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XB4U2 Grammar
By the end of this section, students will be able to:
1. identify and categorize relative clauses;
2. summarize the grammatical rules of relative clauses;
3. use relative clauses appropriately in controlled context;
4. apply relative clauses to give examples of taboos.
Learning procedures:
Step1
1.圈出下面句子中的先行词并划出定语从句部分
a. The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.
b. The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
c. These are the trees which were planted last year.
d. A plane is a machine that can fly.
e. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.
2. Exploring the rules
Read the article on Page 20 and find the sentences with relative clauses.
Step2. Working out the rules
重点突破
一）that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换， 但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, some 等不定代词时。
① I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
② Did you have anything (that) you want to say for yourself
(2)先行词被the only, the very(恰恰，正好), the same, the last, all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。
① This is the very bus (that) I'm waiting for.
② The only thing (that) we can do is (to) give you some money.
③ I've read all the books that are not mine.
(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。
① This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
② This is the first book (that) he has read.
③ This is the most interesting film (that) I've seen.
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about
(5) 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
① Which is the bike that you lost
② Who is the boy that won the gold medal
(6) 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，则另一个用that。
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
考点1：that 与 which
1) Do you have anything ______ you don’t understand
2) The only thing _____ we can do is to give you some advice.
3) Who is the man _____ is standing there
4) Her bag, in _______ she put all her money, has been stolen.
5) She heard a terrible noise, ______ brought her heart into her mouth.
二）当先行词是way且在从句中表示“以……方式”时，常由that或in which引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。
① I like the way (in which / that) you smile.
② I don't like the way (in which / that) he's looking at me.
③ This is the way (in which / that) we've always done it.
考点2：the way用做先行词
1.The way _________________he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
2.The way _________________he explained to us was quite simple.
三）限制性定语从句中关系副词的用法
关系副词（when, where, why）引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。关系副词可转化为介词+关系代词(which)结构。
a. He told me the date when (on which) he joined the Party.
b. The hotel is the one where (at which) I stayed last month.
c. I know the reason why (for which) she was so angry.
考点3：介词+关系词
1. Do you know the boy __ ______ your mother is talking
2. I still remember the day ___ _____ I first got to Paris.
3. He gave me some novels ___ ______ I am not very familiar.
4. He gave me some novels _____ /______ /____ I am not very familiar with.
5. 译：这是我要照顾的小孩。
_____________________________________________________
关系代词前介词(介词＋which)的确定
1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系
Is that the newspaper ___ which you often write articles
2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配
Can you explain to me how to use these idioms _____ which I'm not sure
3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯
1949 was the year ___ which the P.R.C. was founded.
定语从句句首为介词时,后可接的关系词为:介词+whom / which / whose
6. I recognized the boss in ______ company my sister was working.
7. I was given three books on cooking, the first ______I really enjoyed.
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
难点一：as的用法
as\that\which
1. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
2. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.
4. Jim passed the driving test, _______ surprised everybody in the office.
归纳：as引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被such, the same, so, as 修饰，即构成such…as , the same …as, so…as, 结构。
as在定语从句中应充当成分如：主语、宾语或表语。
as 与which引导非限制性定语从句都能指代整句内容，但定语从句位于句首时，只能用 as, 意为“正如、恰如”。
做题技巧
当主句中出现such或so时,看后面从句是否缺主语或宾语:
(1)缺主语或宾语,从句前用as;(2)不缺主语和宾语,从句前用that;
1. He is such a lazy man_____ nobody wants to work with______.
A. as; him B. that; / C. as; / D. whom; him
2. Mrs. Black took the police back to____ place ____ she witnessed the robbery.
A. the same; as B. the same; where
C. the same ; that D. as the same; as
难点二：一些特殊词之后的where
1. I’ve come to the point where I can’t stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。
2. The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.
国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。
注意：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, part, condition, case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。
1.We are trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. （06山东）
A. which B. that C. where D. when
2. ---Do you have anything to say for yourself
---Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on . （06江西）
A. why B. where C. how D. /
难点三: 综合考查
一. 定语从句与强调句
where\that
1.This is the library _______ I borrowed the book.
2.It is from this library ______ I borrowed the book.
3. ---Where did you last see Mr. Smith
---It was in the hotel____ I lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
二. 定语从句与同位语从句
that/which
1. We all have heard the news _____ our team won.
2. We don’t believe in the news ____________ he told us yesterday.
三. 定语从句与表语从句
The place ____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be_____ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05 江苏）
A. which; where B. at which; which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
Step3. 当堂检测
用适当的关系词完成短文
In December, 2020, Zhang Guimei, 1. ______ is principle of Huaping Senior High School for Girls, was honoured with the title “Role Model for the Times” in recognition of her devotion to education for girls.
Zhang used to be an ordinary teacher and lived a peaceful life. However, her husband died of cancer, 2. _______ made her very sad and hopeless. Later, she went to a remote school in Huaping, 3. _______ she lived alone.
One day, on her way to a student's home, Zhang noticed a girl sitting on the hillside. The girl, 4. ______ was only 13, told Zhang she was about to get married, 5. _______ gave her a great surprise. Zhang went to the girl's house and tried to persuade her parents to let her return to school. However, they didn't agree. And then Zhang was determined to found a high school, 6. ______ goal was to provide free education for girls.
In 2008, Huaping Senior High School for Girls, 7. ______ is a free public high school, was founded. More than 1,800 graduates have been admitted to college since the school was built, 8. ______ is regarded as a miracle in the remote area.

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