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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
板块一　重难语法突破
专题一　谓语动词
谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要包括实义动词和动词短语。一个简单句有且只能有一个谓语动词。若是由多个简单句组成的并列句或复合句,则有几个简单句就应有几个谓语动词。谓语动词主要的考点是动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。
第1讲动词的时态和语态
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024浙江1月卷)Over the last two years,some supermarkets 　　　　　　　　　(start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷) Two years later,a six-meter-tall pavilion,inspired by The Peony Pavilion,　　　　　　　　　(build) at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
3.(2023全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years,I 　　　　　　　　　(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
4.(2023新课标Ⅱ卷)As a little girl,I 　　　　　　(wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
5.(2022新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry 　　　　　　　　　(fix) his car when he heard the screams.He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
6.(2022新高考Ⅱ卷)He quickly 　　　　　　(throw) his tools aside,and started running,arms out.
7.(2022全国乙卷)The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 　　　　　　(address) the opening ceremony.
8.(2022浙江1月卷)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci,for example,roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists 　　　　　　　　(promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
9.(2021天津卷)Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated,he 　　　　　　　　　　　　(offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies.
10.(2021天津卷)Good evening,everybody.Professor King 　　　　　　　　　　　　(deliver) his lecture in a moment,but let me introduce him first.
考点解读
考点1动词的时态
一、一般体
(一)一般现在时
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词原形构成。be动词在第一人称单数后用am,第三人称单数后用is,其他人称后均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式为has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则如下:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下直接加-s hate—hates
结尾为-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o的单词,在词尾加-es discuss—discusses wash—washes　fix—fixes teach—teaches　go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母+y”的单词,将y变为i再加-es carry—carries study—studies
2.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有always,usually,often,sometimes,every day等。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时,只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come,take off等动词(短语)。
My flight takes off at 5:00 am.
我的航班早上五点起飞。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。
(二)一般过去时
1.一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下在动词后加-ed prevent—prevented
以-e结尾的动词后加-d like—liked
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i再加-ed try—tried
以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母再加-ed refer—referred submit—submitted
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有yesterday,last year,just now,the other day,two weeks ago等。
He arrived at school at 9:00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九点到的学校。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示判断用一般过去时。
We often played together when we were children.
我们小时候经常在一起玩。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025福建厦门一中模拟)Although a room cost 1,000 yuan,Zhao 　　　　　　　(treasure) the opportunity to relax in the natural environment.
②(2025广东韶关模拟)Deeply impressed by the taste,he 　　　　　　(pocket) some leaves and continued with his trip.
③(2025北京东城模拟)Every year,the organization 　　　　　　(decide) on a new theme.And the theme for 2024 was Museums for Education and Research.
④(2025河南开封模拟)Analysis of data later 　　　　　　(indicate) that the signal came from a dwarf galaxy (矮星系) three billion light years away.
⑤(2025河北秦皇岛模拟)Vidyun 　　　　　　(win) at the age of 10.His photograph also earned him the overall title of Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year.
二、 进行体
(一)进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成;过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成;将来进行时由“will/shall+be+现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下表:
变化规则 例词
一般情况下在词尾直接加-ing ask—asking
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e再加-ing write—writing face—facing
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母再加-ing cut—cutting begin—beginning swim—swimming
以-ie结尾的动词,变-ie为y再加-ing lie—lying die—dying
(二)进行时的用法
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有now,right now,at present,at this moment,these days等。
I don’t really work here.I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不是真的在这里工作,我只是在新秘书来之前在这里帮忙。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常用的动词有go,come,leave,arrive,start,move等。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always,often,forever,constantly,continually等连用时,表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩,而非强调动作正在进行。
The girl is always talking aloud in public,which makes her parents annoyed.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话,这使得她的父母很烦。
2.过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常用的时间状语有then,at that time,at this time等。
Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
去年我去拜访苏珊时,她已经辞去了收入丰厚的工作,在社区做志愿者。
(2)表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作,常用的动词有plan,come,go,leave,arrive,start,move,sail,fly,travel,stay等。
He said (that) she was arriving the next day.
