games,5. always tried his footwork on the playground.Liu Che，Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,6. was crazy about cuju，would set up a cuju field wherever his army went.He used cuju as a way of 7. (train) soldiers.
The 8. (early) record of women cuju players dates back to the Han Dynasty.We can see from the paintings females with their hair 9. (tie)，waving their sleeves and looking elegant(优雅的) when they were playing.
As a way of national cultural 10. (protect)，cuju was listed into the first batch of China’s intangible cultural heritages(非物质文化遗产) in 2006.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蹴鞠的历史来源。作为中国民族文化的一部分，蹴鞠在2006年被列入了中国非物质文化遗产的名录。
1．答案　held
解析　考查动词时态。解题思路句子，设空处使用动词作谓语，根据前文的From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty可知，句子表述过去的事实，故使用一般过去时。故填held。
2．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。解题思路句子，句中game为可数名词，此处表示泛指，故使用不定冠词，其前面的修饰词ancient的首字母发音为元音音素。故填an。
3．答案　was described
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。解题思路句子，设空处作in which引导的定语从句中的谓语，句子表述过去事实，结合句中的appeared可知，句子使用一般过去时，同时cuju表单数意义，与describe之间是被动关系，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was described。
4．答案　commonly
解析　考查副词。解题思路句子，设空处使用common的副词形式commonly作状语，意为“普遍地”。故填commonly。
5．答案　but
解析　考查连词。解题思路句子，not only...but (also)．..为固定搭配，意为“不但……而且……”。故填but。
6．答案　who
解析　考查定语从句。解题思路句子，设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，修饰先行词 Liu Che，指人，故使用who。故填who。
7．答案　training
解析　考查非谓语动词。解题思路句子，设空处使用动名词作宾语。故填training。
8．答案　earliest
解析　考查形容词最高级。句中使用形容词作定语，设空处前有The修饰，此处表示“最早的”，故使用early的最高级形式earliest。故填earliest。
9．答案　tied
解析　考查非谓语动词。解题思路句子，句中构成“with＋宾语＋宾补”复合结构，句中hair与tie之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作宾补。故填tied。
10．答案　protection
解析　考查名词。解题思路句子，设空处使用protect的名词形式protection作宾语，意为“保护”。故填protection。

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