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初三英语寒假复习讲义
目录
Lesson 1------基础课程：词性、成分、简单句句子结构、简单句种类
Lesson 2------动词分类
Lesson 3------动词时态、语态
Lesson 4------非谓语动词（doing, to do, done）
Lesson 5------名词
Lesson 6------代词
Lesson 7------形容词、副词
Lesson 8------介词，数词
Lesson 9------连词，三大从句
Lesson 10------主谓一致
Lesson 1
【每日经典】
A smile is the most inviting of all gestures.微笑是所有姿态中，最诱人的一种。
【限时阅读】
Many years ago, there 1 a very rich man in a village. He wanted to do 2 for the villagers
3 they were good and kind.
One day, he 4 a very large stone in the center of the road to the village. Then he waited behind a tree
5 was near the road. Soon an old 6 came along.
“Who put this stone here ” said the old man, but he didn’t try to move the stone. A farmer came and 7 the same thing, then another man came, and another. All of them complained about the 8 on the road, 9 none of them tried to move it.
Later, a young man came along. He saw the stone and said, “The night will be very 10 . Someone will come along later and will 11 because of the stone.
The young man then began to 12 the stone. He pushed it hard . To his great 13 , he found a bag of money and a 14 of paper under the stone with these words: The money is 15 the first kind man that moves the stone away.”
( )1.A. worked　　　　　 B. lived　　　 C. had　 　　　　 D. is
( )2.A. anything　　 　 B. something　 　 C. nothing　　　 D. everything
( )3. A. if　　 　　　 B. while　　　　 C. when　　　　　 D. but
( )4. A. saw B. put C. looked at D. realized
( )5. A. who　　　　 B. what 　　 C. where　 　 D. that
( )6. A. woman　　　　 B. farmer　　 C. worker　 D. man
( )7. A. do　　　　 B. does　　　 C. did　 　 D. move
( )8. A. man　　 B. stone　　　 C. village　　 　 D. farmer
( )9. A. and　　 　 B. then　　 　　 C. but　　　　 D. however
( )10. A. dark　　 B. light　　 C. afraid　　 　 D. deep
( )11. A. hurt B. be hurt C. fall D. fell
( )12. A. take　　　 B. bring　 　 C. carry　　　 　 D. move
( )13. A. happy　　　 B. surprise　 C. surprised　　 　 D. wrong
( )14. A. piece　　 B. bag　　　　 　　 C. box　　　 　 D. shelf
( )15. A. to　　　 B. of　　　 C. on　　　　　 D. for
【语法专题】基础课程：词性、成分、简单句句子结构、简单句种类
词性
词类 英语名称 意义 例词
名词 表示人或事物的名称 boy,pencil,book,bag
冠词 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指代的人或事物。 a(an),the
代词 用来代替名词、形容词或数词。 we,that,his.what
形容词 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。 old,red,fine,good
数词 表示数量或顺序。 one,thirteen,first
动词 表示动作或状态。 look,go,be(am,is,are)
副词 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。 not,too,here,often
介词 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。 in,on,of,to,under
连词 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。 and,or,but
感叹词 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。 oh,hi,wow! Emm.
句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓（系）语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours （代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
练习：指出下列句子划线部分每个词的词性及句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. He noticed a man enter the room.
4. The apples tasted sweet.
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address
五种简单句型结构
1、主语+谓语（不及物动词）+ 状语（表示动作）
I work every day. “ work”是不及物动词作谓语, “every day” 是时间状语。I live in Puning city. “live ”是不及物动词作谓语, “in Puning city”是地点状语。
主语+ 系动词+ 表语+ 状语（表示状态）
She is rich now. I am in Guangdong now. I was a worker before.
主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语+ 状语 （表示动作）
I read English every morning. read 是及物动词作谓语， English 是名词作宾语， every morning 是时间状语。
主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语 +直接宾语 + 状语 （表示动作）
I gave her a book yesterday. gave 是及物动词作谓语， her 是间接宾语， book 是直接宾语， yesterday 是时间状语。
主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语+ 补语+ 状语 （表示动作）
I made her happy yesterday. made是及物动词作谓语， her 作宾语，happy 是形容词作补语，yesterday 是时间状语。
简单句种类：简单句可以分为陈述句、感叹句、祈使句、疑问句。
陈述句：
陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法，由肯定和否定两种形式，句末通常用句号，读降调。
(一)、陈述句的肯定式： 结构：主语+谓语+其他
例：That boy always helps others. I can swim very well.
(二)、陈述句的否定式：
1、be动词的否定式： 结构：主语+be+not+表语+其他
例：She is not a teacher. Tom was not at home yesterday.
2、实义动词的否定式： 结构：主语+do(does、did)+not+动词原形+其他
例：They don’t live in Shanghai.
3、情态动词的否定式： 结构：主语+情态动词+not+动词原形+其他
例：He can not speak English.
4、除not外，其他构成否定式的情况：
(1) 用no表示，no=not any/a。 例：He has no sister. = He doesn’t have any sisters.
(2) never 绝不，从来不。 例：I have never see such a man.
(3) little、few几乎没有。 例：There are few students in the classroom.
(4) no one=nobody没有人。 例：No one/Nobody is interested in the book.
(5) nothing什么也没有。 例：There is nothing wrong with you.
(6) neither of…没有什么人(两者都不)；none of…没有任何人，什么都没有(三者或以上)。
例：Neither of them has been to China.
The trip was so long. But none of them felt bored.
(7) seldom很少，hardly几乎不。 例：I seldom go to hospital.
(8) too …to … 太…以至于不能…。 例：He is too young to look after himself.
感叹句：
根据句意选出恰当的一项填空。
1. ______ (What / What a) delicious chicken we are having!
2. ______ (What / How) warm it is in the classroom!
3. ______ (What / What a) nice shirt you bought!
4. _____ (What / How) fast the young man is walking!
典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3) ______ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
祈使句：
祈使句用来表示请求、命令、建议等。谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语，句末用叹号或句号，读降调。
(一)、含有第二人称主语的祈使句：
1、肯定的祈使句： 句型：动词原形+… (省略主语)
例：Stand up. Be quiet, please.
