资源简介

UNIT5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD知识点
Listening and Speaking
Invite your friend to an event (p60)
Country and Language France 法国 French 法语 Russia 俄罗斯 Russian 俄语 Germany 德国 German 德语 Spain 西班牙 Spanish 西班牙语
India 印度 Hindi 印地语 Korea 韩国 Korean 韩语 Japan 日本 Japanese 日语 Arabic 阿拉伯语
Listening (p60)
foreign language 外语 wise [adj] 明智的 UN (United Nation) 联合国 native language 母语 second language 第二语言 Danish [n] 丹麦语；丹麦人 [adj] 丹麦的 Denmark [n] 丹麦 To some students, it seems that the only foreign language to learn is English.There are, however, near 7,000 languages in the world. After Chinese, the language with the most native language speakers isn’t English----it's Spanish! Learning English is very useful, but it is wise to learn at least one other foreign language, if possible. There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language. Many students choose to study one of the languages that are spoken at the UN. As they think it means better job chances in the future. The UN has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. They are spoken by around 2.8 billion people as their native or second languages. Some students, though, choose to study a language because of family or friends. One American girl chose to learn Danish because her grandparents were from Denmark. When she was little, her grandpa used to read letters to her in Danish from their relatives in Denmark. Another young lady started learning French because she had several friends from African countries where French is spoken. What do you think Which other language would you choose to study and why
Discuss other languages you want to learn (p61)
Language Russian 俄语 Japanese 日语 French 法语
Words
Sentence Pattern Discuss other languages you want to learn ①(Language) I really want to study French. ②(Reason) I think that the French languages sounds beautiful. ③(Aspiration) I’d love to go to France some day. ④(Practicability) Also French is used by many international organisations around the world. ⑤(Example) For example, FIFA is the acronym for the Fédération internationale de Football Association. It is a French - language name.
Example ①I’ve always been eager to learn German. ②First, I’m fascinated by German literature and philosophy, from Goethe / ɡ t / (歌德) to Kant (康德). ③Also, I’d love to study or work in Germany some day. ④Germany is a powerhouse (强大的集团或组织) in the automotive (汽车) and engineering (工程) industries (产业). ⑤Like Volkswagen / v ksw ɡ n/ Group (大众汽车) founded in 1937, BMW Group established in 1916, and Mercedes /m s diz/ - Benz Group founded in 1926 are from Germany.
Reading and Thinking
The Chinese Writing System: Connecting the Past and the Present (p62)
Words (背记)
despite [adv] 尽管，即使
factor [n] 因素，要素
based [adj]（以某事）为基础的
bone [n] 骨头
symbol [n] 符号；象征
carve [v] 雕，刻
dynasty [n] 王朝；朝，代
variety [n] 种类；多样性
major [adj] 主要的；重大的
mean [n] 方式；方法；途径
classic [adj] 传统的；古朴的
regard [n] 尊重；敬佩
character [n] 文字；字体
calligraphy [n] 书法
global affairs 全球盛事 (指影响全球的政治、经济、文化等方面的事件或问题。)
appreciate [v] 欣赏；鉴赏；理解；感谢，感激；升值，增值
Words (认读)
well-developed 成熟发达的
develop [v] 发展；(使) 成长
form [n] 形式；类别，种类
divide [v]（使）分开，分散
geographically [adv] 在地理上
dialect [n] 方言；土话
unite [v] 统一;（使）联合
unified [adj] 统一的；联合的
state [n] 国家；州，邦
direction [n] 方向；方位
communicate [v] 交流；通讯；传达
Phrases (认读)
through into 直到
modern times 近代
ups and downs 起起落落
date back 追述于
lead to 导致
no matter 不论；不管
Outline
Chinese writing system connects the past and the present (para 1)
Significance of Chinese writing system Chinese writing system is the main factor of the reason why China’s ancient civilization has been possibly endured all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in history.
Connect people regardless of location and dialect (para 2-4)
Ancient Time (thousand years ago) Origin of picture-based Chinese writing Written Chinese started as a picture-based language, dating back thousands of years to the use of longu.
Shang Dynasty (around 1600 - 1046 BCE) Evolution the symbols had formed a well-developed writing system Diversification later the system developed into different forms, resulting in various dialects and characters
Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 BCE) Unifying Chinese writing system Emperor Qin Shihuang united the seven major states into one unified country Promote cultural interaction Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction, which played a crucial role in uniting the Chinese people and culture, and enabling communication among people regardless of location or dialect
Connect the language and art (para 5)
Past to present Inheritance of Chinese characters people in modern times can read ancient classic works Chinese Calligraphy as an art form Chinese characters developed as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture
Connect China and the rest of the world (para 6)
Today Cultural influence of Chinese writing system Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture China gaining world attention as China plays a greater role in global affairs, more international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language
Discovering Useful Structures
Restrictive relative clauses 限制性定语从句 (p64)
概念用法 定语从句是在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。从句是句子的一部分，定语从句告诉我们句中名词或代词具体指的是哪个人或者什么事。
在定语从句中，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，放在先行词之后。关系词分为关系代词，以及关系副词。 例如：An architect (先行词) is someone who (关系词) designs buildings.
