资源简介

(共38张PPT)
VERB-ING AND -ED FORMS
To learn to understand the usage of verb-ing and -ed forms as attributive, adverbial or object complement.
To be able to use verb-ing and -ed forms correctly.
Complete the summary with the correct form of the words and phrases below.
harmful individual institute just-me-ism live in peace involve take action a firm foundation
break open brick walls leave the tap running
Roots & Shoots is a/an 1___________ established in the early 1990s by Dr. Jane Goodall. It is called Roots & Shoots because roots move slowly under the ground making
2________________ and although shoots seem small and weak, they can 3 ____________________.
institute
a firm foundation
break open brick walls
8
The purpose of Roots & Shoots is to educate young people who suffer from 4______________. Those people don’t think their actions such as 5_____________________ while brushing their teeth can have negative effects on the environment. In fact, these actions are very 6_________.
just-me-ism
leaving the tap running
harmful
harmful individual institute just-me-ism live in peace involve take action a firm foundation
break open brick walls leave the tap running
Therefore, Roots & Shoots hopes to 7_________ millions of young people in building a secure future so that we can
8 ___________ with nature. Dr. Jane Goodall believes every
9 ___________ matters. What we need to do is 10 ___________ and act together to make the world a better place.
live in peace
individual
to take action
involve
harmful individual institute just-me-ism live in peace involve take action a firm foundation
break open brick walls leave the tap running
Circle all the verb -ing and -ed forms from exercise 8.
institute
a firm foundation
break open brick walls
just-me-ism
leaving the tap running
harmful
live in peace
individual
to take action
involve
动词-ing形式在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可用作定语、状语、宾语补足语或表语。
动词-ed形式在句中可作形容词或副词。作形容词时可以作定语、宾语补足语、状语或表语。
动词-ing和动词-ed形式
e.g. * The crying child had a cut on his knee.
* Travelling on foot, we saw many beautiful places.
* As I walked past the room, I heard two people arguing.
* The foot ball game was exciting.
adjective; attributive
adverb; adverbial
adjective; object complement
adjective; predicative
e.g. * The recovered animals will be released soon.
* When he entered the room, he found the window broken.
* Built in 1760, the house is over 200 years old.
* The street is lined with small shops.
attributive
object complement
adverbial
predicative
分词 语义 例句
动词-ing 主动、 进行 developing country 发展中国家
Do you know the woman talking to Tom
动词-ed 被动、 完成 developed country 发达国家
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
verb-ing and -ed forms
句法功能（一） 作表语
分词 例句 解读
动词-ing 1. His favorite sport is playing basketball. 2. The film is exciting. 1. 指一般性、经常性的动作；
2. 令人……的。表示主语所具有的特征或属性。
动词-ed He was excited at the news. 感到……的。常表示主语的性质或状态。体现一种生理或心理的状态。
句法功能（二） 作定语
分词 例句 解读
动词-ing The young man sitting between John and Mary is an editor. 被修饰词the young man与分词sitting为逻辑上的主动关系，sit动作正在进行。
动词-ed The problem discussed yesterday has been solved. 被修饰词the problem与分词discussed为逻辑上的被动关系，discuss动作已经完成。
★动词-ing形式作定语可表示被修饰的名词的用途、性质和特点。如：
I like to study in the reading room.
I’m so glad to hear your encouraging remarks.
a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping
动词-ing作定语
★动词-ing形式(短语)作定语也可表示被修饰的名词正在进行的主动动作，其作用相当于一个定语从句。单个动词-ing形式作定语时，通常置于被修饰的名词之前；动词-ing形式短语作定语时，多置于被修饰的名词之后。如：
* The dress is designed for growing girls.
= The dress is designed for girls who are growing.
* The young man sitting between Mary and John is the editor of the newspaper.
=The young man who is sitting between Mary and John is the editor of the newspaper.
