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专题一 阅读理解
学案1.23 推理判断题（观点态度）
二轮学案
姓名： 班 级： 学号：__________
【预习要求】
通过预习观点态度类阅读题目特点与命题方式；2. 识记表示观点态度类的常见词汇和说出观点态度阅读题型的解题方法与思路，并完成典例
一：【学习目标】
1.考点归纳:所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，推断文中人物的语气性格等。
近几年高考真题中常见的设题形式有：
◆How does the author feel about ... ◆What does the author think of ...
◆What is the author's attitude towards/to ...
◆The author's attitude towards ... can be described as ．
二：【重点易错易混点注释】
干扰选项特征
(1)曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断，从而做出符合逻辑的推断。
(2)张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
(3)无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
三、解题技巧——“忠于措辞”定选项 （更新优化设计）
1．定位人物：读题干，明确“谁”的观点和态度。
2．锁定依据：
(1)心理描写； (2)具有感彩的表达； (3)表达观点或态度的词、短语及语块；
(4)衬托情感的环境描写； (5)人物的直接引语或间接引语。
3．两个关注点：
(1)but、however、yet等转折词后，往往是真正的观点；
(2)不要用“己想”代替“作者想”。
4．高频观点态度词汇：
(1)表示支持、肯定、赞同或乐观
favorable(赞同的，有利的)、positive(积极乐观的，肯定的)、approving(赞成的)、supportive(支持的，鼓励的)、appreciative(欣赏的)、concerned(感兴趣的，关注的)、optimistic(乐观的)、acceptable(认同的，可接受的)、reasonable(合理的)、enthusiastic/passionate(热情的)
(2)表示怀疑、反对、批评或悲观
critical(批评的)、negative(消极的，否定的)、disapproving(不赞成的)、doubtful(怀疑的)、disappointed(失望的)、pessimistic(悲观的)、worried(担忧的)、opposed(反对的)、impractical(不切实际的)、radical(激进的)、prejudiced(有偏见的)
(3)表示客观、中立
objective(客观的)、neutral(中立的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、unconcerned(无兴趣的，不关心的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)、impartial(公正的，中立的)、ambiguous(模棱两可的)、impersonal(客观的)
四、典例探究
【典例1】（2024·全国甲卷阅读C篇节选）
　　The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year， the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks， before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock （补给）.Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits.
　　Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
31.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services？
A.Appreciative.　　B.Doubtful.　　C.Ambiguous.　　D.Cautious.
【典例探究2】（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D）
In a follow-up study with 100 university students， the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？ Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？ This happened some of the time， but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently， the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow， these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain， the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？
A Unclear.　　　　　B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful.　　D.Approving.
【典例探究3】（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷B篇节选）
　　Ridership on transit （交通） systems across the country has been down the past half century， so could short stories save transit？
　　Trost thinks so.
　　“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says.
　　And you’ll never be without something to read.
27.What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future？
A.It will close down.　　　　　 B.Its profits will decline.
C.It will expand nationwide. D.Its ridership will increase.
五、【训练检测】
A
　　（2024·甘肃诊断）Old dogs may not have an easy time learning new tricks， but it’s not a problem for cockatoos （凤头鹦鹉）.In fact， researchers believe they teach one another.In Sydney， Australia， these birds have learned to lift the lids of rubbish bins.Then they can enjoy the treats inside.At first only birds in a few suburbs of Sydney could do the trick.But nearly two years later，the technique spread to birds in 44 suburbs.Cockatoos proved to be smart birds and good learners.
　　Cockatoos are some of the most fascinating birds in the world.Members of the parrot family， they live in Australia and parts of Southeast Asia.Their striking good looks， intelligence and social nature make them popular pets.
　　One of the most distinctive features of cockatoos is the crest （羽冠） of feathers on their heads.The birds can raise or lower these feathers at will.If it is excited or scared， a cockatoo will raise its crest to show its emotions.
　　Cockatoos have powerful beaks （喙） that they use to open seeds and nuts — or rubbish bin lids.They are also versed in using tools.In the wild， some cockatoos use sticks to get insects out of tree bark.Others use small stones to crack open hard-shelled nuts.
　　Cockatoos are also very social.In the wild， they form large flocks of up to several hundred individuals.They make different sounds to communicate with one another.They engage in playful behaviours such as dancing and cleaning each other’s feathers.
　　As pets， the birds can form strong bonds with their owners and be entertaining companions.But cockatoos can be challenging pets to keep.They require a lot of attention and social interaction.If they don’t get them， they can become bored and destroy things.Cockatoos live long lives — around 70 years — making keeping one a serious responsibility.
