资源简介

(共26张PPT)
THE PERFECT
Indentify the tense of the sentences and write the number in the correct columns.
Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continous
1 Natural cloning has been going on for generations.
2 Gardeners have been using a form of cloning when they take
a cutting from a plant …
3 For years, there had been attempts to clone animals.
4 Cloning primates has been proved to be “much harder” than
cloning other species.
5 Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been wholly devoted to the
research …
6 Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been taking care of more than
1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week …
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect
Present perfect
Past perfect continous
Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continous
4
1 2
3 5
6
完成时
完成时表示一个完成的动作。用来表示现在、过去或者未来某个时间点已经或将会完成的动作。完成时的构成一般是动词have + verb-ed形式。
现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有: already, ever, just(刚刚), yet, before等。
e.g. He has switched off the light.
The concert has already started.
2. 表示一个动作开始于过去, 持续到现在, 也许还会持续下去。常与之连用的时间状语有: lately, recently, in the last (past) few days / years, since, then, up to now, so far等。
e.g. In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
He has written 8 books so far.
3. 在“最高级+名词”或 “It/This is + the + 序数词 + time”之后的从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。
e.g. This is the first time (that) I have come here.
4. have gone to意为 “去某地了”, 表示此人现在还没回来。
e.g. He has gone to the zoo.
He has gone to live abroad.
5. have been to意为 “去过某地”, 表示此人已经回来了。
e.g. Have you ever been to Shanghai
He has been to see his teacher.
6. 瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语。
e.g. ( √ ) He has finished the work.
(×) He has finished the work for an hour.
1. 一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事先于它发生(即表 “过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。
e.g. She had learned some English before she came to the institute.
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
过去完成时的用法
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始, 一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作, 常用的时间状语有: by / until / before / by the end of + 过去的某时间。
e.g. By then he had learned English for 3 years.
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
3. hope, expect, mean, intend, want的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
e.g. I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
4. 在“hardly / scarcely / barely … when …”和 “no sooner … than …”句型中，when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示 “刚……就……”。
e.g. Hardly / No sooner had I got home when / than the rain poured down.
5. 在“It was / had been + 一段时间 + since从句”中, since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
e.g. It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
6. 在 “That / It / This was the first/second/ … time + that从句”句型中，that从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。
e.g. It was the second time (that) he had made the same mistake.
表示某一动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在(这个动作可能刚停止, 也可能还在进行)，不少情况下这个动作与现在状态有联系, 有时表示动作的重复。
e.g. Since the Lunar New Year, the number of bikes has been growing rapidly.
Her eyes are red. Has she been crying
He has been coughing a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking.
现在完成进行时的用法
1. 过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，该动作可能刚刚结束，也可能还在继续。
e.g. When I first met Jane, she had been working in that school for 10 years.
She had been working all day, but she still hadn’t finished it when I arrived.
过去完成进行时的用法
2. 过去完成进行时还可以表示某动作在过去某段时间内反复进行而不是一次性发生。
e.g. He had been asking me the same question.
3. 过去完成进行时必须以一个过去的时间为前提，但若上下文语境充分，过去的时间可省略。
e.g. I had been studying for 2 hours when he called ten minutes ago.
At last they got the information they had been expecting.
4. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。
e.g.
They said they had been having a match with Class One.
5. 过去完成进行时还可与具有“突然”意义的when从句（该从句用一般过去时）连用。
e.g.
The planes had been planting seeds for nearly a month when it began to rain.
1. 一般过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响；
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况。
e.g. We stayed in London last month.
They have got married recently.
时态的比较
一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用；
现在完成时常和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。
e.g. We made thirty-two thousand pounds last year.
So far we have made thirty-two thousand pounds.
2. 一般过去时与过去完成时
一般过去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；
过去完成时以过去某一时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. I played basketball every day when I was a boy.
Long ago in a far-off land, there was a king called Midas.
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.
When we got there the basketball match had already started.
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) 主要差别是现在完成时表示动作已完成，而现在完成进行时却不一定如此。
e.g. I have looked for a suitable school all around the city. (已经不找了)
I have been looking for a suitable school all around the city. (可能还在找)
2) 许多静态动词只能用于现在完成时而不能用于现在完成进行时。
e.g. The strike has lasted for three months.