* a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
★一些及物动词的-ed形式作定语表示被动和完成。一些不及物动词的-ed形式作定语在意义上只表完成不表被动。
★ 动词-ed形式作定语，相当于一个定语从句。
* My borrowed book must be returned by tomorrow.
* She collected these fallen leaves and put them into the garbage bag.
* The man, disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
=The man, who was disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
动词-ed作定语
★通常单个的动词-ed形式放在所修饰词的前面，动词-ed形式短语放在所修饰词的后面；有时单个的动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
★作定语的动词-ed形式（短语）与所修饰词之间为动宾关系，有时表示该动作已完成。
Sharks have a highly developed sense of smell.
Wealth got by labour is sweet in the enjoyment.
The experience gained will be of great value to us.
句法功能（三） 作宾语补足语
分词 用法 例句 解读
动词-ing 常跟分词作宾补的动词有感官动词和使役动词，以及其他如keep, find, leave等。 I heard them singing in the classroom. 被修饰词them与分词singing为逻辑上的主动关系。
动词-ed I will get my hair cut this afternoon. 被修饰词my hair与分词cut为逻辑上的被动关系。
★动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示动作还在进行，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。如：
I heard Edward singing in the next room just now.
★动词-ing形式用在hear, see, smell, feel, watch, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等表示感觉的动词或短语后作宾语补足语时，表示宾语的动作与谓语的动作同时发生。如：
Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
动词-ing作宾语补足语
★动词-ing形式用在leave, have, keep, get等动词后作宾语补足语时，表示使宾语处于某种状态。如：
Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
★动词-ing形式也可用在某些介词（with等）之后作宾语补足语。如：
I can’t do my homework with all this noise going on.
With a native villager acting as our guide, we had no trouble getting around.
★ 动词-ed形式（短语）作宾语补足语时，表示被动或完成，有时候两者兼而有之。
★动词-ed形式（短语）作宾语补足语的情况通常有以下几类：
用于“with / without复合结构”中；
用于have，keep，leave，make等使役动词之后；
用于hear，feel，find，see等感官动词之后；
用于like，order，want，wish等表示“希望，要求”的动词之后。
动词-ed作宾语补足语
* With the problem solved, the meeting came to its end.
* They sat still for a few minutes, without a single word spoken.
* Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
* We have made our views on these questions understood.
* He once heard the song sung in English.
* She was glad to see her child well taken care of in the nursery (托儿所).
* We want the work finished by next Monday.
* She began to wish the whole business finished.
句法功能（四） 作状语
分词 例句 解读
动词-ing Seeing from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. seeing与主语we为逻辑上的主动关系。
动词-ed Seen from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. seen与主语the factory为逻辑上的被动关系。
★动词-ing形式作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、结果、方式、让步或伴随情况等，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，动词-ing形式所表示的动作与主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
Hearing the news, students all jumped with joy.
Working hard, you’ll certainly make your dream come true.
Seeing nobody in the office, I decided to leave them a note.
The child fell, striking his head against the door.
Please fill in the blanks using the proper words below.
动词-ing作状语
★动词-ing形式的完成式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。如：
Having finished his homework, David went to bed.
Having lived there for ten years, I knew the place very well.
★动词-ing形式作状语，其前往往可以加when, while, if, unless, once, though, as if等连词，构成“连词+动词-ing形式”结构。如：
Paul hurt his leg while playing football.
The woman stopped for a while as if waiting for a reply.
【注意】动词-ing形式作状语可以转化成相应的状语从句，如：
1. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
= After he took a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
2. Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
=When they heard the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
★动词的-ed形式（短语）作状语时，在句中可表示假设、原因、时间等，相当于一个状语从句。如：
* Given more attention (= If they had been given more attention), the trees could have grown better.
* Hurt badly (= Because he was hurt badly), the boy had to be sent to hospital right away.
* Asked about it (= When she was asked about it), Emma couldn’t hold back her emotions.
动词-ed作状语
★用作状语的动词的-ed形式（短语）的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。若动词的-ed形式（短语）的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，动词的-ed形式（短语）可以带自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。如：
Mark rushed into the house, followed by his pet dog.