　　Rather than committing to caring for one at home， enjoy the birds in the wild.Who knows what trick they will learn next！
1.What is Paragraph 1 aimed at？（　　）
A.Clarifying the weakness of old dogs.
B.Explaining the techniques of cockatoos.
C.Introducing a study in Sydney， Australia.
D.Confirming the intelligence of cockatoos.
2.What does the underlined word “versed” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　）
A.Skillful.　　　　　　 B.Inexperienced.
C.Interested. D.Hard-working.
3.What is the author’s attitude to keeping a cockatoo at home？（　　）
A.Optimistic. B.Disapproving.
C.Indifferent. D.Unclear.
4.Which of the following is the most suitable title for the text？（　　）
A.Pets — Trick or Treat B.Cockatoos — Beauty and Brains
C.Pets — Dogs or Cockatoos D.Cockatoos — Social but Shy
B
　　（2024·杭州质检）Is forgiveness against our human nature？ To answer this question， we need to ask a further question：What is the essence of our humanity？ For the sake of simplicity， people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.The first view involves dominance and power.In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness， Droll （1984） made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows.Those who forgive are against their basic nature， much to their harm.In his opinion， forgivers are compromising their wellbeing as they offer mercy to others， who might then take advantage of them.
　　The second view involves the theme of cooperation， mutual respect， and even love as the basis of who we are as humans.Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings， we need both to receive love from and offer love to others.Without love， our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart.Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to have more power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.For example， how well has slavery （奴隶制） worked as a mode of social harmony？
　　From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans， forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness， shown through scientific studies， is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony.Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger.At least to an extent the people from whom you are estranged （不和的） accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments.Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
　　As an important note， when we take a classical realism philosophical perspective， that of Aristotle， we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality.We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive， but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.The actuality of forgiving， its actual appropriation in conflict situations， develops with practice.
5.What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness？（　　）
A.People should offer mercy to others.
B.Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C.Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D.Forgiveness has negative effects on us.
6.What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate？（　　）
A.To forgive is to love. B.To dominate is to harm.
C.To fight is to grow. D.To give is to receive.
7.What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness？（　　）
A.Favorable. B.Opposed.
C.Objective. D.Skeptical.
8.What is the main idea of the last paragraph？（　　）
A.Forgiveness is in our nature. B.Forgiveness grows with time.
C.It takes practice to forgive. D.Actuality is based on potentiality.
C
(2024·广州三模)Do you know cultivated meat Typically, making this sort of meat starts with cells from domestic animals. The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat were almost identical to those of chicken.
In June, two companies won regulatory approval to sell cultivated meat in America. A handful of other firms are trying to bring cultivated meat to market. But the hope is fading owing to continued high costs and troubles with mass production.
The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity's greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab－grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two fifths of Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical (伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab－grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant－based meat alternatives gave investors hope. One such firm went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.
Though lab grown meat offers an alternative to farm－grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.
Whether this effort can make lab－grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.
9．What does the author focus on in paragraph 1
A.Characteristics of cultivated meat.
B.Health benefits of cultivated meat.
C.Cooking methods of cultivated meat.
D.Similarities of cultivated meat to animal meat.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A.Most Americans tend to skip meat.
B.Asians prefer lab grown meat.
C.Plant－based meat companies are facing financial collapse.
D.Cultivated meat may have a growing market.
11．How can the lab grown meat industry probably pollute the environment
A.Demand for a good climate. B.Occupy more land.
C.Cause more greenhouse gas emissions. D.Use conventional bioreactors.
12．What's the author's attitude to lab grown meat
A.Opposed.　　　　 B．Favorable.
C.Uncaring. D．Reserved.
【熟词生义】
compromise　熟义：v.妥协，让步　生义：v.损害
例句：This dangerous drug can further compromise an already weakened immune system.
