资源简介

第一单元 地球与地图
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考点一　经纬网及其应用
(2015·新课标Ⅰ，6)甘德国际机场( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )右图)曾是世界上最繁忙的航空枢纽之一，当时几乎所有横跨北大西洋的航班都要经停该机场补充燃料。如今，横跨北大西洋的航班不再需要经停此地。据此完成第1题。
1.一架从甘德机场起飞的飞机以650千米/小时的速度飞行，1小时后该飞机的纬度位置可能为(　　)
A.66.5°N 　B.60°N 　C.53°N 　D.40°N
解析　该机场位于50°N附近，根据经线圈上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )每隔纬度1°距离约为111千米，那么从甘德机场起飞的飞机以650千米/小时的速度飞行，1小时后该飞机最多飞过纬度6°度，即位置可能为44°N到56°N之间。故C正确。
答案　C
2.(2014·新课标Ⅱ，3)总部位于江苏 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )徐州(约34°N，117°E)的某企业承接了甲国(右图)价值7.446亿美元的工程机械定单。据此完成下题。
甲国位于(　　)
A.欧洲　 B.非洲
C.北美洲　 D.南美洲
解析　图中经度自西向东度数减小为西经；纬度自南向北度数增加为北纬。根据经纬度位置可知甲国为南美洲的委内瑞拉。
答案　D
3.(2013·天津文综， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8)下图所示照片是摄影师在夜晚采用连续曝光技术拍摄的，照片中的弧线为恒星视运动轨迹。据图示判断，摄影师拍摄的地点位于(　　)
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A.低纬地区 B.中纬地区
C.北极附近 D.南极附近
解析　北半球北极星的仰角等于当地的地理纬度。从图中看北极星的仰角较小，因此是在低纬地区拍摄的。
答案　A
(2011·北京文综，5)读下图，回答下题。
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4.图中各点最可能表示世界(　　)
A.主要能源矿产产地 B.百万人口以上的城市
C.自然和文化遗产地 D.近10年7级以上地震震中
解析　本题考查经纬网的应用—空间定位，根据各点分布的经纬度可知，这些点主要分布在环太平洋地带和地中海喜马拉雅山一带。
答案　D
考点二　地图三要素
1.(2014·北京文综，8)下图(a)为某校地理小组设计的校园景观指示牌，下图(b)为校园图局部。读图，回答下题。
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指示牌在上图(b)中的位置是(　　)
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
解析　由地图上的比例尺计算相关距离，由 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )指示牌上的方向和距离等信息确定指示牌的位置。即校训牌位于指示牌的正前方80 m处，气象站位于指示牌右侧150 m处，老校门位于指示牌左侧200 m处，地理园位于指示牌前方350 m处，就可反推得出指示牌位于图中②处。
答案　B
(2014·重庆文综，12) 下图 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )示意某GIS软件显示的某校部分建筑分布的地图窗口及其属性(如用途、建筑面积、建筑高度等)的浏览窗口(面积单位：m2，高度单位：m)。读下图，完成下题。
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2.若在该GIS软件中量算到学校局 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )部用地的长为300 m、宽为220 m，要将此用地的平面图用1∶1 000的比例输出，则选用纸张幅面最小的是(　　)
A.A4纸(29.7 cm×21 cm) 　　　　　B.B4纸(36.4 cm×25.7 cm)
C.A3纸(42 cm×29.7 cm) 　　　　　D.B3纸(51.5 cm×36.4 cm)
解析　局部用地长为300 m，宽为200 m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，采用的比例尺1∶1 000根据图上距离＝实地距离×比例尺可知，局部用地图上距离长30 cm，宽20 cm，结合各种纸张，B4纸利用最充分，纸张幅面最小。A项存在输出不全、因为长度不够，C、D存在纸张幅面大的问题，B项最符合。
答案　B
(2013·重庆文综，6)下图为某城市主要道路分布图，标注数字表示道路长度。读图回答下题。
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3.同学们从学校乘车到科技馆参观，到路口A时为保证到科技馆的距离最短，骑车应选择的行驶方向为(　　)
A.东 B.南 C.西 D.北
解析　该题考查的是考生对方 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )位辨别和路程的计算。根据图中左上角有个指向标，先区分出图中上为东，下为西，左为北，右为南；然后，以A为起点，算图上数字，加起来最小的就是正确的答案，但是要注意图上的断道施工点是不能通过的。
答案　C
考点三　等高线地形图的判读和应用
1. (2014·山东文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )综，11)下图(a)为某班一次地理野外实习的观测点分布图，①～④为观测点编号。图(b)为该班某小组在其中一个观测点所做的记录卡片。完成下题。
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根据图(b)中记录的信息判断，卡片中“观测点编号”应为图(a)中的(　　)
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