2、否定的祈使句： 句型：Don’t+动词原形+…
例：Don’t swim in the river. Don’t be late.
注意：表示“禁止”时，尤其是标语等也可以用 No+动名词 或 Mustn’t+动词原形 。
例：No smoking. = Mustn’t smoke.
3、祈使句与陈述句的改写：
(1) 祈使句=You must…(陈述句)
例：Come here. = You must come here.
Don’t do that again. = You mustn’t do that again.
(2) Please+祈使句=Will you (please)…
例：Please help me. = Will you (please) help me
(二)、含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句：
1、肯定的祈使句：
句型 Let+第一人称(me、us)+动词原形+…
Let+第三人称(him、her、it、them或名词)+动词原形+…
例：Let’s go at once. Let me try again. Let Tom go there himself.
2、否定的祈使句：
句型 Let’s(me、us)+not+动词原形+…
Don’t let+第三人称或名词+动词原形+…
例：Let’s not say anything about it. Don’t let them play with fire.
疑问句：
用以提问的句子是疑问句，句末用问号。疑问句包括：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
(一)、一般疑问句：
例：—Are you a doctor —Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
—Do you like playing football —Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
—Have you ever been to Luzhou —Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
—Can you play the guitar —Yes, I can./No, I can’t.
(二)、选择疑问句：
提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。回答不能用yes或no，而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。语调前升后降。选择疑问句分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。
1、一般选择疑问句： 句型：一般疑问句+or+被选择部分？
例：—Do you like apples or pears —I likes pears.
2、特殊选择疑问句： 句型：特殊疑问句+A or B？
例：—Which would you like better, tea or coffee —I like coffee.
(三)、反意疑问句：
反意疑问句有两类：(1)肯定式，否定式？(2)否定式，肯定式？
陈述句的肯定句，助动词（情态动词、be、have）的否定形式+主语？
The girl went home late yesterday, didn’t she
陈述句的否定句，助动词（情态动词、be、have）的肯定形式+主语？
例：You haven’t been to Beijing, have you
常见的否定词： few、little、seldom、hardly、never、not、no、nobody、nothing、none、neither、too…to…
反意疑问句的特殊结构：
当陈述部分是祈使句时，不论是肯定的还是否定的附加问句都用will you；但如果“Let’s…结构”，只能用shall we。
陈述部分是there be结构，其附加部分用there做主语。
例：There is a computer on the desk, isn’t there
附加疑问句的主语和陈述句的主语不一致的情况：
情况 陈述句主语 附加问句主语
A everything、something、anything等表示“物”的不定代词 单数代词it
B nobody、someone、none、neither等表示“人”的不定代词 多用复数代词they，也可用he
C This/that；these/those。 单数用it，复数用they。
D 主语从句、不定式、动名词短语 用it
E 不定代词one作主语 正式场合用one，非正式用you
(四)、特殊疑问句：
疑问代词的用法：可以对主语、表语、宾语提问。
what 对物或者是人的职业提问。
who 对某人的姓名或与别人关系进行提问。
whom who的宾格，对宾语提问，口语中who可代替whom。
whose “谁的”。
which “哪一个”，特指范围内进行提问。
例：—Who is your teacher —Miss Gao is my teacher.
—What is your mother —She is a doctor.
疑问副词的用法：对状语进行提问。
When 询问时间。
Where 询问地点、场所。
Why 询问原因，回答只能用because引导的原因状语从句。
how 询问方式方法、身体状况、天气等。
例：—When were you born —I was born on June 5th.1980. (用来提问年、月、日、星期)
—What time is it —It’s 8 o’clock. (what time对具体的钟点提问)
—Where are you going —I am going to Japan.
—Why are you late —Because I met an accident.
—How is the weather today —It is cloudy.
疑问词组的用法：用来询问年龄、身高、数量、次数、距离等。
How many (可数名词) 多少
How much (不可数名词) 多少
How old (岁数) 多大
How tall (人、树等) 多高
How long (时间) 多久；(长度) 多长
How often (频率) 多久
How soon (时间) 多快
How far (距离) 多远
How high (山等) 多高
【综合提高】
一、阅读理解
May 23, 2021
Dear Headmaster Becker,
I’m David Brown, a student from Grade 8 . I’m sitting in the classroom to write you this letter because I really have something to say about the school lunchtime .
Well , I know that school is for learning . It is important to have good reading and math skills. But I think school is also important for another reason . It helps people to get along with others .
It may seem that lunchtime is not important . As you see , lots of us spend most lunchtime just talking with our friends . But this activity is more important than it looks .
I’m learning how to get along with others . I’m learning how to solve problems. I’m finding out new things from others. I’m learning how to say sorry . These are all important skills to learn .
My　　is that the time for lunch is too short . I know this is happening so we spend more time in class learning . But please do not forget that we are also learning at lunchtime. We are learning people skills . It is important that we have enough time to spend with our friends .
I really hope that you can make our lunchtime longer. A little more time spent with friends each day would be good for everybody .
( ) 1. Where did David write the letter
A. In the library B. In the classroom C. At his home D. At his friend’s home
( ) 2. The best word for　 　 is “_________” .
