资源简介

小学英语
语法时态讲解与归纳
第一讲【正在进行时】
一、意义：表示正在进行或发生的动作。
二、时间标志——now，句前的look ,listen
三、构成：be (am, is ,are )+动词现在分词-ing形式
1.肯定句： 主语 + be + 现在分词V-ing (+ 其他)
例：I’m doing my homework now 。
2.否定句：主语+be+not+动词-ing +其他.
例：I’m not doing my homework now。
3.一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词-ing +其他？
Are you doing your home work now
肯定回答：Yes, I am .
否定回答：No , I’m not 。
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词-ing+其他？
例：What are you doing now
四. 现在分词的构成：
(1)一般在动词末尾直接加ing,
例：play →playing go→going fly →flying collect →collecting
(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e,再加ing，
例：skate →skating make →making dance → dancing write → writing
have → having ride → riding come → coming
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词，中间只有一个元音字母，词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing,
如： put → putting run → running begin → beginning
stop → stopping swim → swimming shop → shopping
jog → jogging sit → sitting get → getting
forget → forgetting let → letting
【练习】
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Mr Zhang___________________（read）a book now.
2.The rabbits_______________（run）now.
3.--What are you doing
--I_________________（do）my homework.
4.--_______the students______________（play）now
--Yes,they are.
5.--Who_______________（sing）now
--Lily is.
6.Look!Tom_________________________（not learn）English.He is studying Chinese.
7.The girls__________________（not eat）bananas now.
8.--Where______they__________________（stand）
--They are standing over there.
9.Look!the bus____________________（stop）.
10.My dad_______________________________（have）a bath in the bathroom.My mum_____________________（make）a cake in the kitchen.
二、翻译下面句子。
1.兔子正在吃胡萝卜。
__________________________________________________________
2.琳达正在骑马吗？
__________________________________________________________
3.听！汤姆现在不弹琴了。
__________________________________________________________
4.孩子们在操场上跑步吗？
___________________________________________________________
5.--动物正在干什么？
--一只狮子正在看电视，一只老虎正在读书，一只河马正在打乒乓球，一只猫正在游泳。
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
把下面句子改写成否定句。
I am cleaning my room.
____________________________________________________________________________
He is playing basketball.
____________________________________________________________________________
We are flying kites.
____________________________________________________________________________
四、把下面句子改写成一般疑问句。
1.I am cleaning my room.
____________________________________________________________________________
2.He is playing basketball.
____________________________________________________________________________
3.We are flying kites.
___________________________________________________________________________
第二讲【一般现在时】
一. 意义：表示经常发生的事情，动作或存在的状态
二、时间标志：always , usually , often , sometimes ,every…
三、 构成及变化
1.be动词的变化。
肯定句：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。
例：I am a boy。我是一个男孩。
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。
例：He is not a worker。他不是工人。
一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。
例：-Are you a student 　
肯定回答：Yes，I am.
否定回答：No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。
如：Where is my bike
2. 行为动词的变化。
当主语为第一，二人称及复数时，助动词为do
肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。
例：We often play basketball after school。
否定句：主语+ don't+动词原形(+其它)。
例：we don’t play basketball after school。
一般疑问句：Do +主语+动词原形+其它？
例： Do you often play basketball after school 肯定回答：Yes, we do.
否定回答：No, we don't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句？
如： What do you often do after school
当主语为第三人称单数时 ,助动词为does
肯定句：主语+动词三单式(+其它)。
如： He swims well。
否定句：主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。
如：He doesn’t swim well。.
一般疑问句：Does +主语+动词原形+其它。
如：Does he swim well 肯定回答：Yes, he does.
否定回答：No, he doesn't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+以does开头的一般疑问句？
如： How does your father go to work
四、第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单形式)
(1)多数动词直接加s:
run → runs get → gets like → likes collect → collects
take → takes play → plays climb → climbs
(2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母，结尾加es
如:watch → watches teach → teaches go → goes
do → does wash → washes
(3)动词末尾y前为辅音：将y改为i加es: study→studies
fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries
但在y前如果为元音则直接加s:
buy → buys say → says
例：He goes to school at seven.
Linda buys a lot of fruit.
My father likes watching TV.
【练习】
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.He ________（like）art very much.He________________（draw）a horse now.
2.My mother_________（work）in a primary school and I___________（study）at the same school.
3.I _________（have）a bike and Ben ___________（have）a bike,too.
4.My sister_______（be）a pupil.She __________（study）very hard.
5.Who ________（cook）breakfast for your family
6.My father_________（be）a teacher.He __________（teach）Chinese in a primary school.
二、把下面的句子改成否定句。
1.He likes playing basketball.
__________________________________________________________________________
I do my homework at six o’clock every afternoon.
________________________________________________________________________
Jane is a doctor.
________________________________________________________________________
We have English classes on Monday.