解析　根据指向标可知，该图是上北下南， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )左西右东，由此可判断出③④两点位于甲山的东北侧，C、D两项错误。根据等值线的分布规律，①处海拔高度在0～100米之间，②处海拔在100～200米之间，从高程上排除A项，B项正确。
答案　B
(2013·江苏地理，11～12)梯 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )田是因地制宜发展农业生产的典范。图1是四种不同类型梯田的剖面示意图，图2是某地等高线地形图。读图回答2～3题。
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2.图2中甲区地形适合修筑的梯田类型是(　　)
A.水平梯田 B.坡式梯田 C.隔坡梯田 D.反坡梯田
3.在黄土高原缓坡上修筑反坡梯田的优点是(　　)
A.保水保土效果更好 B.修筑难度小
C.利于机械化耕作 D.便于灌溉施肥
解析　第2题，根据因地制宜的原则， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )等高线密集处坡度较大，不宜耕作，应植树造林，防止水土流失。等高线稀疏处本身地势较平整，稍加整理即可耕种。综上分析，隔坡梯田最适宜。水平梯田和坡式梯田适合坡度较陡的地区，反坡梯田适合坡度更为和缓且缺水的地区，因此排除A、B、D三项。第3题，反坡梯田中的“反坡”坡向与整个斜坡的坡向相反，不利于水流顺坡向下，更有利于水土的保持，确定A项是正确的；“反坡”比顺坡工程量和难度都大，据此排除B项；对于机械化耕作和灌溉施肥而言，与其他形式的梯田没有大的区别，据此排除C、D两项。
答案　2.C　3.A
(2013·四川文综，7～8)下图示意我国黄土高原某地林木的分布状况，图中相邻等高线之间高差均为30米。读图，完成4～5题。
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4.林木生长与土壤水分条件相关，图中林木密集区位于(　　)
A.鞍部 B.山谷 C.山脊 D.山顶
5.图示区域内东、西两侧最大高差可能是(　　)
A.156米 B.178米 C.220米 D.255米
解析　第4题，土壤水分条件好的地区，林木 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )生长茂盛密集，山区的降水易聚集在山谷，山谷是土壤水分条件好的地区，为林木密集区。第5题，图中区域内东、西两侧高低之间等高线共有7条，根据最大高差的计算公式：(n－1)×d<最大高差<(n＋1)×d，n为等高线的条数，d为等高距，因此其最大高差的计算应为：(7－1)×30米<最大高差<(7＋1)×30米，即为180米<最大高差<240米，最大高差可能为220米。
答案　4.B　5.C
6.[2015·四川文综，13(2)]阅读材料，回答下列问题。
材料一　“蓉欧快铁”货运直达列车于2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )013年4月26日开始运行。“快铁”线路西端的欧洲中部地区有世界著名的传统工业区，钢铁、汽车制造工业历史悠久；东端的成都平原地区有国家级高新技术产业开发区，电子工业、汽车产业发展较快。两端广阔的货物集散区域经济互补性强。
材料二　“蓉欧快铁”运行线路图(图1)；甲区域等高线地形图(图2)。
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　　　 　图1　　　　　　　图2
据图2，描述图1中甲区域的地形特征。
解析　地形特征要从地形类型和地势特点两 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )方面描述，结合图中等高线知识特点可知该地甲区域海拔大多在1 500 m以上，地表起伏大，以山地为主；西南和东北等高线稀疏，为高原地形。
答案　高原、山地为主：高原分布在西南(南)部和东北(北)部，山地主要分布在中部；地势起伏大，西南(南)高，东北(北)低。
7.(2014·四川文综，13)下图为我国某地等高线图，下表是该地气候资料。读图、表回答下列问题。
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月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
气温(℃) 6.5 9.0 13.0 18.0 22.0 25.0 27.5 27.5 23.0 18.0 13.5 8.0
降水量(mm) 16 17 31 74 118 148 177 139 141 84 39 18
(1)说出该地区的地形类型名称和甲地地形部位名称。
(2)描述该地区气温的季节特征。
(3)该地计划在图幅所示东北部修建水库，水库最大蓄水量时水面高程不超过390米。你是否赞成在该地修建水库？请依据图表信息说明理由。
解析　第(1)题，该地海拔均在 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )200～500 m之间且等高线密集，因此为丘陵，甲地正好位于两座相邻山峰中间部位，地势较为平缓，形似马的鞍部位置，故为鞍部。第(2)题，该地最低月气温在0 ℃以上，15 ℃以下，说明冬季温和；最高月气温接近30 ℃，说明夏季高温；春、秋季凉爽，气温的年变化较大，说明四季分明。第(3)题，本题为开放性题目，该区域为亚热带季风气候，降水季节变化大，修建水库可调节地表径流的季节分配，图示东北部处于小盆地地区，并有狭窄水道与外界相连，适于建设水库，同时小盆地附近居民点多，水库建设可发挥其供水功能。但该地耕地面积广，区域内还有居民点和公路，水库的修建势必会淹没大量良田和公路，还需对库区居民进行迁移安置。
答案　(1)丘陵；鞍部。
(2)冬季温和，夏季高温，四季分明。
(3)赞成。降水季节变化大，建水库可调 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )节水资源时间分配不均；地势低洼、开阔，利于蓄水(或图幅北部河谷狭窄，利于建坝)；邻近农用地、居民点，便于生产、生活用水。
不赞成。该地已有河流流经，可提供生产、生活用水；迁建公路和居民点，增加建设成本；淹没大片耕地，人均耕地减少。

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