4. 过去完成进行时与过去完成时
过去完成进行时强调某个过去事件之前发生的、较长时间段内进行的动作，或过去某个时间段内反复进行或还在进行的动作；
过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作，或一个动作在另一个过去的动作发生前已经完成。
e.g. It had been snowing for several days. The ground was all covered with snow. （强调snow这一动作一直在进行）
She had cleaned the room, so it was very tidy. （强调打扫的动作已经完成）
Complete the passage with the proper form of the words in brackets.
On Thursday, the Institute of Neuroscience announced it __________ (clone) two monkeys using non-productive cells. It is reported that researchers all around the world ____________________ (conduct) tests on animals, such as mice and dogs, for many years but couldn’t find a way to clone monkeys.
had cloned
have been conducting
The news of the successful cloning _____________ (attract) attention from around the world. However, cloning primates _______________ (also raise) ethical concerns. For example, some people __________________ (discuss) issues concerning how clones will be treated in society.
has also raised
have been discussing
has attracted
Over the last two years, some supermarkets ____________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份). （浙江2024）
Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest ___________ (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit. （北京2023）
have started
had arrived
3. Up to now, China ______________ (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves. （北京2023）
4. ________________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. (2023全国乙卷)
5. The use of those plastics _____________ (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won't survive if this situation continues. （北京2022）
has established
Having visited
has increased
6. In the last five years, Cao _____________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
（2022全国甲卷）
7. It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, _____________________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
（浙江2021）
has walked
has proved / has proven
Thank you(共16张PPT)
Another example of natural cloning is identical twins, who are produced from the same egg.
自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎，它们是由同一个卵子受精产生的。
At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much order animals.
起初，多莉发育正常，但后来患上了一种疾病，这种疾病更常见于衰老的动物。
who引导的非限制性定语从句，who在从句中作主语，指代identical twins。
that引导的限制性定语从句，that在从句中作主语，指代an illness。
2. In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated.
comparison n. the process of comparing two or more people or things 比较
【常用结构】in comparison (with / to sth.)
e.g. In comparison to other recent video games, this one isn't very exciting.
He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy.
【拓展】
compare v. 比较，相比，比得上
compare (sth.) with / to 把……比作; 和……比起来/相比
comparable adj. 类似的, 可比较的
comparative adj. 比较而言的, 相对的; 比较的, 相比的
e.g. He can’t compare with / to Mozart.
They have compared the two reports carefully.
Mary began comparing herself with / to the other girls in her class.
【语境应用】I. 完成句子。
________________________ (毫无相似之处) between Beethoven and pop music.
II. 翻译下列各句中的画线部分。
1) With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train Compared to other alternatives, it's comfortable and relaxing. _____________________
2) Then they compared the samples. There were considerable
differences. _____________________
There’s no comparison
与其他选择相比
比较了样本
3. The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② The reason was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models是主句。The reason 后跟省略了______________的定语从句 they worked so hard to break this technical barrier。
③ that are helpful for…human health是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词animal models。
why/for which
4. The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process.
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
② The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise 是主句。as a huge breakthrough作状语。
③ that在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词____________。
breakthrough
5. Cloning, however, continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of disagreement and provokes strong emotions.
provoke v. to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one 激起, 引起
【常用结构】provoke sb. into (doing) sth.
provoke sb. to do sth.
e.g. I’m sorry to provoke him into a fight.
They provoked him to say more than he wanted.
【同根词】
provocation n. 激怒; 挑衅; 挑衅性事件
emotion n. a strong human feeling such as love, hate, or anger强烈的情感; 激情
e.g. She answered in a voice filled with emotion.
She was good at hiding her emotions.
【同根词】
emotional adj. 情感(上)的; 激起感情的
emotionally adv. 情感(上)地; 激起感情地
emotionless adj. 没有感情的; 冷漠的
6. While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns.
crucial adj. extremely important, because it will affect other things 至关重要的, 关键性的
【常用结构】be crucial for / to sth.
It is crucial that …
play a crucial role / part in sth.
e.g. Parents play a crucial role in preparing their children for school.
This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
7. They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical questions this raises.
bound adj. very likely to do or feel a particular thing
很有可能，肯定会
【常用结构】be bound to do sth. 一定会做某事
It is bound to be 当然, 早应料到
be bound for 准备前往, 开往
e.g. Don’t lie to her. She’s bound to find out.
—It’s hot!
