资源简介 (共36张PPT)语法项目(四) 名词知识梳理PART01第一部分1.名词的可数与不可数(1)可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计,都表示为不可数名词。(2)不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个/一件/……”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如chalk, paper, bread, rice, news等。2.名词复数的规则变化(1)一般情况下在名词词尾加s。如book→books;dog→dogs;pea→peas等。(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词在词尾加es。如bus→buses;box→boxes;watch→watches;brush→brushes等。(3)以th结尾的词一般加s。如month→months;path→paths等。(4)以“元音字母+o”结尾的词加s,以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词加es。如radio→radios;hero→heroes等。(5)以f(e)结尾的名词,通常变f(e)为ves。如wife→wives;leaf→leaves等。(6)以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词直接加s;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词变y为i再加es。如boy→boys;duty→duties等。3.名词复数的不规则变化(1)单复数同形的名词。如deer、sheep、means等。(2)改变内部元音的名词。如foot→feet、woman→women等。(3)变换词尾的名词。如ox→oxen;medium→media等。(4)表示“某国人”的复数形式:①为固定结构的直接加s;②为后缀man的变为men。如an American→two Americans;a Frenchman→two Frenchmen等。(5)复合名词的复数形式:①在本身就是人或物的词后加s;②在演变成人或物的词末尾加s;③man和woman修饰复数名词一起变成复数。如passer by→passers by;woman teacher→women teachers等。4.特殊名词的数(1)集体名词的数①有些名词只有复数形式,也表示复数的含义,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如goods、clothes等。②有些名词是单数形式,但表示复数含义,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如people、cattle、police等。③有些词是单数形式,表整体时是单数,但表个体时是复数。如family、team、army等。④有些集体名词是不可数,只能用单数形式。如poetry、scenery、luggage等。(2)词义不同,复数形式不同①penny表示“价值、面值”时,复数形式为pence;表示“钱币个数”时,复数为pennies。*The pencil costs 75 pence.那支铅笔花了75便士。*I have only a few pennies in my pocket.我口袋里只有几个便士的硬币。②works表示“工厂、工事、选集”等时,单复数同形;work作可数名词时表示“作品、著作”。a chemical works 一家化工厂a strong defence works 一条坚固的防御工事③people表示“人们、人”时,表复数含义;表示“民族”时,有单复数形式。*There are ten people present at the meeting.有10人出席会议。*They were a proud and independent people.他们是一个独自而自尊的民族。④fish表示“条数”时,单复数同形;表示“鱼肉”时,是不可数。fishes表示多种鱼类。*I caught ten fish in the river today.今天我在河里抓了10条鱼。*This is the most expensive of all fishes.这是所有的鱼种中最贵的。*Help yourself to some fish.吃点鱼吧。(3)有些名词只有复数形式,但不能被具体的数字修饰。如socks、shorts、earnings等。5.名词的所有格(1)-'s所有格的构成与用法①在单数名词或不以-(e)s结尾的复数名词词尾加-'s。my brother's bike 我兄弟的自行车②以-(e)s结尾的复数名词的所有格,只在词尾加-'。the students' reading room 学生阅览室③以-s结尾的人名的所有格在词尾加-'s或-'。Engels's/Engels' works 恩格斯的著作④复合名词或作为一个整体的词组的所有格是在最后一个词的后面加-'s或-'。my sister-in-law's father 我嫂子的父亲⑤如果一样东西为两者或多者共有,则只在最后一个词的后面加-'s;如果为各自所有,则在每个词的后面加-'s。Mike's, Jane's and Tom's rooms迈克、简、和汤姆各自的房间Make, Jane and Tom's room迈克、简和汤姆合住的房间⑥在表示某人或某职业后加所有格表示场所。at Mr.Wang's 在王先生家里at the tailor's 在裁缝店里⑦在表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、组织等无生命的名词时也用-'s所有格。ten years' hard work 十年的艰辛a five metres' rope 一根五米长的绳子(2)of所有格的构成与用法①of加名词构成所有格,一般表示无生命的名词的所属关系。the door of the room 房间的门the title of the novel 小说的名字②人的所有格也可以用of来表示所属关系。the reports of the professor 教授的报告the parents of the students 学生的父母(3)介词to可用于极少名词的所有格。the key to the door 门的钥匙the approach to the problem 解决这个问题的办法(4)双重所有格的构成形式为“of+名词的-'s/名词性物主代词”,表示其中之几的意思。*Jones is a daughter of Mr. Smith's.琼斯是史密斯先生的一个女儿。*This is a dress of mine.这是我的一条连衣裙。技巧点拨PART02第二部分技法1 词性转换题:“句子成分”是关键1.如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语,要考虑名词形式。2.如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰,要考虑名词形式。技法2 名词复数题:“牢记规则”辨是非1.如果空处被these,those,several,many,all,both,a pair of,a variety of,one of, different和数词等修饰时,要考虑名词的复数形式。2.如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式。3.根据常识和句意确定名词的复数形式。专题训练PART03第三部分Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1.She is determined to carry on with her____________(educate).句意:她决心继续进行她的学校教育。介词后面接名词,education是“学校教育”的意思,根据句意,故填education。education2.She has turned down several ____________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.句意:她拒绝了多次主演秀的邀请信,就是为了专心于学习。根据句意可知,这里被several修饰,应该是复数,invitation可数,是“请帖、邀请”的意思,故填invitations。invitations3.The nursery team switches him every few ____________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed...句意:护理团队每隔几天就把他和他的妹妹互换一下,这样当他们中的一个在被人工喂养的时候……every few days“每隔几天”。days4.Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese ____________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.考查名词的数。dish是可数名词,其前无限定词,故用其复数形式dishes。dishes5.It is calculated by dividing a ____________ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.考查名词的所有格。此空后接名词,且根据句意“它的计算方法是用一个人的体重公斤数除以身高米数的平方……”,故此处填person的所有格形式。person's6.No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various ____________(activity) on Earth Day.考查名词单复数。根据修饰语various可知,空处用名词复数,指各种各样的活动。7.For Japan, the ____________(number) are more striking—22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.考查名词的单复数。根据下文的“are”可知,这里需要填写number的复数形式。activitiesnumbers8.Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ____________(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.考查名词的数。并列连词and连接的词在形式上应保持一致,and前的gates是名词的复数形式,故空处应用所给词的复数形式watchtowers。watchtowers9.Any smell might attract natural ____________(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.句意:任何气味都有可能吸引自然界中那些想要吃掉熊猫宝宝的敌人。根据常识可知,此处表示“吸引了自然界中的敌人”,故填可数名词enemy的复数形式。enemies10.It is important to pay your electricity bill on time,as late ____________(pay) may affect your credit.句意:准时付电费很重要,因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。前面有形容词late修饰,此处应用名词形式,payment可用作可数名词,所以用复数形式。paymentsⅡ.语法填空在空白处填入1个适当的名词。It was late at night.Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly,one of them,Mrs.Green,was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck.She had three 2.________ (thousand) dollars in her pocket.“What should I do?Many 3.________ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them,”she thought in 5.________ (silent).And at the same time the thief happened toGermansthousandthievesknivessilencetouch a 6.________ (sport) suit.It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room,so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping.When he was looking for 8.________(money) or some 9.____________ (jewel)in the next room,Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and called the 10.________ (policeman).And then the thief knew what had happened.He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police showed up.Before the thief ran away,the police caught him.For Mrs.Green,it was really an unusual experience.sportsFrenchmenmoneyjewels/jewelrypolice 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览