Mark rushed into the house, his face covered with sweat.
★动词的-ed形式（短语）作状语时，可以在其前面出现相应的连词when, once, if, although等。如：
When heated, ice can be changed into water.
Although built 100 years ago, the bridge is still in perfect condition.
【语境应用】完成句子。
1) Last night, there were millions of people ________ (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
2) The railway ________ (build) last year connects the village to a large city.
3) It was _________ (surprise) that the shy girl stood up and answered the question.
4) On the bank of the river, we found him ______ (lie) on the bench, with his eyes _______ (fix) on a kite in the sky.
watching
built
surprising
lying
fixed
5) ________ (hear) the news that they will go on a spring tour, the children jumped with joy.
6) _____________ (defeat) in the last match, the host team were determined to win the cup back this time.
Hearing
Being defeated
Match the words in red (1-4) with their functions (a-c).
1 one flowering plant
2 leave one little tap running
3 the world’s best-known expert
4 Inspired by her example, he began to work harder.
a attributive
b adverbial
c object complement
9
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. What is the function of each verb form
Last Tuesday, a Roots & Shoots project was set up in my community. As I walked down No. 1 Street, I saw volunteers
1 ____________ (encourage) people to join in. 2 _________
(inspire) by the message of the project, many people felt that we should act now, as we have seen an 3 ___________ (increase) number of highly 4 __________ (pollute) days this year.
encouraging
Inspired
increasing
polluted
10
While recently, many have become more concerned about environmental protection, there are still some who haven’t, 5 ________ (think) that someone else will deal with the
problem. However, if everybody had that attitude, we would never see any environmental problems 6 ________ (solve) in our society. We should remember — it’s not just “me”!
thinking
solved
Function of each verb form:
encouraging
Inspired
increasing
polluted
thinking
solved
a attributive
b adverbial
c object complement
用括号内单词的正确形式完成下面短文。
Green living means 1. __________ (live) a lifestyle that consciously
(有意识地) works with nature and does as little harm as possible to the
environment. Before you go searching for how to live a green lifestyle,
consider these reasons for 2. __________ (go) green.
You'll waste less
As a species, humans are wasteful. Honestly, the simplest way of
3. __________ (lead) a greener life is to use less. When you find things
in your home or office that are no longer needed, don’t immediately
throw them out. Recycle or donate (捐赠) them. Besides, buy bags that
you can reuse at the grocery store.
going
living
leading
You'll feel better
Using eco-friendly products in your home and office will
improve your quality of life. Change your 4. __________ (clean)
supplies with green living products that are not harmful to the
environment. Buy makeup 5. __________ (make) with natural
ingredients (配料). These are small changes that can add up to
helping you feel better while also 6. __________ (protect) the
environment.
cleaning
protecting
made
You'll save money
A lot of people think that going green is expensive when, in
reality, living a green lifestyle can actually save you money. For
instance, if you buy 7. __________ (bottle) water because you
hate the taste of tap water, invest in a water filter (过滤器)
instead. This will cut down on waste and will pay for itself in the
long run.
You can also save money by 8. __________ (cut) down on
how much meat you eat. Change meat for meals 9. __________
(base) on vegetables, fruits and grains once a day.
bottled
cutting
based
1. Finish exercise 4 on page 84.
2. Make up four sentences with v.-ing/-ed forms. Make sure
these verb forms are functioned as predicative, attributive,
adverbial, object complement in your sentences.(共25张PPT)
1. Most people suffer from what is known as “Just-me-ism”.
suffer v. 遭受；蒙受；(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
suffering n. 痛苦, 苦恼；劳苦, 困难
e.g. * The city suffered serious damage during the earthquake.
* I can’t suffer the pain in my heart.
* My father suffers from high blood pressure.
* Mr. White suffered a lot from cold and hunger.
suffer from: be affected by or subject to (an illness or ailment) 受……折磨；患……病
【语境应用】完成下列句子。
1) He ____________________ (受了好多苦) when he was a child.