—Well, it was bound to be, I just took it out of the oven.
The ship is bound for South America.
【语境应用】补全句子。
1) 别向你妈妈撒谎，她一定会查明那件事的。
Don’t lie to your mother. She _______ ________ ________ find out about it.
2) 我准备前往上海，那是我的目的地。
I ________ ________ ________ Shanghai; that is my destination.
is bound to
am bound for
8. Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
abuse v. to deliberately use something for the wrong purpose or for your own advantage 滥用, 妄用
to treat someone in a cruel and violent way 虐待
to say rude or offensive things to sb. 谩骂, 辱骂
e.g. This man abused his position as manager.
The poor were abused and treated as slaves.
Don’t abuse the basketball players; it’s impolite.
abuse n. the use of something in a way that it should not be used
滥用, 妄用
cruel or violent treatment of someone 虐待
rude or offensive things that someone says when they are angry 辱骂, 谩骂
e.g. The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.
The middle-aged woman was put in prison for child abuse.
He greeted me with a stream of abuse.
【语境应用】写出下面句子中画线单词的词性和中文释义。
1) Rose said she had been a victim of child abuse.
________ ________
2) He showed how the rich and powerful can abuse their
position. ________ ________
3) What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
________ ____________
4) Unfortunately, when the police found the children, they had
been abused physically and emotionally. ______ __________
n. 虐待
v. 滥用
n. 滥用，妄用
v. 虐待, 伤害
Thank you(共31张PPT)
Unit 9
Unit 9
HUMAN BIOLOGY
LESSON 1
TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE
To read and talk about science
To read for general ideas and specific information
To notice and discuss how a writer organises writing
To analyse a writer’s intentions and opinions
What do you know about cloning
What additional information would you like to know
Use the words and phrases to help you.
cell to edit genes to develop artificially
to break the technical barrier species identical genes
to make an exact copy of to produce animal models
Dolly, a female sheep that lived from 1996 to 2003, was the first clone of an adult mammal, produced by British developmental biologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues of the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh, Scotland. The announcement in February 1997 of Dolly’s birth marked a milestone in science, removing decades of belief that adult mammals could not be cloned and starting a debate concerning many possible uses and misuses of mammalian cloning technology.
Dolly
Zhong Zhong (born on 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (born on 5 December 2017) are identical twin macaques (猕猴) that were created through the same cloning technique that created Dolly the sheep. They are the first cloned primates produced by this technique. The two baby monkeys were both born at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai.
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
cell to edit genes to develop artificially
to break the technical barrier species identical genes
to make an exact copy of to produce animal models
1. Cloning can be used to edit genes.
2. Cloning can create identical genes.
3. Cloning can make an exact copy of an animal.
4. Scientists have broken lots of technical barriers when studying cloning.
5. We've cloned several species like sheep, cattle and dogs
6. Scientists want to produce animal models that are helpful for medical research.
Read through the article and match the main idea of each paragraph.
Animal cloning had health problems.
The definition of cloning.
Cloning of primates has many benefits.
To clone or not to clone depends on humans.
Animal-cloning raises moral concerns.
Chinese scientists succeeded in cloning primates.
Para. 1
Para. 2
Para. 3
Para. 4
Para. 5
Para. 6
Draw a structural map to show how the paragraphs are organised.
Whether cloning is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind.
Read Paragraphs 1-3 and make detailed notes about cloning that better illustrate the information. Then share your notes in a small group.
You can write down important
names, dates and facts.
Read the first three paragraphs again. Ask and answer the questions in pairs based on your notes.
What is cloning
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it naturally or artificially.
2. What examples of natural cloning are given
An example of natural cloning is taking a cutting from a plant and putting it in soil, and another is identical twins.
3. What was the first cloned mammal What happened to her
The first cloned animal was Dolly the sheep. She developed an illness and died when she was six and a half years old.
4. How has the science of cloning developed since the first cloned mammal
Scientists have been able to clone animals of other species.
5. What development in cloning was announced in 2018 What was special about it
In 2018, the first two long-tailed monkeys were cloned. Cloning a primate is more difficult than cloning other animals.
6. For how long did Dr. Sun Qiang’s team work Why did they work so hard
Dr. Sun’s team worked for more than five years in order to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models.
Read paragraphs 4-5. List the potential benefits of, and moral concerns about cloning primates. Add your own concerns. Then share your notes in groups.
