高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit1-Unit5 知识清单素材

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高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit1-Unit5 知识清单素材

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选修二 第一单元到第五单元 知识清单
第一单元
1 blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.指责;责备
·be to blame (for sth)(对某事)负有责任,应受责备
blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事
·take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth)承担(……的)过错/责任
put/place/lay the blame (for sth) on sb把(……的)责任推给某人
2 decrease vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低 n.减少;降低;减少量
·decrease (from...) to...(从……)减少到……
decrease by...降低了……
decrease in...在……方面减少/减小/下降
·on the decrease在减少
a decrease of...(in...)(在……方面)……的减少量
3 defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解 [defenc(s)e n.防御;保卫;保护]
·defend...against/from (doing...)保护……免受……
defend oneself自卫;为自己辩护
·in defence (of)保护;为了保卫;(为……)辩护
in one’s defence为某人辩护
4 above all最重要的是;尤其是
after all毕竟;终究
first of all首先;第一
all in all整体说来;总而言之
in all全部;合计
at all(否定句)一点也,完全;(疑问句)到底;究竟
5 until引导的时间状语从句  
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome.在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
·画线部分是由until引导的时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词是延续性的,那么主句需用肯定形式;若主句的谓语动词是非延续性的,则主句常用否定式,构成not...until...结构。
·倒装结构:部分倒装“Not until+时间状语从句或短语+谓语助动词+主语+谓语动词”。
·强调结构:It is/was not until+时间状语从句或短语+that+主句部分。
6 so...that... 
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现在两条特别的街道上,霍乱暴发是如此严重以至于十天内死了500多人。
so/such...that...引导结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。
·so...that...句型的常见形式:
so+adj./adv.+that...
so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+that...
so+many/much/few/little(少)+n.(复数或不可数)+that...
·such...that...句型的常见形式:
such+a/an+adj.+n.(单数)+that...
such+adj.+n.(复数或不可数)+that...
·当so/such放在句首时,主句要用部分倒装语序。
7 have sth done 
Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.因此,他让人把水泵的把手拆掉,这样水泵就用不成了。
have sth done使某事被做;请人做某事;主语遭遇某事
have sb do sth 让某人做某事
have sb/sth doing sth 让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态
can’t have sb doing sth 不能容忍某人做某事
have sth to do有某事要做
第二单元
1 comfort n.舒服;安慰;令人感到安慰的人或事物 vt.安慰;抚慰(comfortable adj.舒适的;舒服的 comfortably adv.舒服地 uncomfortable adj.不舒服的)
·be a comfort to sb 对某人来说是个安慰
in comfort=comfortably舒适地
to one’s comfort 令人宽慰的是
·comfort sb with sth 用某物安慰某人
2 engage vi.参加;参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣);雇用(engaged adj.忙于;从事于;已订婚的;占线的;使用中的 engagement n.订婚;约定)
·engage sb to do sth 雇用某人做某事
engage (sb) in (使某人)从事;参与
·be engaged to sb 与某人订婚
be engaged in忙于;从事于
3 involve vt.包含;需要;涉及;影响;(使)参加(involved adj.参与的;投入的 involvement n.参与;投入)
·involve (doing) sth 包含;需要(做)某事
involve oneself in sth 参加……
·be/get involved in参与;卷入;与……有关联;专注于
4 expectation n.预料,预期;期望;盼望(expect vt.期待,期望;预料,预期 expected adj.预期的,预料的 unexpected adj.出乎意料的;意外的 unexpectedly adv.出乎意料地)
·live up to/meet one’s expectations不负某人所望
beyond/out of one’s expectations出乎某人的意料
·expect (sb) to do sth预计/期望(某人)做某事
as expected正如所料;不出所料
5 expose vt.使接触;使体验;显露;使暴露于(险境)(exposure n.接触;体验;暴露;揭露)
expose...to...使……暴露于……;使……体验……
be exposed to暴露于;接触
6 It was the first time that...  
It was the first time that she had left China.这是她第一次离开中国。
·“It/This/That+was+the first/second/...time (that)+过去完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……”
·“It/This/That+is+the first/second/...time (that)+现在完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……”
·It is/was (about/high) time that...should do sth/did sth 意为“到了……做某事的时间了”,should不能省略。本句型相当于It is/was (about/high) time for sb to do sth。
·“There was a time when...+过去完成时”表示“曾经有一段时间……”
7 疑问词+不定式  
I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn’t know the English names for.我不得不学习如何使用公共交通工具,如何要到我不知道英语名字的东西。
·“疑问词+不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等句子成分。
·在“疑问词+不定式”结构中,不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。
·why或why not后加不定式时,省略不定式符号to。
·whether后可接不定式,而if后不可以。
8 状语从句的省略  
Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings.在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时,有些人可能会感到吃力,并承受文化冲击的折磨。
状语从句的省略有两种形式:
·当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句中含有be动词时,可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。
·当从句中含有“it+be动词”时,可将it和be动词省略。
第三单元
1 association n.协会;社团;关联;联想;交往(associate vt.联想;联系 vi.交往 adj.副的;联合的 associated adj.相关的;有关联的)
·in association with...与……合作;与……有关联
·associate...with...把……和……联系在一起
associate with与……交往
·be associated with与……有关
2 trick n.诀窍;计谋;诡计;把戏 vt.欺骗;欺诈(tricky adj.棘手的;难对付的)
·play a trick/tricks on sb 捉弄某人
·trick sb into doing sth 欺骗某人做某事
3 consist of由……组成(或构成)(consistent adj.一致的;连续的 consistency n.一致性,连贯性)
·consist in在于;存在于
consist of=be made up of由……组成
·be consistent with与……一致
consist of没有进行时态和被动语态。
4 regardless of不顾;不管
·regardless of the fact that...不顾……的事实
·in spite of=despite尽管(后常接名词,不接从句)
·with regard to关于;至于
5 形容词(短语)作状语 
Tired,hungry,and not knowing a word of Chinese,we had no idea how to order,so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.又累又饿,一个汉字也不认识,我们压根儿不知道如何点餐,于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物,那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。
形容词tired,hungry和现在分词短语not knowing a word of Chinese在本句中作状语。
形容词(短语)作状语:
·说明谓语动词表示的动作发生时主语所处的状态。
·表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间或条件等。
6 倍数表达法  
And in America,people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day.在美国,每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。
倍数的表达方式:
·A+be+倍数+as+adj./adv.原级+as B
·A+be+倍数+adj./adv.比较级+than B
·A+be+倍数+the+名词(size/weight/length/...)+of B
第四单元
1 arise vi.(arose,arisen)发生;出现;产生;起身,起立;由……引起
arise from=arise out of由……引起;因……产生
arise from one’s chair/seat从椅子/座位上站起来
2 contrary adj.相反的;相对立的 n.相反的事实(或事情)
·(be) contrary to与……相反;与……背道而驰;违背
·on/quite the contrary与此相反;恰恰相反
to the contrary相反的;相反地
3 astonish vt.使十分惊讶;使吃惊(astonished adj.感到惊讶的 astonishing adj.惊人的;令人惊讶的 astonishment n.惊讶)
·be astonished at/by sth 因某事感到惊讶
be astonished to do sth 对做某事感到惊讶
·in/with astonishment吃惊地
to one’s astonishment让某人惊讶的是
4 owe vt.欠(账、债、情等);归功于;归因于
·owe sb sth=owe sth to sb 欠某人某物
owe sth to sb/sth 把某事归功于某人/某事
owe it to sb that...把……归功于某人
own it to sb to do...把……归功于某人;应该为某人做某事
·owing to因为,由于
5 too...to...  
Since it can be too cold to go outdoors,Edmonton is home to many shopping malls.因为天太冷不能去户外,埃德蒙顿成了许多购物广场的所在地。
·too+adj./adv.(for sb)+to do sth 表示否定的意义,意为“太……而不能做某事”。
·当“too...to...”结构用来修饰表达人的态度、情绪倾向的形容词,如anxious,eager,glad,happy,pleased,ready,willing等时,表示肯定意义,意为“非常”。
·can’t/can never...too...再怎么……也不过分
第五单元
1 ease n.容易;舒适;自在 vt.& vi.减轻;缓解;(使)宽慰
·with ease容易地;不费力地
at ease舒适;悠闲;自在
put/set sb at ease使某人放松/自在
·ease sb of...减轻某人的……
2 delay v.推迟;延期;耽误;耽搁 n.延误;推迟
·delay (doing) sth推迟(做)某事
·without delay立刻;马上
3 panic vi.& vt.(panicked;panicked;panicking)(使)惊慌 n.恐慌;惊恐
·panic sb into doing sth 使某人仓皇行事
·get into a panic陷入恐慌
in panic惊慌失措地;处在恐慌中
4 desperate adj.绝望的;孤注一掷的;非常需要的(desperately adv.绝望地;拼命地;极其 desperation n.绝望;拼命;铤而走险)
·be desperate for sth 渴望某物
be desperate to do sth 渴望做某事
·in desperation 绝望地
 表示“渴望某物/做某事”的短语还有:be eager for sth/to do sth,be anxious for sth/to do sth,long for sth/to do sth,be dying for sth/to do sth
5 help sb to one’s feet帮助某人站起身来
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来
rise to one’s feet站起来;起身
jump to one’s feet跳起来
drag one’s feet拖着脚走;故意拖延
stamp one’s feet跺脚
set foot on/in 踏上;进入
6 face down/up面朝下/上
be faced with sth=face sth 面临
in the face of面对
lose face丢面子/丢脸
make a face (at sb)(对某人)做鬼脸;皱眉头;做苦相
face to face面对面
7 out of shape健康状况不好;变形
in good/bad shape健康状况良好/不佳
keep/be in shape保持健康
in the shape of以……的形状/形式
take shape成形
be shaped like形状像……
8 as引导非限制性定语从句 
As you can imagine,getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.正如你能想象的,被灼伤可能会导致非常严重的损伤。
·as引导非限制性定语从句时,常在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,从句可位于句首、句中或句末。·as引导定语从句的常用句式有:
as is known to us all/as we all know众所周知
as we can see正如我们所看到的
as is reported正如被报道的那样
as is often the case这是常有的事
as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的

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