分类 根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，定语从句分为限制性定语从句，和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句 是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。例如：Grace works for a company that makes furniture.（that make furniture 限定了是“制作家具的公司”）
非限制性定语从句 对先行词起补充说明作用，与先行词关系不十分密切。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。例如：Joe got the job, which surprised everybody.（“which surprised everybody” 是对 “Joe got the job” 这件事情的补充说明）
关系词分类及其句法功能 关系词的分类及其句法功能如下表所示。
关系词例词所修饰先行词句中成分省略关系代词who人主语、宾语作宾语时可省略whom宾语可省略which物主语、宾语作宾语时可省略that人/物主语、宾语、表语whose定语不可省略关系副词when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语why原因名词原因状语
例如：Don’t forget to bring the book that / which I need. (that / which作宾语可省略) I like the places where / in which there are flowers. (where / in which作地点状语不可省略) She invited some friends that / who are from Japan. (that / who 作主语不可省略) I still remember the time when we first met. (when 作时间状语不可省略)
3.1关系代词 关系代词的句法作用： 词 从句用于限定性 和非限定性定语从句只用于限定性从句句中成分格指人指物指人/物主格whowhichthat / *as主语、宾语、表语宾格whom所有格whose定语
关系代词用法
who, whom 二者用于指人。who在定语从句中可作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。在现代英语里，who也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语
He is a man who isn’t interested in clothes. (who作主语) There are some people (who/ whom) you want to meet. (who/whom作动词宾语)
that 指人/物，指人时可与who, whom互换；指物时可与which 互换。在句中可作主语或宾语。that不能做介词的宾语
The letter that / which came this morning is from my aunt. (that/ which作主语) Have you got everything (that) they needed (that作宾语) He is the person (that / who/ whom) I knew ten years ago. (that/ who/ whom做宾语)
which 一般指物，在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，但在 “介词+which”机构中不可省略
Read the passage in which we are interested. (which作介词in宾语)
whose 一般指人，有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语
Do you know the girl whose uncle is our headmaster Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
as 的先行词有so, such, the same 修饰限制性定语从句
Such people as often help others should be praised. (as 作主语) I want to buy the same pen as you bought last week. (as 作宾语) *as 也可用于修饰整个主句的非限制性定语从句，在句中做主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句之前或者之后，还可以位于主句中间。例如： He is a hero, as is reported in the newspaper. 正如报纸报道那样，他是一位英雄。(as 作主语，位于主句后) She is a famous film star, as we know. 众所周知，她是一个著名影星。(as作宾语，位于主句后)
3.2关系副词 关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，关系副词在定语从句中一般不可省略。
when 指时间，先行词通常为time, day, night, week, year 等表示时间的名词
I’ll never forget the day when I first visit New York.
where 指地点，先行词通常为place, street, city, town, country 等表示地点的名词
The hospital where she works was built five years ago.
why 指原因或理由，先行词只有reason。
He didn’t explain the reason why he was late for school.
“介词 + which / whom (关系代词)” 代替 when, where, why 关系副词
The year in which / when the earthquake happened was 2008. I forget the place in which / where I have put the MP4. There’s no reason for which / why we will give up the plan. 关系代词which作介词宾语时，介词可放置定语从句句首，构成“介词+which”结构: She bought a flat, on which she spent all her money. The map without which we cannot travel is lost. 关系代词前介词的使用取决于句子意义的需要，或句中动词、形容词、副词与介词的搭配： She made a craft plane, on which she spent over five days.
3.3 关系词用法区分 (1) that和which指物引导定语从句在通常情况下，可互换使用。但下列情况不可换用：
先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, anything, everything, none, some，只用that Do you have anything (that) you want to tell her He did everything that he could to help us. 先行词被all, every, no some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just 等修饰时，只用that This is the last course that I want to take. All the things that we do is to provide them with water and food. 先行词本身就是，或有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，用that The first book that I bought is about culinary arts. This is the best news that I’ve ever heard. 当先行词既有人又有物时，只用that Do you know the things and people that they are talking about 引导非限制性定语从句，只用which She lost the game, which made her very sad. 介词提前时，只用which Is that the kite on which you draw a beautiful dragon
that和who两者都可引导定语从句，指人时一般情况下可通用，但下列情况只能用who：
先行词是one, ones, anyone, those且指人时，只用who One who is very brave dares to tell the truth. Those who want to visit the museum write down the names here. 先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定于从句中时，只用who She is the teacher who will give us a talk on programming at the end of the day. The child was crying hard who lost his way.