他说她第二天会到达。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间内将在进行的动作,常用的时间状语有at six tomorrow,in the next two months等。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话,那时我们在吃晚饭。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025北京昌平模拟) Of course,while I 　　　　　　　　　(produce) Thinking Better:The Art of the Shortcut,I read a few good books.
②(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)You put organisms in new relationships and observe what 　　　　　　　(happen).
③(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)Paul Revere was a silversmith (银匠) in Boston who rode a horse at night on April 18,1775 to Lexington to warn people that British soldiers 　　　　　　　　　(come).
④(2023浙江1月卷)I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago,as I 　　　　　　　　　(live) with my parents,and I continue to experience this with my husband,as he is not completely zero waste like me.
⑤(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)One reason was:“You’ll actually show up if you know someone 　　　　　　　　　(wait) for you at the gym,” while another read:“You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.”
三、将来体
(一)一般将来时
1.一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“shall/will+动词原形”构成。
2.一般将来时的用法
(1)“will/shall+动词原形”表示现在看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事,也可以表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,推测某事即将发生。
Look at the clouds.It looks as if it is going to rain.
瞧那乌云,看起来要下雨了。
(3)“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用,但可以与when连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
(4)“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.
今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(二)过去将来时
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She was sure she would succeed.她确信她会成功。
小题快练 单句写作
①你如果努力,就会成功的。(祈使句+and+陈述句)
Work hard,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
②除非下雨,否则我们是要参加晚会的。(unless)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
③这条公路将在五月份通车。(be to do)
The highway 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
④今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。(be going to do)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 this winter.
四、完成体
(一)现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成。
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示说话时已经完成的动作,但这个动作对现在仍有影响,常与already,just,yet等时间状语连用。
The manager has just left.If only you had come a moment earlier.
经理刚走,你要是能早来一会儿就好了。
(2)表示动作发生在过去,但一直延续至今(可能还要延续下去),常与“since+时间点”“for+时间段”等时间状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了好评。
(3)在条件、时间等状语从句中,可用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
I’ll give my opinion when I have read the book through.
我读完这本书就会告诉你我的意见。
(二)过去完成时
1.过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。
2.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句),但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I hadn’t seen for years.
我沿街散步的时候遇见了多年未见的戴维。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态,常用的时间状语有before,by that time,by the end of,by the time等。
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.
到六月底他们已治疗了一万多名病人。
(3)表示“希望、打算、认为”的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,mean,wish,plan,intend等)用过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的愿望或计划。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn’t manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一份礼物以祝贺他结婚,但我没能做到。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时由“have/has+been+现在分词”构成。
2.现在完成进行时的用法
(1)常用来表示动作开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且可能会继续进行下去。
—You are a great swimmer.
——你游泳很棒。
—Thanks.It’s because I have been practising a lot these days.
——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在多加练习。
I’m very tired.I have been correcting the students’ papers all the morning.
我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning,but there’s no answer.
今天早上我给他打了很多次电话,但都没有回应。
(四)常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the+序数词+time+that sb has/have done sth
This/It/That was the+序数词+time+that sb had done sth
这/那是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the+最高级+名词+(that)定语从句,从句中的谓语动词用现在/过去完成时。
(3)It is/has been+一段时间+since sb did sth
It was/had been+一段时间+since sb had done sth
自从某人做某事以来多久了。
(4)在句型Hardly/Scarcely...when.../No sooner...than...中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.
我刚到家,雨就倾盆而下。
小题快练 单句语法填空/单句写作
①(2025河南郑州模拟)From writing poetry to making music,ChatGPT 　　　　　　　　　(amaze) the world since its launch in late 2022 by the US-based company OpenAI.
②(2025山东枣庄模拟)In 2001,his passion for China’s traditional and modern art brought him to Beijing,and he 　　　　　　　　　　　　(work) there ever since.