A. plan B. dram C. problem D. result
( ) 3. Why did David write the letter
A. To say sorry to the headmaster . B. To be a headmaster in the future.
C. To say thank you to the headmaster. D. To ask the headmaster to make the lunchtime longer.
( ) 4. What does David think of schools
A. School is for lunch. B. School is a place to say sorry.
C. The most important thing at school is for learning.
D. School helps people learn to get along with others.
( ) 5. What can we learn from the article about David
A. He enjoys spending time with his friends. B. He spends a lot of time talking in class.
C. He write a lot of letters to the headmaster . D. He hopes he can make more friends.
Lesson 2
【每日经典】
Good fortune favors the brave and courageous.好运总是眷顾那些勇敢的人。
【语法专题】动词分类：动词的分类基本上是四类：实义动词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。
动 词 谓语：He plays basketball well. 非谓语：He is there to look after me. 词语举例：
She didn’t like apples. Does this man work for the company You do seem to have a point. 词语举例：
She will come to the party. Can she play the guitar 词语举例：
The book is about Ma Yanhong. Ice cream tastes good. The weather gets warmer in spring. 词语举例：
一：系动词
1. be动词：be动词是最常见的连系动词，它的一般现在时态形式有am，is，are；过去时的形式是was,were。随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。如：I am a teacher. They are happy
Eg. -----There _______a lot of meat on the plate. Would you like some ------Just a little, please
A. is B. are C. am D. be
2.其他可以做系动词的词：另外有一些词也可以做系动词用，其后接形容词，名词或介词短语，这类词有become，turn，grow，look，smell，sound, taste等。如：Tom’s mother looks tired
Eg. The English song______very nice. Can you guess who is singing
A. smells B. looks C. tastes D. sounds
3. 可做实义动词的系动词：大多数感官动词，都既可以做系动词，也可以做实义动词，此时单独做谓语。如：He felt ill yesterday
Eg. I like wearing clothes made of cotton because cotton_______nice and soft
A. is feel B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
二、情态动词专练
考查can的用法 a. 考查can表示能力的用法。
在这一用法中，can表示能力，意思是"能，会"，其否定式can't表示"不能"。在过去时中用could和couldn't。例如：
--- Where's Mr. Lee I have something unusual to tell him.
--- You________find him. He________Japan. （黑龙江）
A. may not; has gone to B. may not; has been to C. can't; has gone to D. can't; has been to
2. --- Finish drawing a horse in ten minutes. OK --- Sorry. I_______it in such a short time.
A. may finish B. can't finish C. must finish D. needn't finish
b. 考查can表示推测的用法。
在这一用法中，can意为"可能"，表示客观可能性，常常用于疑问句和否定句中。例如：
3. --- Who is the man over there Is it Mr. Li
--- No, it________be him. Mr. Li is much taller. （河北）
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't
4. --- Listen! Someone is singing in the next room. Who________it be Is it Wei Fang
--- No. It________be her. She is at school now. （重庆市）
A. will; may not B. must; mustn't C. may; can't D. may; won't
c. 考查can / could表示请求许可的用法
在这一用法中，can和could都表示现在，用could比用can语气更加委婉客气，常用Could I / you... 句式，表示"我/你能……吗 "，若表示同意要用can，不用could。例如：
5. --- Could I look at your pictures --- Yes, of course you________. （武汉）
A. could B. can C. will D. might
考查must的用法
a.考查must表示义务的用法。
在这一用法中，must意为"必须"，"应该"，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn't表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。例如：
6. --- May I go to the cinema, Mum --- Certainly. But you________be back by 11 o'clock.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
7. --- Convid-2019 is such a terrible disease. --- Yes, it is. We________be more careful. （浙江嘉兴）
A. can B. may C. must D. need
要注意must和have to的用法区别：must表示说话人的主观看法，而have to表示客观的需要，意思是"不得不" 。例如：
8. --- Can you go swimming with us this afternoon
--- Sorry, I can't. I________take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.
A. can B. may C. would D. have to （南京）
回答must开头的一般疑问句，如果是否定的回答，要用needn't或don't have to，表示"不必"，"没有必要"的意思，不用mustn't，因为mustn't表示禁止或不许，意思是"一定不要"的意思。例如：
9. --- Must I finish the work before five o'clock --- No, you________. （四川）
A. needn't B. mustn't C. have to
b.考查must表示推测的用法。
在这一用法中，must意为"一定"，"肯定"，表示可能性很大，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can't，表示"不可能"。例如：
10. Susan's parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It ____be very expensive.
A. must B. can C. mustn't D. can't （上海）
11. This book______ __ Lucy's. Look! Her name is on the book cover. （河南）
A. must be B. may be C. can't be D. mustn't be
考查may的用法
a. 考查may表示请求许可的用法
在这一用法中,may表示许可或征询对方许可，表示"可以"的意思，常常与第一人称I连用，构成May I... 句式，表示"我可以……吗 "。肯定回答用Yes, you may.；Yes, please.等；否定回答用No, you can't.或No, you mustn't.，不用No, you may not。例如：
12. --- ________I have your name, please --- Yes, Michael. M-I-C-H-A-E-L. （北京市东城区）
A. Must B. Will C. May D. Need
13. --- May I go to the cinema, dad
--- No, you________. You must finish your homework first. （浙江金华市）
A. mustn't B. won't C. don't D. needn't
b. 测试may表示可能性的用法。
在这一用法中,may表示可能性，意思是"也许"，"可能"，通常用于肯定句中。例如：
14. You________go and ask Meimei. She________know the answer. （天津）
A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may
【综合提高】
完型填空
Mike was a little boy. One day Mike went with his father to a small town to 1 his grandparents.
2 the train, Mike put his head out of the window every minute. His father said, "Mike, be 3 ! Don't put your head out of the window!" But Mike didn't 4 his father and went on putting his head out of the window. His father could do 5 .
Then Mike's father wanted to 6 a joke on his son. He took Mike's cap quietly, hid it 7 his back and said, "You see, your cap 8 away. " Mike touched his head and it was really gone. The boy looked 9 and then he began to cry. He wanted to get his cap back.
"Don't worry, son. "said his father, "I have a strange 10 to get your cap back. " 11 can you get it back " asked Mike in surprise.
His father said, "Close your eyes and whistle(吹口哨) once, and maybe your cap will come back. “Mike came up to the window, 12 his eyes and whistled. Just at that 13 , his father quickly put the cap on the son's head.
"Oh! It was 14 !" Mike laughed. He was pleased, then he quickly took his father's cap and 15 it out of the window. "Now it is your turn to whistle, Dad!" he said happily.