2) Do you often ____________________ (遭受头痛的折磨吗)
suffered a lot (of pain)
suffer from a headache
2. …or you drop a piece of litter and can’t be bothered to pick it up.
not be bothered to do sth. 懒得做某事
e.g. * —Tea or coffee
—Either — I’m not bothered.
* It was so hot I couldn’t be bothered to cook.
not bothered: If you are not bothered about sth., it is not
important to you
不在乎；随便；无所谓
bother sb. (with / about sth.) bother to do / doing sth.
It bothers sb. to do sth./that… ……让某人心烦
Don’t bother. 不用麻烦了
e.g. * Many young people didn’t bother voting.
* Lots of people don’t bother to go through a marriage ceremony
these days.
bother v. 1) to annoy sb, especially by interrupting them when they are trying to do sth. 打扰；麻烦
2) to make the effort to do sth 费心；操心
3) to make sb. feel slightly worried, upset, or concerned
(使)担心，生气，苦恼
e.g. * It’s an old car, but it’s never caused me any bother.
* I’m sorry to be a bother, but could I have that number again
* Don’t make such a bother over deciding which dress to wear.
bother n. 1) trouble or difficulty 麻烦；困难
2) a person or job that slightly annoys you by causing trouble or problems 令人烦恼的人或事
【语境应用】单项选择。
—I’m afraid you have the wrong number.
—Sorry! _____.
A. See you later
B. I didn’t know that
C. Hold on, please
D. I hope I didn’t bother you
D
完成句子。
1) ________________ (何必那么麻烦) We can stay at home and watch films online.
2) I _____________________________ (懒得解释) why I was late for the party.
3) – Shall I order a taxi for Sarah to go to the airport tonight
– ________________ (不用麻烦了). I’ll drive her there.
Why bother
couldn’t be bothered to explain
Don’t bother
3. What difference can it possibly make
Every individual makes a difference.
make all the/some/no/...difference 很有/有一些/没有/……影响
e.g. * A hot bath makes all the difference in the morning.
* I don’t think it makes any difference what colour it is.
* Whether we meet in the morning or afternoon makes no difference to me.
make a difference: to cause a change; to be important in some way 有作用；有关系；有影响
【语境应用】 根据汉语意思完成下列句子（每空一词）。
1) 你是去是留对我都无所谓。
It doesn’t ______ ______ _________ to me whether you go or stay.
2) 学习驾驶时，若有一位好教练指导，效果则大不相同。
When you’re learning to drive, having a good teacher makes _____ _____ ___________.
make any difference
a big difference
/all the difference
根据汉语提示完成句子。
1) Hannah is one of many examples of young people who ______________________ (正产生影响) in the world.
2) What she says will _____________________________________ ______________(对……没有影响) our plan.
3) What we are doing now will _____________________________ (对……很大影响) the children’s future.
are making a difference
make no difference to/ not make any difference to
make a big / a lot of difference to
4. To inspire young people to take action for the environment, animals and their community, Roots & Shoot was established.
e.g. * We must take action to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas.
* Because the company failed to take action, many people were hurt.
* She is threatening to take legal action against the company.
take action: to do sth. or to act in order to get a particular result 采取行动
take action to do sth. 采取行动做某事
take action against 采取行动反对
take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
take steps to do sth. 采取措施做某事
【语境应用】完成句子。
1) We should ____________________ (采取行动保护) those endangered species.
2) Lack of talent and time is no reason for _________________
(不采取行动).
3) Officials have been careful to _________________________ _______ (采取措施阻止) any data leaks to other countries.
take action to protect
taking no action
take measures/ steps to prevent
5. In addition to her research, she has been whole-heartedly committed to environmental protection.
e.g. * If you commit a crime you can never escape being punished.
