资源简介

Unit 1 People of Achievement
Part I 词汇分层解析
探究词汇
vital
adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
教材原句P2 Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria,and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.青蒿素已经成为疟疾治疗的一个重要环节，人们认为其每年仅在非洲就能挽救10万人的生命。
●Drones could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure.无人机正可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。[2022全国乙·改编]
be vital for/to对……极为重要it is vital to do sth做某事非常重要
it is vital+that从句……是极重要的
●Enough sleep is vital for the students' health.充足
的睡眠对学生的健康非常重要。
●It is vital that we keep a good relationship with neighbouring countries.我们与邻邦保持友好关系是十分重要的。
在it is vital that…句型中，that后的从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。
同义调crucial,critical,essential
committed
adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的
教材原句P2 Tu Youyou,a committed and patient scientist,was born in Ningbo,China,on 30 December 1930,and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.屠呦呦是一位坚定而有耐心的科学家，1930年12月30生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京医学院(今北京大学医学部)。
be committed to(doing)sth坚定支持某事物；专心致志于(做)某事
联想调①commit vt.承诺；保证；花(钱或时间)vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
commit suicide(=kill oneself)自杀commit…to…把……投入……
commit oneself to sth/doing sth/do sth承诺(做)某事
●A lot of money has been committed to this project.这个项目已经投入了很多钱。
●My English teacher has committed herself to the cause of education.我的英语老师已献身于教育事业。
②commitment n.(钱、时间、人力等的)投入；承诺make a commitment作出承诺
联想拓展其他常用的表示“忙于；献身于；致力于；专心致志于”的表达
be devoted to(doing)sth
be dedicated to(doing)sth be absorbed in(doing)sth be buried in(doing)sth
be engaged in(doing)sth apply oneself to(doing)sth
acknowledge
vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢
教材原句P2 However,Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.然而，屠呦呦并没有认输。
常见用法it is universally/widely acknowledged
that………是大家公认的
acknowledge sb/sth to be/as.….承认/认为某人/某物是……
acknowledge doing sth/having done sth承认做了某事
●It is universally acknowledged that the consumption
of processed foods increases the risk of heart diseases.人们普遍认为吃加工食品会增加患心脏疾病的风险。
●He is widely acknowledged to be the best football player in the world.他被公认为是世界上最好的足球运动员。
●The proud girl finally acknowledged being defeated by her classmate.那个骄傲的女孩最终承认输给了她的同学。
近义词admit,recognise
联想词acknowledgement n.[单数，U]承认[C,常用复数]致谢；答谢
defeat
①n.失败；挫败
教材原句P2 However,Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.然而，屠呦呦并没有认输。
●This world champion has only had two defeats in 20 matches.这位世界冠军在二十场比赛中只败过两场。
常用搭配a narrow/heavy defeat惜败/惨败admit defeat认输
suffer a defeat遭遇失败
②vt.击败；战胜；把(某人)难住
●A man can be destroyed but not defeated.一个人
可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。[《老人与海》]
●It was the last question on the paper that defeated me.考卷上的最后一道题把我难住了。
易混辨析defeat,beat,win与overcome的用法
区别
易混词 用法
defeat “打败；战胜”,既可指在比赛、竞争中打败对手，也可以指在战场上战胜敌人。
beat “打败；战胜”,通常指在比赛或竞选中击败对手，作此意讲时可以和defeat互换。
win “获胜；赢；赢得”,既可指在比赛、游戏、选举中获胜，也可指赢得奖品、荣誉或获得支持、尊敬等。如：win a race/a prize/a scholarship/an election赢得比赛/奖品/奖学金/选举。
overcome “控制；克服；战胜”,既可指在战斗和竞赛中战胜对方，也可指在感情、习惯等方面压倒、胜过。如：overcome difficulties克服困难。
apparently
adv. 显而易见；看来；显然
教材原句P2 She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.她的结论是煮青蒿显然破坏了它的药用特性。
联想调apparent adj.明显的；显而易见的
be apparent to sb对某人来说是显而易见的
it is apparent/clear/obvious/evident(to sb)that..
(对某人而言)显然……
●The heavy loss we suffered after the flood is apparent.洪灾过后我们蒙受的巨大损失是显而易见的。
●It is apparent/clear/obvious/evident that the stubborn person has changed his mind.显然这个固执的人已经改变了主意。
insist
vi.&vt.坚持；坚决要求；坚持说；固执己见
教材原句P3 Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.
屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保其安全性。
常用搭配insist on/upon(doing)sth坚持(做)某事
●The man insisted on finding a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.即使我告诉他我就住在附近，但那个人还是坚持要给我找一辆出租车。
易混辨析①动词insist意为“坚决要求；坚持”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句谓语为should do形式，should可省略。
●They insisted that everyone(should)come to the party.他们坚决要求每个人都来参加聚会。
②insist意为“坚持说；固执己见；坚持认为”时，其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
●He insisted that he was innocent.他坚持说自己是无辜的。
conclusion
n.结论；推论
教材原句P4 Did you come to any conclusions 你得出什么结论了吗
常用搭配in conclusion(=to conclude)总之；最后draw/reach/come to/arrive at a conclusion得出结论；作出推断
联想词conclude vt.断定；推断出vt.&vi.(使)结束conclude sth(from sth)(从某事)推断出……
conclude(sth)with sth/by doing sth以某事/做某事结束(某事)
●They concluded the meeting with a speech in the afternoon.他们于下午以一段讲话结束了会议。
circumstance
n.[C,常用复数]条件；环境；状况；情况
教材原句P5 Her circumstances are beyond our control.她的情况我们无法控制。
常用搭配under/in….circumstances在……情况下under/in the circumstances在这种情况下；情形既然如此
under/in no circumstances决不；无论如何都不
●You were right to do this under the circumstances.
在这种情况下，你这么做是对的。
特别注意①circumstance意为“境况；经济状况”时，用复数形式。
②under/in no circumstances位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
●She made it clear that under no circumstances would she cancel the trip.她明确表示，无论如何她都不会取消旅行。
found
vt.创建；建立；把……建立在
教材原句P6 Florence Nightingale founded modern nursing.弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔创立了现代护理事业。
常用搭配be founded on/upon….建立在……的基础上
●The novel was founded on actual people and events.这部小说是在真人真事的基础上写成的。
联想调①founder n.创立者；始创者
②foundation n.地基；基础；基金会；建立
lay/provide the foundation(s)for为……打下基础
come to power
(开始)掌权；上台
教材原句P8 Circumstances changed in 1933,when Hitler came to power in Germany.
1933年，当希特勒在德国掌权时，情况发生了变化。
近义短语rise to power上台
take/seize power掌握/夺取政权
联想拓展含有power的其他常用短语
in power当权；掌权
beyond one's power在某人权力/能力范围之外
in/within one's power在某人权力/能力范围之内
●The dictator has been in power for seven years.那个独裁者已经执政七年了。
●I'm afraid it is beyond my power to do what you are asking.我恐怕做不到/无权做你要求的事。
●It's not in my power to tell you the results of the exam.我无权告诉你考试的成绩。
consequence
n.结果；后果
教材原句P8 As a consequence,he had to flee Germany.因而，他不得不逃离德国。
常用搭配as a consequence(=as a result)因此；结果
as a consequence of(=as a result of)由于；因为take the consequences自食其果；承担后果
●After graduation,he became quite lazy.As a consequence,he lost what he owned.毕业后，他变得很懒惰。结果，他失去了自己所拥有的一切。
●As a consequence of his bad behaviour,he was dismissed.由于行为不端，他被开除了。
●You made the wrong decision,and you must take the consequences.你作出了这个错误的决定，必须承担后果。
联想词consequently adv.因此；结果
remarkable
adj.非凡的；显著的
教材原句P9 Apart from his remarkable achievements,what does the passage tell us about Einstein's life 除了他非凡的成就，这篇文章还给我们讲述了关于爱因斯坦生平的哪些内容
●Beijing is still one of the most remarkable,special places I have visited.北京仍然是我所去过的最非凡的、最特别的地方之一。
be remarkable for…因……而著称
联想调remark vt.&vi.谈到；说起；评论(=comment)n.评论；言论
make a remark about…就……发表意见；对……评头论足
●It's rude to remark on others' appearances,especially during their absence.评论别人的外貌是不礼貌的，尤其是当他们不在场的时候。
●He made a number of rude remarks about the food here.关于这里的食物他作出了许多无礼的评论。
sum
vi.总结；概括n.金额；款项；总数；总和
教材原句P9 Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how you feel about this person.用你的笔记写出介绍，总结一下你对这个人的印象。
●It is important to remember that success is a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes years to achieve.成功是将每天作出的微小努力积累起来，并且常常是需要多年的努力去达到的，记住这点很重要。
常用搭配sum up总结；概括
the sum of的金额；……的总和
in sum=to sum up总之；总而言之
sum sth/sb up简而言之；对某事物/某人作出判断●At the end of the class,the teacher summed up
the main points of the lesson in three sentences.下课时，老师用三句话总结了这节课的要点。
●The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.三角形的内角和为180度。
●To sum up,there are three main ways of tackling the problem.概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决方法。
差距词汇
multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的n.倍数
China has established centuries for cutting-edge technology research with multiple countries,including South Africa,Indonesia and Croatia.