( ) 1.A. look B. see C. watch D. notice
( ) 2.A. At B. Of C. To D. In
( ) 3.A. care B. careful C. carefully D. careless
( ) 4.A. hear of B. listen C. hear D. listen to
( ) 5.A. nothing B. anything C. some D. any
( ) 6. A. do B. work C. play D. take
( ) 7.A. before B. behind C. after D. at
( ) 8. A. dropped B. threw C. sent D. flew
( ) 9.A. worried B. glad C. happy D. proud
( ) 10. A. road B. path C. way D. street
( ) 11.A. Why B. How C. What D. Where
( ) 12. A. close B. closed C. closing D. opened
( ) 13.A. while B. second C. minute D. moment
( ) 14.A. terrible B. wonderful C. had D. lovely
( ) 15 A. threw B. placed C. brought D. got
二、阅读理解
It was nearly dark, the sun was dropping down the mountains far away. Little Tom came back home, with tears in his eyes.
“What’s the matter, Tom How’s your trip ” his mother asked with a big smile. “I failed. The mountain is so high and full of big or small stones on the way, I still go ahead. But I was tired and it was so late that I had to come back.” Tom cried. “It doesn’t matter, you are only 14 years old after all. You will have another chance.” his mother said. “But, standing at the top of the mountain is my dream!” Tom said. His father came over and asked, “Did you see the green trees on your way to the mountain ” “Sure, and there are a lot of beautiful flowers by the side of the road.” Tom replied. “Did you hear the birds singing ” his father asked. “There were many kinds of birds singing in the trees, and the sound was very sweet.” Tom said. “Did you feel the beauty of nature ” his father asked. “Yes, the blue sky, the white clouds, the green trees and the colorful flowers made a nice picture.” Tom answered. “That’s enough!” his father smiled and said, “Please remember, son. For often, achieving what you expect is not the most important thing. Although you didn’t reach the top of the mountain, you got a lot on the way.”
It is true that not every goal will be achieved, not every job will end up with a success, and not every dream will come true. The most beautiful scenery is on the way.
( )1. Tom got back home when the sun was dropping.
A. slowly B. sadly C. quickly D. early
( )2. Tom’s parents wanted Tom .
A. to be friendly B. to be happy C. to be clever D. to be healthy
( )3. What’s the main reason that Tom didn’t reach the top of the mountain
A. The mountain was so high. B. The way was full of big or small stones.
C. He was tired and it was so late. D. He was only 14 years old.
( )4. Tom saw a lot of things on the way to the mountain except .
A. clear water B. blue sky C. colorful flowers D. green trees
( )5. The writer tries to tell us that .
A. the goal is not important B. everyone should climb the mountain
C. the mountain is very beautiful D. the process is more important than the result
Lesson 3
【每日经典】
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
【语法专题】动词时态、语态
时态 含义 易考时间状语 经典范例
一般现在时 1.The earth moves around the sun. 2.He is the teacher of many poor children.
一般过去时 1.When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 2.Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky seven years ago.
现在进行时 We are having class now. He is writing a book these days,
一般将来时 1.Will you get home at seven this evening 2.Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
过去进行时 1.It was raining when they left the station.
现在完成时 1. I have seen this film. 2. I have lived here since I was born.
常考的“非延续性动词”和“延续性动词”的转换
buy—have
die—be dead
borrow/ lend—keep
come / go…--be (in)
open—be open
close—be closed
join—be in;
finish –be over
begin—be on
leave—be away (from)
put on—be on / wear;
catch a cold—have a cold
get married—be married
get to know—know
come back—be back;
【综合提高】
一、完型
The earth is our home. We must take care of it. Life today is easier than it was 1 years ago, but it has brought some new problems. One of the biggest problems is pollution. We can see it, smell it, drink it and even 2 it.
Man has polluted the 3 . The more people, the more pollution. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so 4 people. When the land was used up the river was not clean in a place, man went to 5 place. Now man is slowly polluting the whole world.
6 pollution is still the most serious, it’s bad for 7 things in the world. Many countries don’t let people burn 8 for air in houses and factories in the city. Pollution by SO2 is now the most dangerous kind of 9 pollution. It’s caused by heavy traffic. People say it’s 10 to ride bikes. When you are 11 , there is no pollution. But even in developed countries, most people don’t go to work by bike. It’s not 12 bikes are expensive or people are tiered if they ride to work. It’s because the number of cars on the roads becomes larger. So more people 13 _their bikes and go to work by cars, then things are getting 14 . We should have special roads only for bikes and make it 15 difficult and expensive for drivers to take their cars into the city that they will go back to use their bikes.
( ) 1.A. hundred B. hundreds of C. hundred of D. hundreds
( ) 2.A. listen B. listen to C. hear of D. hear
( ) 3.A. moon B. star C. earth D. sun
( ) 4.A. lot B. little C. many D. much
( ) 5.A. others B. the others C. the other D. another
( ) 6.A. Air B. Food C. Water D. Noise
( ) 7.A. life B. live C. living D. lives
( ) 8.A.something bad B. bad something C. something good D. good something
( ) 9.A. water B. air C. noise D. white
( ) 10.A. least B. best C. most D. worst
( ) 11.A. driving B. biked C. riding D. ridden
( ) 12.A. why B. because C. what D. how
( ) 13.A. put on B. look at C. put away D. look up
( ) 14.A.better and better B. more and more C. worse and worse D. bigger and bigger
( ) 15.A.quite B. such C. very D. so
二、阅读理解
“My dear lady,” says Holmes. “You’re shivering. Are you old Do you want a cup of hot tea ”
“I’m not cold,” the woman replies, “I fear for my life!”
“We are here to help you. Don’t worry about anything. I don’t know you. But I know many things about you. For example, I know how you travel. You came to London by train. You also ride to the train station on a horse-drawn wagon(马车).”
“Why, yes. You’re right. But how do you know these things ”
“I see a return ticket in your glove. I see fresh mud on the left arm of your dress. Now tell us your problem.”
“My name is Helen Stoner,” she states, “My mother and father are dead. I am living with my stepfather, Dr Grimesby Roylott. He comes from a rich family. But they are no longer rich. They have nothing except a small piece of land and a huge old house. We are living in the house. Dr Roylott is using my mother’s money for expenses(开支). Part of it was for my sister and me. It was for our marriages.”