* The government can’t commit any more money to improving the National Health Service.
commit v. 1) to decide to use money, time, people etc for a particular purpose 投入(钱、时间、人力等)
2) to do sth. wrong or illegal 犯(错误或罪行)
3) to say that sb. will definitely do sth. or must do sth. 使承担义务；作出保证
commit oneself (to sth. / to doing sth. / to do sth.)
承担义务；做出承诺；说出肯定的意见
e.g. * I have committed myself now and can’t draw back.
* Nobody committed themselves to a clear answer.
* I have committed myself to helping him.
* He has committed himself to support his brother’s children.
【语境运用】根据汉语提示完成下面句子，每空一词。
1) When taken to the police station for questioning, the man said, “I have never __________ ________ ________ (犯任何罪).”
2) She has ________ ________ ________ _________ ________ (答应去) the doctor’s at once.
committed herself to go / going to
committed any crime
6. It is by acting together, in this exciting way, that we can involve thousands — millions — of people, and this is what is going to change the world.
involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人参与某事
involve doing sth. 包含/需要做某事
e.g. * We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.
* The job involves travelling abroad for three months every year.
involve v. to include sb. or sth. in sth., or to make them take part in or feel part of it 包含；参与
(1) involved adj. 复杂的；有牵连的；有关的
be/get involved in 使卷入……之中；热衷于；专心于
be/ get involved with 与……混在一起；和……有密切联系
(2) involvement n. 参与，加入
【语境应用】完成句子。
1) There was a serious traffic incident ____________________
_______ (涉及一群年轻人).
2) Painting the room ____________________________
(就需要把钢琴搬出去).
3) Tom ______________________________ (热衷于集邮).
4) __________________________ (家务事包括做饭), washing dishes, sweeping and cleaning.
involving a group of youths
involved moving out the piano
is involved in collecting stamps
Housework involves cooking
翻译句子。
1) 多年来他专注于照顾他的妻子。
2) 尽可能地让更多的孩子参与到游戏中来。
Over the years, he has been involved in looking after his wife.
Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.
8. Therefore, Roots & Shoots hopes to involve millions of young people in building a secure future so that we can live in peace with nature.
so that 引导目的状语从句：以便，为了。=in order that，从句中常有will, would, can, could, may, might等情态动词，表示动作尚未发生。
e.g. * Lily studies hard so that she can go to university in three years.
* We should study hard at school so that we can make great contributions to our motherland.
so that 还可引导结果状语从句：因此，所以。从句时态表明动作已经发生，且从句中一般不用情态动词，可以用逗号与主句隔开。
e.g. * Lily studied hard so that she got a full mark in maths.
* I got up late this morning, so that I was late for school.
【语境应用】完成句子。
Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend _________________________ (以便它们变得足够甜) to be eaten.
He turned his house into a school ______________________ ____________(以便孩子们能受到教育).
Nancy didn’t prepare for the test _______________________ (结果她没能通过考试).
so that they get sweet enough
so that the children could
get education
so that she failed to pass it(共44张PPT)
UNIT 8
UNIT 8 GREEN LIVING
LESSON 1
ROOTS AND SHOOTS
To read and talk about Roots & Shoots, an educational organization;
To read for general understanding;
To read for specific information and answer questions on details;
To sort out the text structure and appreciate the writing and language characteristics of explanatory texts;
To give a presentation about Roots & Shoots;
To complete a summary of the text.
Look at the pictures. Discuss the following questions.
1
Leave the tap running while you brush your teeth.
Leave a light on when you go out.
Drop a piece of litter and can’t be bothered to pick it up.
1. What is happening in each picture
懒得做某事
2. Have you ever done any of these things
3. What are the consequences of each action in the pictures
Interview each other and find out whether anyone of you often behave in the same ways.
Look at the title of the passage — “ROOTS & SHOOTS”, and guess what the passage is about.
ROOTS
SHOOTS
2
Match the main idea with each part of the text.
1. Part 1 (Para. 1) A. Acting together for a better world
2. Part 2 (Paras. 2 & 3) B. Introduction of Roots & Shoots
3. Part 3 (Para. 4) C. “Just-me-ism” and its harm
Read the first paragraph of the text. Discuss the questions.