Potential benefits Moral concerns
will lead to cures for various diseases
prevent aging
save research time
reduce the number of animals being tested on
producing more accurate results
better treatments
has refreshed the technical possibility of cloning of other species
clones should be treated as objects or individuals
clones are inferior
some organisations may abuse the technology
Read the last paragraph. What does Einstein’s quote mean
Einstein’s quote means that science itself cannot be judged as good or bad, because it can only function when it is used by humans. He also indicates that humans need to be careful with the information they learn through science and to remember to use science for good.
Talk about cloning using the information in the article.
Definition The process of making an exact 1. ________ of a
plant or animal and developing it either naturally or
artificially
Natural cloning ★ Example A:
Gardeners take a(n) 2. __________ from a plant and place it in a suitable medium.
★ Example B:
3. __________ twins produced from the same egg
First cloning ★ A sheep named Dolly which grew normally at
first but later developed an illness.
★ Since Dolly, scientists have cloned over 20
4. __________ species and found a similar pattern
of health problems.
Identical
copy
cutting
mammal
First-cloned primates ★ Names: Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
★ Time: January 5. __________
★ Species: two long-tailed monkeys
★ Researchers: Chinese scientists
★ Process: Over 6. __________ monkeys were taken
care of 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more
than 5 years.
★ Significance: A breakthrough that might lead to
7. __________ for various diseases and may also
offer clues on how to prevent the 8. ___________
process.
aging
2018
1,000
cures
Positive and negative opinions Positive: Crucial for scientific advancement
Negative:
★ People wonder if clones should be treated as objects or as individuals with their own
9. _________.
★ Clones may be seen as 10. ________.
★ The technology may be 11. ________ for unethical purposes by some organisations.
Writer’s attitude How the technology of cloning is used depends on
12. _________.
mankind
identity
inferior
abused
Why do researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced
Researchers insist on exploring cloning to continue making progress in curing diseases and developing treatments.
2. What is the writer’s attitude towards cloning Find evidence.
The writer feels that cloning can be a helpful tool in medical research but that it can also become dangerous. Evidence of this is in the writer’s use of Einstein’s quote.
衔接主要是指文章的不同成分之间在词汇、语法上所形成的意义关联。
语篇的衔接手段有多种，词汇衔接就是其中之一。词汇衔接主要是通过使用原词复现、词汇同现、同义词、反义词、上义词、下义词等手段使语篇成分在意义上达到关联。
语篇中的衔接手段还有指称、替代、省略和连接词等。
衔 接
指称衔接是指使用代词、冠词、名词、副词、形容词等使得某一语篇成分与另一成分在指称意义上取得关联。\
在行文过程中为了避免行文单调，作者还会使用一些替代性词语，使表达更为简洁的同时，也使整个句子各部分之间的关系更加紧密。
连接词就是我们通常所说的连词，不同的连接词可以表示不同的逻辑关系，从而将句子的各个成分牢牢联系起来。
Read the first sentence of each paragraph. Are there any signal words, such as linking words or time expressions, that help to make the article coherent
Paragraph 2: for years
Paragraph 3: In January 2018
Paragraph 4: none
Paragraph 5: however
Paragraph 6: so far
Complete the summary using the information in the article.
Natural cloning has taken place for generations. An example of this is identical (1)__________. A sheep called Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned (2)___________. Since Dolly, more than 20 mammal (3)__________ have been cloned including camels and goats. In 2018, China announced that two monkeys had been cloned.
twins
artificially
species
In comparison with other species, scientists have had to work hard to break the technical (4)___________ to get primates with (5)___________ genes. Scientists say that this major breakthrough offers the (6)__________ to create monkeys with (7)___________ genes to give more (8)_________ research results and perhaps led to (9)__________ for various diseases. Whilst scientists insist it is (10)___________ to continue research, others raise (11)___________ concerns and worry that the technology might be (12)___________ by some organisations.
barriers
edited
potential
identical
accurate
cures
crucial
moral
abused
Do you think cloning is a good idea Use what you have learnt to try to persuade someone to accept your point of view.
1. Search online and find more information about the development of cloning. Share the information in class.
Notes: Here are some key words you might use to search for cloning: cloning, identical, research, genes, controversy, species, laboratory…
2. Preview the grammar on Page 55.
Thank you

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