Holmes is sitting in his chair. His eyes are closed. He is listening carefully to Helen’s story. He hears every detail.
Helen continues. “My stepfather has no friends. He fights with everyone. He is strong and gets angry quickly. Everyone is afraid of him.”
“He has no friends at all ” asks Holmes.
“No. He talks to no one except the gypsies. They are poor people who travel from place to place. A band of gypsies is staying on our land right now.”
“Are you and your sister afraid of the gypsies ”
“My dear Mr Holmes. You are making me so sad. My sister is dead. That is why I am standing here in this room.”
( )1. Paragraph 6 beginning with “My name is …” is mostly about_______________.
A. Helen’s dead sister B. Helen’s trip to London
C. the house Helen lives in D. Helen’s stepfather and the family
( )2. What is Holmes doing while Helen is telling her story
A. Walking slowly B. Listening carefully
C. standing sadly D. Writing quickly
( )3. Which of the following can best describe the gypsies according to the passage
A. They are very rich B. They are afraid of other people
C. They live on a horse-drawn wagon D. They move from one place to another
( )4. The passage is probably from __________.
A. a novel B. a guide C. a poem D. an advertisement
Lesson 4
【每日经典】
If you are passionate about something, pursue it.如果你想要，就勇敢去追逐！
【语法专题】非谓语动词（doing, to do, done）
一、非谓语动词的句法成分
To do
作主语：To help each other is good.=It is good to help each other.
作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
作宾语： She wishes to be a musician.
I am determined to give up smoking.
I don’t think it right to do it that way.
作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street.
I saw a little girl run across the street.
作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him
He is the man to depend on.
目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。
We reached the station in a hurry to find the bus had left.
Doing
作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见 It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
作表语：Her job is washing and cooking.
及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.
作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. –ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again
作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.
Do you know the man standing at the gate
作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother.
When crossing street, you must be careful.
原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
Done
作定语： The stolen car was found by the police last week.
作表语： The glass was broken by my little brother.
作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, amazed，broken, completed, covered等。
作宾语补足语
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了
作状语：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
几个易错点：
-ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
二、常考固定搭配
一. 接不定式（而不接动名词）作宾语的常用动词 如：want to do …
afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事
agree to do sth. 同意做某事
ask to do sth. 要求做某事
determine to do sth. 决心做某事
choose to do sth. 决定做某事
decide to do sth. 决定做某事
expect to do sth. 期待做某事
fail to do sth. 未能做某事
happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
help to do sth. 帮助做某事
hope to do sth. 希望做某事
learn to do sth. 学习做某事
manage to do sth. 设法做某事
need to do sth. 需要做某事
offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
plan to do sth. 计划做某事
prepare to do sth. 准备做某事 　
pretend to do sth. 假装做某事
promise to do sth. 答应做某事 　
refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事
want (would like) to do sth. 想要做某事 　　
wish to do sth. 希望做某事
二、接不定式作宾补的常用动词 如：ask sb (not) to do …
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事
beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事
force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事
hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事
help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事
need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
三、接动名词（不接不定式）作宾语的常用动词 如：enjoy doing
allow doing sth. 允许做某事
be busy doing 忙于做什么
avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事
consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
enjoy doing sth. 喜爱做某事
finish doing sth. 完成做某事
imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
put off doing sth. 推迟做某事
keep doing sth. 保持做某事
mind doing sth. 介意做某事
miss doing sth. 错过做某事
permit doing sth. 允许做某事
practice doing sth. 练习做某事
prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
四、接现在分词作宾补的常用动词 如：see sb doing …
catch sb. doing sth. 碰上某人做某事
discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事
notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人做某
listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事
look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事
prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
watch sb. doing sth. 观看某人做某事
五、接动词原形作宾补的常用动词 如：make sb do …
feel sb. do sth. 感觉某人做某事
have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事
let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事
look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
watch sb. do sth. 观察某人做某事
六、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思相同的动词
like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜欢做某事
love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜欢做某事
hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恨做某事
prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 宁可做某事
begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 开始做某事
start to do sth / start doing sth. 开始做某事
continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 继续做某事
can’t bear to do sth / can’t bear doing sth. 不能忍受做某事
七、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的动词
1. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事
2. regret to do sth. 后悔（遗憾）要做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔曾做过某事
3. remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事
4. try to do sth. 设法要做某事 try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果
5. mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
6. can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事 go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做
注：stop to do sth. 与stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停下来去做某事，后者指停止正在做的事，但stop to do sth. 中的不定式不是宾语，是目的状语
八、接过去分词做宾补的常考的几个动词动词
have/get sth done 让…被做 ：I broke my computer, so I must have/get my computer repaired.
make oneself understood 让某人自己被别人理解
The speaker spoke too quickly just now. he couldn’t make himself understood.
【综合提高】
一、完型
I was feeling a little blue because my mother had lost her job.
One day, while I was 1 on the street, I heard the piano music and singing rising above the noise of the people. I walked more slowly to 2 where it was coming from. Then I saw a young lady sitting at a piano.
She was singing songs about love, 3 yourself and keeping on trying. The way she was singing made me a little comfortable. I stood there 4 ，watching her playing on such a crowded New York square. I thought that she must be 5 enough to perform in front of so many people.
She noticed me. I walked over and told her how good her 6 sounded. “Thank you.” she said.
“I have been going through a hard time recently, 7 you’ve made me hopeful again.” I said to her.
“I’m glad that I could help,” she replied, “Why are you so 8 ”
“Well, my mom has lost her job, and I’m not sure what to do …”
“Did you noticed the 9 you were walking Your head was down.” she said. “Don’t be upset, because 10 comes in different ways and if your head is down, you might not see it. You should 11 more… lift your head up.”
I looked 12 her, amazed at how she was encouraging me. “ 13 are you playing the piano here ” I asked her with a smile.
She 14 that she saw a lot of unhappy people in the world and she tried to cheer 15 up by playing music.
I smiled a little wilder, realizing that no difficulties could stop me from going on.