1. What is “Just-me-ism”
2. Why is “Just-me-ism” a problem
3. Do you have any suggestions on how to solve the problem
1. What is “Just-me-ism”
“Just-me-ism” is a way of thinking that focuses on caring for just oneself and ignores the environment, animals and the community.
2. Why is “Just-me-ism” a problem
There will be nobody to care and look after the environment.
3. Do you have any suggestions on how to solve the problem
A solution would be to make them understand that even the smallest action can change the world, so they should take action whenever possible for the environment, animals and their community. For example, they should turn the tap off when brushing their teeth, turn the light off when they leave a room and pick up even little pieces of litter they dropped on the road.
Roots & Shoots The time of its establishment
The founder
The purpose
Read paragraphs 2 and 3. Complete the table about Roots & Shoots.
in the early 1990s
Dr. Jane Goodall
To educate young people, from pre-schoolers to university students, so they can help to build a future that is secure and live together in peace with nature.
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Roots & Shoots The meaning of its name
Roots move slowly under the ground to make a firm foundation, and shoots seem small and weak, but they can break open brick walls to reach the light.
Choose the best answer.
1. Why does the author mention “Just-me-ism” in Paragraph 1
A. To show the importance of each individual.
B. To reveal the damage humans do to the world.
C. To call on people to save energy.
D. To inform us of some awful facts.
2. Who does Roots & Shoots represent
A. Researchers at the institute.
B. Ordinary people in peace with nature.
C. Children in primary schools.
D. Young people around the world.
3. What does Roots & Shoots emphasise
A. The importance of each individual.
B. The importance of wildlife protection.
C. The education of next generation.
D. The urgency of environmental protection.
Just-me-ism
The time and purpose of Roots & Shoots.
The meaning of its name
Calling on young
people to take action.
1. What contribution does Roots & Shoots make to society
It inspires young people to build a future that is secure and to live together in peace with nature.
2. What makes Dr. Jane Goodall think Roots & Shoots can help solve the problem of “Just-me-ism”
It encourages individuals to play a part in making the world a better place instead of just thinking about themselves.
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Read the text again. Answer the questions.
3. What is your explanation for the two quotes from Dr. Jane Goodall
Dr. Jane Goodall’s quotes mean that changing the role is an individual act, because there are millions of people who can make a difference if they all act on their own.
When and why it was established
The meaning of its name
The contribution it makes to society
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Prepare a presentation to introduce Roots & Shoots with the following information. Then give your presentation in class.
What techniques does the writer use to make his / her view
logical and convincing Find at least one example for each
technique.
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The techniques the writer uses are quotation, examples, colloquial style, rhetorical question and repetitions.
Ordinary language used by common people in everyday life which can convey the writer’s message more clearly.
It doesn’t matter. It’s just me. And, anyway, no one knows.
Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.
…
Quotation
Well, say you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth, leave a light on when you go out or you drop a piece of litter and can’t be bothered to pick it up.
Examples
You know that all those things are wrong, but so what
Colloquial style
Do you think you help to make the world a better place when you make a sad person smile, … when you water a thirsty plant
Do you want to use your life to make the world a better place for… Do you want to make Roots & Shoots rooted in … Do you want to be a part…
Rhetorical question
How can it matter if I leave one little tap running, one little light on or leave a little piece of litter on the road
Millions of gallons of water would be wasted; millions of lights would be left on; millions of pieces of litter would be dropped.
Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.
Repetition
2 Can you suggest another title for the text Explain your answer.
Say No to Just-me-ism
It’s time to Make a Difference
Turn the Light Off
Save the Environment
The text uses many parallel structures with the same pattern of words and sentences. Underline these structures. Discuss why the writer uses them.
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Does it help your understanding of the text if key phrases are repeated
How do you feel reading repeated words / phrases
The writer uses the parallel structures to create a strong effect on readers so that they understand the writer’s point better and reflect on their own behavior deeply as well.