when和where引导的定语从句修饰表示时间或地点的先行词，其引导的状语从句则无先行词
I’ll not forget her surprise when we told her the news. (时间状语从句) I’ll never forget the years when I lived in the countryside. (定语从句) He found the book where he lost it. (地点状语从句) He found the book at the place where he lost it. (定语从句)
what 不能引导定语从句
what本身等同于“先行词 + 关系代词(which/that)”，因而不能用what引导定语从句： She isn’t what she used to be. = She isn’t the one (that) she used to be. Time is what we need most. = Time is all (that) we need most.
Describe your favourite things (p64)
Favourite Day It’s a day when ... Favourite place It’s ..., because it is a place where ...
Favourite teacher I like teachers who ... Admiring thing I admire ... That’s the reason why ...
Listening and Talking
Explore different kinds of English (p65)
might [v]（may的过去时，用于间接引语）可能，可以 confusion [n] 困惑；混淆 be familiar with 熟悉：了解某事或某人 Listening Part I As many countries speak English as a first language, there are many different kinds of English around the world: British English, American English, Australian English, and many others. Some English learners might ask, "Can English speakers from different countries all understand each other "The answer is yes. People in these countries can usually understand each other with very few problems. There are differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, but those are usually not big problems. However those differences can cause confusion for non-native English speakers. For example, a student who has learnt British English might not be familiar with the different vocabulary that an American might use. Listen to this conversation between a foreign language student and her American classmate.
semester [n] <美> 学期，半学年 term [n] <英> 学期；词语；术语 convenient [adj] 方便的，便利的 subway [n] <美> 地铁； <英>地下通道 underground [n] <英> 地铁 Listening Part II Amy: Thank you very much for helping me with my English. Betty: You're welcome! When are you free to meet This semester, I’m free on Tuesday and Thursday after lunch. Amy: I’m sorry What does “semester” mean Betty: You know, semester---- half of a school year. Amy: Oh,you mean like a term Betty: Yes, like a term. The British say "term". We usually say "semester" here in America. Amy: Got it! My first English lesson with you, haha OK, let's meet on Tuesday. Where shall we meet Betty: Let's meet at a coffee shop near my home. It's very convenient to get there by subway. Amy: Subway Do you mean the Underground Betty: Yes, the train that goes under the ground! Amy: Ah, got it! Haha, my second English lesson---- thank you!
British & American English
British petrol sweet toilet honour mum flat
American gas candy restroom honor mom apartment
Meaning 汽油 糖果 厕所 荣誉 妈妈 公寓
Misunderstanding
pants pants <美> 裤子；<英> 内裤，短裤 trousers <英> 裤子
Asking for clarification (p65)
Do you mean ... /Does that mean ... I’m sorry. Would you mind repeating ... So am I right in saying ... I’m sorry. What does ... mean I beg (恳请) your pardon. So what you’re really saying is ...
Reading for Writing
Write a blog about English study (p66)
Words & Phrases
depend [v] 取决于 request [n] 要求；请求 relationship [n] （人、团体、国家等相互间的）关系 equal [n]（地位、实力等）相同或相等的人 demand [n] 需求 vocabulary [n] 词汇 bridge the gap 消除隔阂
Summary
Name Problem Advice
Liu Wen When I listen to native English speakers talking in a video, I can 1catch only a few words and 2never quite get the main idea. Any advice Jia Xin’s advice
Repeat what you hear to help to experience the feeling of the language Record your voice so you can listen to yourself and compare your pronunciation with the radio host’s
Jia Xin My biggest headache is how to be polite in English I have to think about who I’m talking to and then decide whether to just day “Open the window!” or “Could you open the window, please ”, or even longer “Would you mind opening the window, please ” Li Rui’s advice
Use shorter requests when talking to a close friend, like “Open the window!” Ask a question when talking to someone unfamiliar, you could say “Could you open the window, please ” Use more euphemistic / ju f m st k/ (委婉的) expression when talking to someone senior, then saying “Would you mind opening the window, please ” is appropriate.
Li Rui Vocabulary is my biggest problem. It’s hard to 1remember all the new vocabulary and 2use them all properly. Your advice
It’s very important to review the words you’ve learned previously before learning new words. Expand your reading volume and you might try to learn the usage of words within the texts.
State problems and giving advice (p67)
State problems I don’t know how to ... ... is a big difficulty for me. I cannot ... I have no idea how/what ... My biggest problem is ... I (also) have trouble with ...
Giving advice You might try ... It’s very important to ... My advice is ... This worked for me.

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