( )1. A. driving B. riding C. running D. walking
( )2. A. find out B. send out C. take out D. get out
( )3. A. dressing B. believing C. hurting D. losing
( )4.A. nervously B. rudely C. angrily D. quietly
( )5. A. brave B. shy C. bored D. honest
( )6.A. advice B. idea C. music D. interest
( )7. A. or B. but C. so D. and
( )8. A dirty B. busy C. sad D. lazy
( )9. A. way B. time C. reason D. station
( )10.A. opportunity B. health C. pain D. life
( )11. A. complain B. rest C. smile D. pay
( )12. A. like B. after C. for D. at
( )13. A. How B. Why C. When D. Where
( )14. A. dreamed B. hoped C. guessed D. explain
( )15. A. us B. them C. me D. her
二、阅读理解
Henry was an office worker in a big city. He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.
He usually went to the seaside, but one year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper. “Enjoy country life. Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm. Good food. Fresh air. Horse riding. Walking. Fishing. Cheap and interesting.”
“This sounds a good idea,” he thought. “I’ll spend a month at West Hill Farm. I think I can enjoy horse riding, walking and fishing. They’ll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”
He wrote to the farmer. In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there. Then on the first of July, he left for West Hill Farm.
But four days later, he returned home.
“What was wrong with West Hill Farm ” his best friend, Ed, asked him. “Didn’t you enjoy country life ”
“Country life was very good,” Henry said. “But there was another problem.”
“Oh. What ”
“Well,” he said, “the first day I was there a sheep died, and we had roast mutton for dinner.”
“What's wrong with that ” Ed asked. “Fresh meat is the best.”
“I know, but on the second day a cow died, and we had roast beef for dinner.”
“Lucky you!”
“You don't understand,” Henry said. “On the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”
“A different meat every day,” Ed said loudly, “ and you are complaining!”
“Let me finish,” Henry said. “On the fourth day the farmer died, and I didn't dare (敢)stay for dinner!”
（ ）1.How did Henry find out about the farm
A. He saw it in a newspaper advertisement. B. His best friend told him.
C. He wrote to the farmer. D. Maybe he learned it from the radio.
（ ）2. Henry came back home several days later because ______________.
A. he didn't like the country life at all B. the farmer wasn’t friendly to him
C. his holiday was over D. he thought he might have to eat the farmer
（ ）3. “…and you are complaining!”, the word “complain” means __________.
A.夸奖 B.说三道四 C.抱怨 D.故弄玄虚
（ ）4.Which of the following sentences is true
A. Ed could eat a different kind of meat every day.
B. Henry thought he could enjoy a change.
C. Henry couldn't think of anything else to do, so he went to the farm.
D. The farmer died because of the bad meat he ate.
（ ）5.Which is the best title for the passage
A. What a beautiful farm! B. Have a good time.　
C.A short holiday D. Henry and the farmer.
Lesson 5
【每日经典】
Failure shows you have reasons to start again.
失败表明你有理由重新开始。《绝望主妇》
【限时阅读】
When I was a teenager growing up in France, l wanted to leave school and have my own life. The only way I could 1 this was to work in the local paper factory in my town, or get married. I was very nervous when I told my 2 I wanted to leave school. I thought he would say, " 3 ！You are going to college. "I was very 4 when he said, "OK. Let's go to the paper factory."
Two days later, 5 took me to the factory. I imagined everyone to be friends 6 together and having fun. I even imagined there would be music and singing. I 7 I had watched too many movies as a teenager.
When we 8 the factory gate, my father spoke to the guard and one minute later we were 9 . I walked around the factory looking at the building, the workers, and listening to the noise. It was 10 .I ran back to my father and said, "I want to go home."
He asked me, "What do you think of the 11 ”
"Too bad," I answered.
"And marriage is even 12 ! "he said.
I went back to school the next day thinking about studying hard 13 I could get into a good college. I 14 studying English so I decided to major in languages at college. Thanks to my father and our 15 to the paper factory, l now work at the United Nations and my father is very proud of me. I married a very good man and my life is much better than it would have been working in the factory!
( ) 1. A. say B. do C. receive D. find
( ) 2. A. teacher B. friend C. father D. husband
( ) 3. A. Yes! B. No! C. Really D. OK
( ) 4. A. angry B. tired C. nervous D. surprised
( ) 5. A. he B. she C. it D. they
( ) 6. A. working B. studying C. singing D. farming
( ) 7. A. guess B. mean C. say D. hope
( ) 8. A. looked at B. returned to C. arrived at D. left for
( ) 9. A. outside B. inside C .back D. away
( ) 10. A. terrible B wonderful C. funny D. special
( ) 11. A. workers B. guard C. building D. factory
( ) 12. A. better B .harder C. worse D. easier
( ) 13. A. but B. if C. so D. or
( ) 14. A. enjoyed B. stopped C. disliked D. minded
( ) 15. A. way B. idea C. plan D. trip
【语法专题】名词
【考点训练1】名词的分类
I keep all kinds of _______(fish) as my pets, but I don’t like eating ____ ___(fish).
【考点训练2】可数名词的数（可数名词变复数的特殊情况）
① 单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
② 不规则变化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是，German → Germans
③ 复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
以下几个名词单复数问题
① 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。
② 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③ 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm（手臂）→ arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。
④ 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的。
⑤ 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥ 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle
⑦ 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧ 有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties （指各种具体困难）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!
( ) 2. They got much _______from these books.
A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories
【考点训练4】修饰可数与不可数名词的词语
these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of +可名复
little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of+不可数
all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of +二者皆可
【考点训练5】名词所有格
I.填空(根据句意或汉语提示填空)：
1. March 8th is ________ Day, while June 1st is ________ Day.
2. We asked some students and here are _____ ____ (他们的一些回答)
II.选择：
（ ）1.This room is _______________.
A. Bill and David’s B. Bill’s and David’s C. Bill’s and David D. Bill and David
（ ）2. This is _______ reading-room.
A. the teacher’s B. teacher’s C. teachers’ D. the teachers’
（ ）3 ____ face to the south.