中国与南非、印度尼西亚、克罗地亚等多个国家建立了尖端技术研究中心。
2.authentic adj.真正的；真实的
The association aims to support students of all backgrounds to deeply understand scientific ideas,participate in the activities of the discipline,and solve authentic problems.该社团力求帮助不同背景的学生深入理解科学思想，参与学科活动，以及解决实际问题。
3.duration n.持续时间；期间
They can help us understand more about the frequency,intensity and duration of storms.它们能帮助我们对暴风雨天气发生的频率、强度和持续时间了解更多。
4.neural adj.神经的；神经系统的
These equations describe neural activity in different parts of the brain.这些方程式描述了不同脑区的神经元活动情况。
5.release vt.释放；放出；松开；放开；发泄；解雇；发布
This week,the World Health Organization is releasing a landmark global study on the phenomenon.本周，世界卫生组织基于此现象发布了一项具有里程碑意义的全球研究。
6.let alone更不必说
He hasn't enough money for food,let alone amusements.他连温饱都无法解决，就更不用说娱乐了。
7.nuclear weapons核武器
In the 1980s,Yu Min led his team to figure out the key technologies in the development of the second generation of nuclear weapons in China.20世纪80年代，于敏带领他的团队摸索出了中国发展第二代核武器的关键技术。
8.it is estimated that…据估计……
It is estimated that the total number of infected cases will reach the peaking point in two weeks,then drop and gradually decrease to zero.据估计，感染病例总数将在两周后达到峰值，然后下降并逐渐归零。
Part||句子分类探究
长难句分析
He made numerous contributions to the world,
the most well-known being the general theory独立主格结构作状语
of relativity and the famous formula E=mc .
句意他对世界作出了许多贡献，最为人所熟知的是广义相对论和著名的公式E=mc 。
知识拓展“名词/代词/形容词短语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”形式的独立主格结构在句中作状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是完整的句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
●Time permitting(=If time permits),we will go on an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去远足。
●He was listening attentively in class,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他正专心听课，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
●Lots of trees,flowers,and grass planted,our
newly-built school looks even more beautiful.种上许多的花草树木后，我们新建的学校看上去甚至更美了。
He had a thick moustache and long white hair,主语谓语宾语which sometimes stood on end as though he had which引导非限制性定语从句as though引导方式状语从句just received an electric shock.
句意他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发，有时头发都竖了起来，就像刚受了电击一样。
高频句式
句式1 upon doing sth,…-……就……
upon doing sth结构中，介词upon还可以换为on,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，意为“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……"。upon/on后接动名词或名词，可以转换为一个时间状语从句。
引导时间状语从句，表示“—……就……"的词汇或结构还有：
(1)immediately,directly,instantly
(2)the instant,the moment,the minute
(3)as soon as
(4)no sooner….than….,hardly/scarcely..when..
●Immediately she'd gone,I remembered her name.
她刚走开我就想起了她的名字。[《牛津高阶》]
键接课文Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize..当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时……[P3]
经典例句
●Upon arriving at home,Alice was filled with joy at the news.艾丽斯一回家，听到这个消息就满心欢喜。
●Upon arrival,Jimmy found a long line of applicants waiting to be interviewed.吉米一到达就发现应聘者排着长队在等候面试。
句式2 it strikes sb that….某人突然想到/意识到……
含义相近的结构
it occurs to sb that…某人想起/想到……it hits sb that…某人突然想起……
锥接课文It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen.他突然意识到照片中的其他中国男性显然不关心他们的同胞发生了什么事。[P4]
经典例句
●When I experienced repeated failures and decided to yield,it struck me that success might arise from the last stroke of efforts.当我经历了一次又一次的失败并决定屈服的时候，我突然意识到成功可能来自最后一搏。
●It suddenly occurred to me that I hadn't finished my homework.我突然想到，我还没完成作业。
●It suddenly hit me that I had met him somewhere.我突然想起我在什么地方见过他。
PartⅢ单元语法归纳
非限制性定语从句
教材原句
①This medicine,which was called artemisinin,soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快成为治疗疟疾的标准药物。(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语)[P3]
②This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou(co-winner),whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin,a crucial new treatment for malaria.