这个危险药物可能进一步损害本已脆弱的免疫系统。
【难句分析】
译文：从第二个观点来看，作为人类，原谅在个人和社区的生理和心理完整性中起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，原谅的结果之一是仇恨的减少和和谐的恢复。
高考必 备词汇 harvest v. 收获；采集　a slice of 一片(份)……　extraordinary adj. 不平常的；不一般的　identical adj. 相同的　account for占比　by contrast相比之下　go public公之于世；公开　in some circumstances在某些情况下　conventional adj. 传统的
四六级 桥梁 词汇 cultivated adj. 培植的　bioreactor n. 生物反应器　homely adj. 简朴的　startup n. 新兴公司　texture n. 质地　regulatory adj. 监管的　fade v. 逐渐消失　humanity n. 人；人类　skyrocket v. 飞涨　worrisome adj. 令人担忧的　renewable adj. 可再生的；可恢复的　footprint n. 足迹
合成词、 派生词 typically adv. 通常　nutrient rich adj. 营养丰富的　climate friendly adj. 对气候友好的；环保的　consequently adv. 因此；所以
熟词 生义 domestic (熟义) adj. 国内的 (文章义) adj. 驯养的　shoot (熟义) v. 射击 (文章义) v. 猛增；急升
长难句 分析 A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. [分析]　本句是复合句。句中过去分词短语“published earlier...”作后置定语，修饰A study；that引导宾语从句，其中含有because引导的原因状语从句。动词不定式短语to control its temperature作目的状语。 [译文]　今年早些时候发表的一项研究发现，在某些情况下，人造肉可能比传统肉类更具污染性，因为生物反应器非常需要能量来控制其温度。
阅读理解---推理判断题（观点态度类）答案
【典例探究1】 A 解题思路　根据选段第二段中Ducke说的话I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned和They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.可知，Ducke对该服务持赞扬、感激的态度。
【典例探究2】D解析　根据选段第二段Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和作决定的潜在影响是巨大的。由此判断，作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
【典例探究3】 D 解题思路　本题考查特罗斯特对旧金山湾区快速交通系统未来的观点和态度。根据节选部分中Trost thinks so.以及下文特罗斯特的讲话So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories可知，作为旧金山湾区快速交通系统首席通讯官的她完全相信他们会因为短故事吸引更多的乘客。
【训练检测】 （更新）
A篇 DABB
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了凤头鹦鹉不仅外表美丽，而且内在充满智慧，擅长社交的优点，同时建议人们去野外观赏它们。
1.解析：D　目的意图题。根据第一段中的the technique spread to birds in 44 suburbs以及最后一句可知，凤头鹦鹉能学会技能，它们非常聪明且是很好的学习者，所以第一段的写作目的是展示凤头鹦鹉的才智。
2.解析：A　词义猜测题。根据第四段最后两句可知，一些凤头鹦鹉可以用木棍抠出树皮下的昆虫。还有一些可以用小石头砸开坚硬的坚果。由此可见，它们非常“擅长”使用工具。
3.解析：B　观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句可知，与其全心全意在家里照顾鸟儿，不如在野外欣赏鸟儿。由此可见，作者不支持在家饲养凤头鹦鹉。
4.解析：B　标题归纳题。本文第一段讲到了凤头鹦鹉是smart birds and good learners，第二段讲到了它们有striking good looks，intelligence，第四段讲到了它们versed in using tools，第五段讲到了它们喜欢社交，最后两段则讲到了它们不太适合作为宠物被饲养。综合可知，B项适合作本文的标题。
B篇 DBAC
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章从人性角度论述了两种关于原谅的观点，说明了原谅的好处，指出原谅是可以通过训练提升的。
5.解析：D　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，Droll认为原谅别人的人在宽恕他人的时候，也在损害自己的幸福，而被宽恕的人可能会利用他们。
6.解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句可知，支配他人的意志并不能促成和谐的互动。由此可以推断，作者举奴隶制这个例子是为了说明“支配他人就是伤害”。
7.解析：A　观点态度题。根据第三段和第四段第二句可知，作者认为原谅可以减少仇恨，恢复和谐，打破愤怒的循环，愈合关系，将人们再次联系在一起，且人们应该学习原谅并提升原谅的能力。由此推断，作者对原谅持支持的态度。
8.解析：C　段落大意题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，我们不一定天生就有原谅的能力，但我们有潜力学习原谅并提升我们原谅的能力，原谅是随着练习而发展的。由此推断，本段主要说明原谅是可以通过练习提升的。
C篇 ADCD
【解题导语】　本文一篇说明文。文章介绍了人造肉的特征以及巨大的消费市场，但与此同时，人造肉也可能对环境造成一定的负面影响。
9.A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The cells are grown in bioreactors...look and smell of the meat were almost identical to those of chicken.”可知，在第一段中，作者关注的是人造肉的特征。
10.D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“And the early success... and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.”可推知，人造肉可能有不断增长的消费市场。
11.C　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A study published...cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.”可推知，人造肉产业可能会排放更多的温室气体，从而破坏环境。
12.D　解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可推知，作者对人造肉持保守态度。

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