_______________________________________________________________________
He can speak English.
_____________________________________________________________________
三、把下面的句子改成一般疑问句。
1. He likes playing basketball.
__________________________________________________________________________
I do my homework at six o’clock every afternoon.
________________________________________________________________________
Jane is a doctor.
________________________________________________________________________
We have English classes on Monday.
_______________________________________________________________________
He can speak English.
_____________________________________________________________________
第三讲【一般将来时】
一. 意义：表示将要发生的事情，动作或存在的状态
二、时间标志：tomorrow,two years later,next year,next night,next week
三、 构成及变化
构成一：
肯定句：主语+be going to+动词原形+其它
例：I am going to swim tomorrow.明天我将去游泳。
否定句：主语+ be + not going to+动词原形+其它。
例： I am not going to swim tomorrow.明天我将不去游泳。
一般疑问句：Be +主语+going to+动词原形+其它。
例：-Are you going to swim tomorrow
肯定回答：Yes，I am.
否定回答：No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。
如：What are you going to do tomorrow
结构二：
肯定句：主语+will+动词原形+其它。
例：I will swim tomorrow.
否定句：主语+ will not（=won't）+动词原形(+其它)。
例：I won't swim tomorrow.
一般疑问句：Will+主语+动词原形+其它？
例： Will you swim tomorrow
肯定回答：Yes, I will.
否定回答：No, I won't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句
如： What will you do tomorrow
【练习】
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.I____________________（play football）on the playground tomorrow.
2.She________________________（ride a horse）with her sister next week.
3.We_______________________（sing a song）in the classroom next class.
4.He______________________（see）his parents next month.
5.They____________________（visit）the Great Wall next year.
二、翻译下列句子。
1.她明天下午四点将要游泳。
____________________________________________________________________________________
2.他明年将要学英语。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3.Linda下周六将要去画画。
____________________________________________________________________________________
4.你们明天将要去拜访你们的叔叔吗？
____________________________________________________________________________________
5.他们下午七点将要吃晚饭吗？
____________________________________________________________________________________
第四讲【一般过去时】
一. 意义：表示过去发生的事情，动作或存在的状态
二、时间标志：yesterday,two years ago,last year,last night,last week
三、 构成及变化
1.be动词的变化。
肯定句：主语+be（was,were）+其它。
例：I was ten years old last year。我去年10岁。
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。
例：She wasn't here yesterday.她昨天不在这里。
一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。
例：-Were you ten years old last year 　
肯定回答：Yes，I was.
否定回答：No, I wasn't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。
如：How old was she last year
2. 行为动词的变化。
肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其它。
例：We played basketball yesterday。
否定句：主语+ didn't+动词原形(+其它)。
例：we didn’t play basketball yesterday。
一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+其它？
例： Did you play basketball yesterday 肯定回答：Yes, we did.
否定回答：No, we didn't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+以did开头的一般疑问句？
如： What did you do yesterday
动词过去式：
如:teach → taught catch → caught take → took
make → made have → had am/is → was
are → were do → did learn → learnt
go → went come → came eat → ate
buy → bought know → knew die →died
live → lived give → gave leave → left
say → said see → saw can → could
get → got write → wrote feel → felt
hear → heard
【练习】
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.My father ___________________（not stay）at home yesterday.
He______________to Guangzhou last week.
2.Who_______________（teach）you Maths last year.
3.__________they________（visit）the zoo last Sunday
4.When______you________（take）these photos
5.Last Saturday my mother________（go）shopping and _________（buy）me a dress.
6.When______your brother ______（get）here
7.Ben_______（have）a cold last week.
8.________（There be）many beautiful flowers in our school before.
9.______________（There be）a heavy rain,last night.
10.__________（There be）any milk in the bottle before.
二、把下面的句子改成否定句。
1. He played basketball last Saturday.
__________________________________________________________________________
I did my homework at six o’clock yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________
Jane was a doctor three years ago.
________________________________________________________________________
We had English classes last Monday.
_______________________________________________________________________
三、把下面的句子改成一般疑问句。
1. He played basketball last Saturday.
__________________________________________________________________________
I did my homework at six o’clock yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________
Jane was a doctor three years ago.
________________________________________________________________________
We had English classes last Monday.