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖已授予屠呦呦(共同获奖者),她的研究使一种关键性的疟疾新疗法——青蒿素得以被发现。(whose引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语)[P2]
③In the beginning,Tu Youyou went to Hainan,where malaria was more common,to study malaria patients.起初，屠呦呦去海南研究患疟疾的病人，在那里疟疾更常见。(where引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语)[P2]
④Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.后来，这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了测试，大部分患者都康复了。(“代词+介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，whom作of的宾语)[P3]
非限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词没有限制词义的作用，通常只起补充说明的作用，由逗号把它和主句隔开，在译成中文时，这个从句一般译成一个并列句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
①非限制性定语从句的关系词
非限制性定语从句可以用which,who,whom,
whose,when,where等引导，也可以用“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句时，既可以指代名词或代词，也可以指代整个主句。
非限制性定语从句不用that或why引导。
②限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
作用 说明的是先行词必不可少的情况 对先行词进行补充解释
形式 关系词和先行词不用逗号分开 关系词和先行词用逗号分开
先行词 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是整个主句或主句中的一部分
关系词 可用that;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略 不用that;关系代词不可省略
译法 译成“……的……” 主句和从句分开译，从句通常可译作并列句
●That evening,which I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.结果那天晚上我工作到很晚，我晚点再跟你细讲那天晚上的事。(which引导非限制性定语从句，which不能换成that,也不能省略)
●We have launched another man-made satellite,which was reported in today's newspaper.
我们又发射了一颗人造卫星，这件事在今天的报纸上报道过了。(which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个主句)
●Finally he reached a lonely island which was completely cut off from the outside world.
最后他来到一个完全与世隔绝的孤岛上。(which引导限制性定语从句，可以换成that)
●I looked around and finally spotted David,who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.
我环顾四周，终于发现了戴维，他独自站在栅栏旁边。[2022全国新高考Ⅱ](who引导非限制性定语从句，不可以换成that)
③as与which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句时的区别
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句时，as具有“正如；像”的意思。as引导的非限制性定语从句中常含有这些动词：see,know,hear,watch,report,remember,say,tell,show,expect,guess等，这类动词与as连用几乎成了一种固定搭配。as引导的定语从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。
●The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17%in just one year.据报道，仅在一年之内吸烟人数就下降了17%。
●As is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.当医生赶到时，埃米好多了，对孩子来说这是常见的情况。
常见的as引导的非限制性定语从句
as we all know众所周知
as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
as I can remember正如我所记得的
as you can see如你所见
as everybody can do正如人人都能做到的那样
as often happens正如经常发生的那样
as we expect正如我们预料的那样
as was expected正如预料的那样
as has been said above如上所述
as can be seen看得出来
as may be imagined正如可以想象的那样
as is often the case这是常见的情况
(2)which引导的非限制性定语从句指前面主句所提到的整件事时，常译为“这一点；这件事”。这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有语义上的并列、因果关系。which引导的定语从句只能位于主句的后面。
●Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012,which made one of the Chinese people's long-held dreams come true.
莫言在2012年获得了诺贝尔文学奖，这使得中国人长久以来的一个梦想成真了。
●China Today attracts a worldwide readership,which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
《今中国》吸引了全世界的读者，这一点表明全世界越来越多的人想了解中国。
(3)which在定语从句中可以作定语或介词的宾语，而as则不能。
●He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.他可能会赢得比赛，要是那样的话，他可能会进入国家队。
●She graduated from a local high school,after which she went to Peking University.她毕业于当地的一所高中，之后她去了北京大学。
(4)当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句中包含宾语补足语时，一般用which而不用as。
●He pretended not to know me,which I didn't understand.他假装不认识我，这是我搞不明白的。
●He admires everyone in his class,which I find quite strange.他羡慕班里的每个学生，我认为这太奇怪了。

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