③自任教以来,她一直在努力工作。
She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　since she became a teacher.
④我到达电影院时,电影票已经卖完了。
When I got to the cinema,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
考点2动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词
过去时 was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词
将来时 shall/will be+过去分词 shall/will+have been+过去分词
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者。
Attention,please!A meeting will be held in the office at 8:00 am tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.请注意!明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【点津】
1.动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
①The plan will be given up.这项计划就要被放弃了。
②Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
2.有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,如:have,cost,lack,own,belong to,date from/back to,take part in。
It is an old custom that dates back to 4,000 years ago.
这是一个追溯到4 000年前的古老习俗。
3.不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,如happen/take place/occur,remain,last,break out,come out,come up,run out等。
NASA said in a statement it hopes the small orbiting instrument could help predict a volcanic eruption before an explosion happens.
美国国家航空航天局在一份声明中表示,它希望这个小型轨道仪器可以在火山爆发前帮助预测火山爆发。
3.动词的语态——重难突破
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况:
1.系动词,如smell,taste,feel,look,sound,prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2.表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean等,常与well,badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days 你买了最近卖得很好的那本书吗
3.某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等,用主动形式表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut. 这扇门关不上。
4.少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动意义,如print,cook,sell等。 The meat is cooking. 肉正在炖着。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025山东潍坊模拟)Intermittent fasting,also referred to as time-restricted feeding,is a dietary strategy where all meals 　　　　　　　　　　(consume) during a short window of time each day.
②(2025四川泸州模拟) In 2016,Zhang 　　　　　　　　　　　　(give) the Romer-Simpson Lifetime Achievement Award.
③(2025四川内江模拟)The cash will go to an organization called One Billion Meals Endowment,which 　　　　　　　　　(set) up by Dubai’s ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid in 2022.
④(2025北京东城模拟)Since 1977,this day 　　　　　　　　　　　　(celebrate) by the International Council of Museums annually to raise awareness of the role that museums play in the development of society.
⑤(2025北京丰台模拟)It is not yet known how the Olympic contest 　　　　　　　　　　　　(arrange).
技法图解
一、时态图解
【点津】
除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外,还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态:
(1)be doing...when...,when前面的句子常用过去进行时,when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已……”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb...,that后面的句子要用一般过去时。
【例1】On Mondays and Fridays,she worked at a college giving students guidance so that they could have a good choice of career.On Tuesdays and Thursdays she helped out as a volunteer to give first aid to people without homes.And on weekends she 　　　　　　(teach) local kids who needed extra help with their schoolwork.
分析:解本题时要运用语境综合判断法。根据上文“On Mondays and Fridays,she worked at a college giving students guidance so that they could have a good choice of career.On Tuesdays and Thursdays she helped out as a volunteer to give first aid to people without homes.”中的谓语动词可知此处应用一般过去时。
【例2】In the last 10 years or so,however,Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 　　　　　　(get) more popular all over the world.
分析:考查动词的时态。解本题时要运用时间状语判断法。根据时间状语 “In the last 10 years or so”可知,本句应用现在完成时。
二、语态图解
【例1】As the construction goes on,more roads 　　　　　　(build) and the metro system will be expanded which can reduce traffic jams.
分析:解本题时要运用主谓关系判断法。根据“the metro system will be expanded”可知,此处应用一般将来时。build与more roads之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,因此用被动语态。
【例2】Owing to the vast areas and large population of China,diverse dialects can 　　　　　　(find) in this great land,such as the Wu dialect in Shanghai,Hakka and Cantonese.
分析:解本题时要注意句中的情态动词,且dialects与find之间为被动关系,根据含有情态动词的被动语态的结构可知答案。
第2讲主谓一致
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024全国甲卷)They 　　　　　　　　(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
2.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)Further,the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 　　　　　　(walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road,by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
3.(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Going to Mount Huangshan 　　　　　　(remind) me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”.