_______________________________________________________________________
第五讲【名词单数变复数】
变化规则：
1、一般名词复数是在名词后面加上“s”，
如map→maps， bag→bags， book-books等；
2、以s，x， sh， ch结尾的词加“es”，
如bus→buses ，watch→watches， box- boxes等；
3、以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,去掉f， fe 加ves的名词有：
half→halves knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolves
wife→wives life→lives thief→thieves
4、以o 结尾的名词变复数时：
a）加s的名词有（无生命）：
photo→photos ， piano→pianos， radio→radios
b）加es的名词有（有生命）：
potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes
5、以辅音字母＋y结尾的词，变y为i加es，
如baby→babies, family-families, study-studies等；
以元音字母＋ y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数，
如monkey→monkeys， holiday→holidays， boys→boys；
6、变内部元音的单词：
foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth mouse-mice
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen
7、单复数同形的单词：
fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer,
表示“某国人”的名词，其单数变复数有三种情况：
1)单复数同形：
Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
2)变词尾的man为men
Frenchman-Frenchmen Englishman-Englishmen
词尾加-s
German-Germans Roman-Romans American-Americans
Indian-Indians
“某国人”变复数助记口诀：中日不变，英法变，其它国人加s.
复合名词单数变复数
将主体名词变为复数
boy student-boy students girl student-girl students
将两部分都变成复数
woman doctor-women doctors man teacher-men teachers
【练习】
一、请写出下列名词的复数形式
city _________ zoo _________ country ________ tooth _________
mouse _________ boy _________ broom ________ car _________
tree _________ horse _________ bus _________ fox ______
branch _____ baby _______ family _________ country _________
radio _______ photo _________ piano _________ knife _________
leaf _________ life_____ thief_______ man _________
woman_______ child_______ foot________ woman teacher _____________
watch_______ photo________ diary _________ day________
foot________ book_______ dress________ tooth_______
sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____________ peach______
二、单项选择
1. A cat has four ____ .
A. Foots B. feet C. feets
2. There are three ____ and five _____ in the room.
A. American, Japanese B Americans, Japanese C. American, Janpaneses
3. Can you see nine ____ in the picture
A. fish B. book C. horse
4. The _____ has two______.
A. boy; watch B. boy; watches C. boys; watch
5. The _____ are flying back to their country.
A. Germany B.Germanys C. Germans
6. The girl brushes her _____ every day before he goes to bed.
A. tooths B. teeth C. teeth
7. How many ______ do you see in the picture
A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato
8. They are______.
A . woman teachers B. women teachers
women teacher D. woman teacher
9. Most of ______ live in _______.
A. Germans, German
B. German, Germen
C. Germen, Germany
D. Germans, Germany
10. There are some ______ in these _______.
A.knifes…pencil-boxes B.knives…pencils-box
C.knives…pencil-box D.knives…pencils-boxes
三、填入所给名词的正确形式
1. I have two__________ (knife)
2. There are many __________ here. (box)
3. There are many ________ on the road. (bus)
4. A few _________ are drawing on the wall. (boy)
5. The _____________ are playing football now. (child)
6.I have lots of _______________(tomato)here.
7.The baby has two______________(tooth).
8.How many____________(sheep)are there
第六讲【形容词、副词的比较级和最高级】
一、构成规则：
1．一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est；
（1）单音节词
如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
　　tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
（2）双音节词
　　如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2．以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st；
如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest
3．在重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est； 大胖湿热瘦伤心
如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest
fat→fatter→fattest wet→wetter→wettest
thin→thinner→thinnest sad→sadder→saddest
　　4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est；
　　如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
　　busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
　　5．其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most；
　　如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
　　different→more different→most different
popular→more popular→most popular
　　6．有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记.
　　如：good→better→best well→better→best
　　bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
many/much→more→most little→less→least
　　old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
　　far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
　　二、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法
　　1．“A + be +形容词比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更……”.
　　如：This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高.
　　注意：
　　2．“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越……”
　　如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.
　　春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了.
　　It is getting cooler and cooler.
　　天气越来越凉爽.
　　The wind became more and more heavily.
　　风变得越来越大.
　　Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
　　我们的学校变得越来越美丽.
　　3．在含有or的选择疑问句中,如果有两者供选择,前面的形容词要用比较级形式.
如：Who is taller,Tim or Tom 谁更高,Tim还是Tom
【练习】
一、用适当形式填空：
1. Bob is _____________ ( young ) than Fred but ___________ (tall) than Fred.
2. Tom is not as ___________ (tall) as Tim.
3..Which is ____________ (heavy),a hen or a chicken
4. Linda is ____________ (short) than Sally. She is also the ____________ (short) girl in the class.
6. Sally is the ___________ (kind) person in the world.
7.He is the________________________(friendly) people in the class.
8. A dictionary is ____________________ (expensive) than a story-book.
9. An orange is _________ (big) than an apple, but ___________ (small) than a
watermelon.
10. The Changjiang River is the ____________ (long) river in China.
11. Sue is _______________________ (beautiful) than her sister.
12.Chinese is ____________________ (difficult) than maths.
13. Her mother is getting ____________(fat) and ________ (fat).
14. He comes to school ____________ (early) than I.
15. Your classroom is __________(wide) and ___________________(bright) than ours.
16. a lion is______________________(dangerous) than a bear and it is the _______________________ (dangerous) animal in the world.

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