A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room
C. The room's windows D. The windows in room
【考点训练6】普通格作定语（名词修饰名词）
特殊记忆：sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。
专练：
【语法专题】冠词
【考点训练1】定冠词的基本用法：
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.
⑾　发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
⑿　年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
　　⒀　固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
【考点训练2】不定冠词的基本用法：
① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）
⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）
⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
　　⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand译"帮手"）
　　⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
【考点训练3】不用冠词的情况：
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.
⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother
⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch
⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。
【综合提高】
一、阅读
（A）Mr. Brown was on his way home from the railway station. It was very late, and he was alone on the dark road. Suddenly he heard someone behind him. He began to walk faster. The man behind him walked faster, too. He walked more slowly, and the man moved more slowly, too. He began to run, and the man was following him and he was really scared.
There was a wall on one side of the road, and he quickly climbed up on it and jumped down on the other side. “If he passes and doesn’t stop,” Mr. Brown thought, “everything will be all right.” But the man didn’t pass. He climbed up on the wall and jumped down, too. Mr. Brown’s only thought was, “I’m in great danger!” He stood up and shouted, “What do you want Why are you following me ”
The man was so tired that at first it was difficult for him to speak. “I didn’t know that you were a very good runner,” he said at last, “I have to go to Mr. White’s house, but I don’t know the way. A man at the station told me that you lived next to Mr. White’s and he told me to follow you. I’m too tired to go any farther （更远）.”
( ) 1. Mr. Brown came home from _____.
A. the police station B. the railway station C. the hospital D. Mr. White’s house
( ) 2. Mr. Brown was really _____.
A. in great danger B. a policeman C. afraid of the man D. too tired to move
( ) 3. The man followed Mr. Brown because _____.
A. he wanted to scare Mr. Brown B. he wanted to get some money from Mr. Brown
C. Mr. Brown lived next to Mr. White D. Mr. Brown was one of his good friends
( ) 4. The man was _____.
A. a thief B. a good runner C. too tired to speak D. very angry with Mr. Brown
( ) 5. Which is not right
A. There were few people on the road. B. The man didn’t know where Mr. White lived.
C. Mr. Brown thought he was in great danger. D. Mr. Brown didn’t know where Mr. White lived.
（B）When I was seven years old, my family made me an ant farm. First, we put clean sand in a thin glass box. Then we waited for the ants to arrive.
After the ants were in the glass farm, they started to make tunnels. I was amazed that each one knew exactly what to do. Each had its own job.
On the fifth day a tragedy happened. I put my face so close to the glass farm that I knocked it over. All the tunnels fell down. Although the ants remained alive after their earthquake, one by one they began to die. I was scared as I watched them give up building their tunnels to carry the bodies to a corner of the farm.
My mother said that the ants were dying of sadness. They simply could not stand that their tunnels were gone.
Although much time has passed, I still think of that ant farm. Mom had hoped it would teach me about the natural world, but it taught me much more.
Over the years, I came to realize the importance of teamwork. Working together, the ants were able to make an amazing world for themselves. I also learned that they should be admired for their hard word.
But there was an even larger lesson that I did not realize until recently: adversity (逆境，灾难) is a natural part of life, and must be accepted. Unlike the ants, we cannot give up when we are sad. We have to realize that if a tunnel is gone, we must building another.
Giving up , I say , is not a good choice.
( ) 1. What did the writer’s family do for him when he was seven
A. They built a farm of ants B. They bought a few ants.
C. They caught a lot of ants. D. They found an ant city.
( ) 2. We can infer from the passage that ___________.
A. The writer broke the glass box because it made his face dirty.
B. The ants died one by one because the tunnels were destroyed.
C. Unlike people , teamwork is not so important for the ants.
D. Giving up is a good way when we meet trouble.
( ) 3.the underlined word “teamwork” in the passage means_______.
A.独自工作 B. 团队合作 C. 辛勤劳作 D. 不停工作
( ) 4. What did the writer come to realize a few years later
A. Working together is useless. B. Teamwork is important.
C. He can’t accept adversity. D. Working alone is amazing.
( ) 5. What is the best title for the passage
A. Ant Fear Adversity B. My Family and Ants C. Giving up in Adversity D. A Good Lesson from Ants.
Lesson 6
【每日经典】
Dreams are necessary to life.梦想是生活的必需品。
Mama, thank you for who I am.妈妈，谢谢你成就了我。
【限时阅读】
Rita was in shopping mall,looking for a gift gor her little daughter.Suddenly she stopped before a store,inside which were all kinds of dolls.
“Why not a lovely doll Girls like dolls,”she thought as she stepped into the store.
Looking around ,she saw a grandma doll—one with gray and a pair of glasses.As she gazed at it,in her mind somehow appeared Linda,her mother.
When Rita was a little girl,she got her first doll form Linda for her birthday.She was very happy.Then the second,the third……,Rita began to feel puzzled,When she asked her mum the reason,the answer was always “A girl can never have enough dolls.”Year after year,Rita grew up and Linda aged,but a doll a year from Linda never arrived late.
“But why always a doll ”This question had been in Rita’s mind until one day her father gave the answer.
Little Linda dreamed to have a doll.Her parents promised one for her fifth birthday.Sadly,thy both died in a traffic accident before it arrived .The never—received gift was the most precious* in her eyes.That’s why she thought dolls were the best birthday gifts for Rita.
Her mother’s story being recalled ,Rita got an idea……
It was Linda’s sixtieth birthday.The whole family gathered around the sixty-year-old lady when the doorbell rang,Much to Linda’s surprise,a package was delivered* to her,with a card read:
Dear Linda,
I forget to send you the package that you should have received on May 20,1956,your fifth birthday.The gift inside has aged,but I felt that you might still wish to have it.Sorry for the lateness! Love, Angel of Joy
Linda opened the package and saw a lovely grandma doll.She clasped the doll that she had waited so many years to receive ,tears coursing down her face.The doll,given by “Angel of Joy”,made her the happiest “child ”alive .