1. Millions of gallons of water would be wasted; millions of lights would be left on; millions of pieces of litter would be dropped.
排比parallelism、重复repetition
三个结构及长度类似、语气一致、意义相关的句子构成了排比句，突出了节奏感，排比的强烈语势有效地表达出个人微损行为造成的巨大危害。millions of的重复使用，再次强调了日常生活中浪费及环境破坏现象的严重性。
2. The roots and shoots are you, your friends and young people all around the world.
暗喻metaphor、押韵rhyme
暗喻又叫“隐喻”，直接指出本体就是喻体，说明两者具有极其相似的特征。作者把you, your friends and young people比喻成根与芽，表达每个人都有着根与芽那样的力量，只要行动起来，将每个人的力量聚集在一起，就能够形成巨大的力量去改变世界。押韵rhyme，是词之间或词结尾之间的音的呼应，尤用于诗歌中。roots and shoots采用押韵的手法，读起来朗朗上口，便于传播。
3. Do you think you help to make the world a better place when you make a sad person smile, when you make a dog wag its tail, and when you water a thirsty plant
反问rhetorical question、排比parallelism、举例examples
反问是用疑问的形式表达确定的意思，只问不答，答案暗含句中。容易激发读者情感，极具说服力。通过反问手法发人深思，让人们意识到即便是微小举动也能改变世界。连续列举了生活中的三个善举make a sad person smile，make a dog wag its tail，water a thirsty plant，由when引导构成时间状语从句的排比，通过实例让意识到每个人都可以对世界产生影响，以此鼓励大家从点滴的行动去改变世界。
4. “Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference”.
引用quote、排比parallelism、重复repetition
引用Jane Goodall的话。引文重复使用every individual，强调个人力量的重要性，使用排比的句式，matters → has a role to play → makes a difference三句含义循序渐进，呼吁人们为改变世界做出努力，极具感染力与号召力。
Watch a video to know more about Boots& Shoots.
Imagine you are a volunteer of Roots & Shoots. Use what you have learnt to persuade one of the following people.
I’m just a student. When I become a powerful person I can do more.
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I’m doing what I can, but I don’t know how to make my friends do the same.
I know it’s important, but I’m too busy and don’t have time for small things like this.
I. 根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子（每空一词，含缩略形
式）。
1. Walk or cycle whenever possible. You'll __________ __________ __________ __________ (为……尽你自己所能) the environment while improving your health.
2. The little boy __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ (懒得扔垃圾) into the bin, which made his mother unhappy.
3. On World Environment Day people from countries __________ __________ __________ __________ (全世界) come together to find ways to defend our planet.
do
your part for
couldn’t be bothered
to throw the litter
all around the world
II. 根据提示用本部分所学词汇的正确形式完成下面短文（每空一词）。
In 2001, Qu Geping was awarded the Duke of Edinburgh Conservation Medal, the highest award of the World Wildlife Fund, making him the father of environmental protection in China.
Since 1972, Qu has worked to integrate environmental protection policies into China's economic and 1. __________ (industry) development strategies in order to make China's development sustainable (可持续的).
industrial
In 1987, Qu became the first director of China's Environmental Protection Agency. During his career, he put forward the idea that economic, urban-rural and environmental construction (建设) should be developed at the same pace. He also started an environmental system where “those who pollute must resolve,” which became the 2. __________ (基础) of environmental management in China. At the same time, he made great efforts to promote legislation (立法) for environmental and resource protection.
foundation
“The environment is different from other departments. It's very broad,” Qu said, “It 3. __________ (包含) every industry in the economy. Key companies, governmental departments and regions all have to 4. __________ (采取行动).”
involves
take action
Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are in fact plans to protect man.
保护空气和水、荒野和野生动物的计划实际上是保护人类的计划。
Write down your opinions:
Would you like to be a volunteer of Roots & Shoots if possible Why or why not
How can you live in harmony with nature Try to give some specific examples.

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