( )1. Who is Linda in the story
Rita’s daughter B. Rita’s mother C. The grandma doll D. Angel of Joy
( )2. Why did Linda think that dolls were the best birthday gifts for Rita
A. Rita dreamed to have all kinds of lovely dolls.
B. Rita looked liked a doll when she was a little girl.
C. Linda received a lot of lovely dolls form her parents.
D. Linda had never got the dream doll form her parents
( )3. What does the underlined word clasped probably mean in the passage
held B. threw C. made D. bought
( )4. Which can be the best title of the passage
A. The Story of an Angel B. Linda’s Birthday C. Linda,the Happiest Child D. A Late Birthday Gift
【语法专题】代词
一--三、人称、物主、反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
我
你
他
她
它
我们
你们
他们
谁
反身代词：
1. 可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
Maria bought herself a scarf. 玛丽亚给自己买了一条围巾。
2. 可用作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。
She isn’t quite herself today. 她今天有点儿不舒服。
3. 可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。
必背短语： She herself will fly to London tomorrow. 明天她自己将要坐飞机去伦敦。
I met the writer himself last week. 我上周见到了那位作家本人。
look after oneself/take care of oneself照顾自己
teach oneself sth. /learn sth. by oneself自学
enjoy oneself =have a good /nice /great/ wonderful time 玩得高兴
help oneself to sth. 请自用……(随便吃/喝些……)
hurt oneself弄伤自己
say to oneself自言自语
lose oneself in沉迷于，专心致志于
leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下
buy oneself sth. 给自己买……
introduce oneself介绍自己
all by oneself 独自地；靠自己
leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下
eg:This classroom is bigger than our classroom, but it’s dirtier than .
A. our B. yourC. ours D. their
eg:He is too young to look after _______.
A. herself B. himself C. myself D. yourself
四、指示代词
1. 指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式，既可作限定词又可作代词。
限定词：单数：This girl is Mary. 复数：Those men are my teachers.
代词：单数：This is Mary. 复数：Those are my teachers.
【注意】1. 为避免重复，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。
His own experience was different from that of his friends. (that=the experience)
他自己的体会和他朋友的体会不同。
2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用 this。
—She is a beautiful girl. 她是一个美丽的女孩。
—Who said that 那是谁说的？
I want to know this：Is she beautiful 我想知道这一点：她美吗
3. 在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用that指对方。
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John 喂，我是吉姆，你是约翰吗
4. 除用作代词外，this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”“那么”，相当于 so。
I’ve done only that much. 我所做的就那么多。
Is he always this busy 他总这么忙吗
eg:1.The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim's. A. it B. that C. ones D. those
五、不定代词
不定代词 意义 不定代词 意义 不定代词 意义
全体，全部 每个（2者） 许多（+可名复）
两个都 每个（3者） 许多（+不可数）
(两者中的)任何一个 两个都不 没有 一个
一些 一些，任何 几乎 没有（+可名复）
另外一个 另外的 人或物 几乎 没有（+不可数）
复合不定代词有：
某人 某人 某事
任何人 任何人 任何事
每人 每人 一切
没有人 没有人 没什么
none和no one都表示“三者或三者以上没有一个”
none no one
① 既可指人也可以指物 只能指人，不能指物
② 常与of短语连用 不能与of短语连用
③ 作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可 作主语时，谓语动词用单数
④ 否定回答以How much/How many开头的疑问句 否定回答以Who开头的疑问句
None of them passed the exam. (作主语)
I’ve read none of the books. (作宾语)
No one in our class likes listening to that story.
—How many people are there in the room —None (一个也没有).
—Who went there yesterday —No one (没有人).
it，that，those，one，the one，ones及the ones的用法
1. it的用法：
(1)指代上文提到的单数可数名词，指同一物，即原物(同类同物)。
The printer is made in Japan. It was bought last year.
(2)指时间、距离、天气、环境等。
(3)代替前面出现的整个句子的内容，常作宾语。
(4)固定句型：appreciate it if；hate (like/dislike/love) it when；depend on (rely on/see to) it+that从句。
(5)固定搭配：get it 懂了，知道了，理解了；take it买某物；make it成功做某事；it doesn’t help不起作用。
(6)作形式主语或形式宾语。
例：make/find it+(a/an)名词/形容词+to do/doing sth.
(7)指代不明确的人。
(8)动物或婴儿(性别不详的婴儿或孩子)。
2. that的用法：
(1)特指，替代前面出现的同类名词，但不是同一个物体(同类异物)。相当于“the+不可数名词/可数名词单数”。此时that后通常要用介词短语或分词作后置定语。可与the one 互换。
The climate in the south is different from that in the north. 句意为“南方的气候和北方的气候不同”，that代指上文提到的the climate，但不是the climate in the south，而是the climate in the north，即“代指上文提到的同类事物，但非上文的事物——同类异物”。
The car made in China is cheaper than that made in America.
中国生产的这辆车比美国生产的那辆车便宜。
The cars made in China are cheaper than those made in America.
中国生产的汽车比美国生产的汽车便宜。
(2)代替前面出现的整个句子的内容，常作主语。
3. those的用法：特指，替代前面出现的同类名词，但不是同一个物体(同类异物)。相当于“the+可数名词复数”。此时those后通常要用介词短语或分词作后置定语。可与the ones互换。
4. one的用法：
(1)泛指，替代前面出现的名词单数，相当于“a/an+单数名词”；
(2)有时可指同位关系。多翻译成“一个……”，对上文出现的名词进一步解释说明。
5. the one的用法：特指，替代前面出现的单数可数名词，相当于“the+单数可数名词”，相当于that，后面常有定语修饰。
6. ones的用法：泛指，替代前面出现的复数名词。
7. the ones特指，替代前面出现的复数名词，相当于“the+复数可数名词”，相当于those，后面常有定语修饰。
六. 疑问代词
what用法特别多，我们不妨说一说。 名字，某物和数量，还有年级、排和行。 号码、颜色和时间，发生事情用what. 行为动作和衣着，星期、语言和职业。 相貌性格和爱好，征询某地有某物。
【常用必背】 与what相关的短

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