4.(2021北京卷)As it 　　　　　　(connect) things,your brain turns them into a story,and you get a dream.
考点解读
考点1语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数形式。
1.动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌了一天之后,听音乐使我感到很放松。
【点津】
what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;但如果从句表示复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。
①However,from my point of view,what benefits students most is reading English books.
然而,在我看来,对学生最有益的是阅读英语书籍。
②What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一。
2.主语后有with,together with,along with,except,besides,as well as等加名词或代词构成另一主语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
Amy,as well as her brothers,was given a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
艾米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。
【点津】
and,both...and...连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
3.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town,which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这座非常迷人的小镇。
4.“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。each,every,no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使由and连接,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
①Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母不得不经历这种同样痛苦的过程。
②Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
小题快练 语法填空(语法一致原则)
I ①　　　　　　(live) in Beijing,while my wife ②　　　　　　(live) in Shanghai,and we ③　　　　　　　　　(see) each other for a long time.To see her every day ④　　　　　　(be) my dream.What I want to do ⑤　　　　　　(be) give up my present job and work in her city.However,all my relatives except my uncle ⑥　　　　　　(object) to my idea.Someone ⑦(tell) me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job.Many a person ⑧　　　　　　(think) it not wise to leave the city I am living in.
考点2意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数形式。
1.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词,尽管有时是复数形式,但常被看作是一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说,3 000美元是一笔大数目。
2.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family、class、team、group、public、committee、government、audience等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班的学生都被告知放学后留下。
3.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。all,some,half,most,the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
4.“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人痊愈,同时失踪的人也找到了。
小题快练 语法填空(意义一致原则)
I have been on a diet for four months.Four months ①　　　　　　(be) not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t understand me,the majority of people around me ②　　　　　　　　(support) me.The old ③　　　　　　(consider) it unwise to go on a diet,but the young ④　　　　　　(admire) me.At first my family ⑤　　　　　　(be) worried about me,but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesn’t harm my health.
考点3就近一致原则
1.由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but (also)...,not...but...等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数常与邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你的一名同学要去参加明天召开的会议。
2.由there,here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs,a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025广东联考)On that day,there 　　　　　　(be) lots of conventional celebration activities.
②At present neither my wife nor I myself 　　　　　(be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
技法图解
【例1】It 　　　　　　(go) like this:“Last Lantern Festival,the flower fair decorated with lights was daylight bright.We met after dusk when the moon rose behind willow trees.This year the moon and lanterns are still the same,yet you are not here anymore.I am sad,with tears shed on the sleeves of my spring coat.”
分析:主语It为第三人称单数,根据语法一致原则可知谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
【例2】Practicing,to sum up,　　　　　　(be) of greatest importance for those who are determined to learn knowledge well.
分析:句子陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为Practicing,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
第3讲情态动词和虚拟语气
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024全国甲卷)What should 　　　　　　　　　(do) with such a beautiful place
2.(2024浙江1月卷) However,though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages,it would help even more if they could sometimes 　　　　　　　　　(offer) in smaller packs.
3.(2023全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 　　　　　　　　　(employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
4.(2021天津3月卷)It used to be that you 　　　　　　drive for miles here without seeing another person,but now there are houses and people everywhere.
5.(2020天津卷)Jim says we 　　　　　　stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
6.(2019江苏卷)What a pity!You missed the sightseeing,or we 　　　　　　　　　　　　(have) a good time together.
考点解读
考点1情态动词
一、情态动词的类型
1.只作情态动词的有must,can/could,may/might,ought to
2.既可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有need,dare
3.既可作情态动词也可作助动词的有shall/should,will/would
4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有have/has/had to,used to
二、情态动词的基本用法
三、谓语中含有情态动词的时态和被动语态
四、情态动词的特殊用法
(1)can/could的否定式与比较级连用表示最高级。
(2)can/could的否定式与enough或too (much)连用表示“再……也不为过”。
(3)must可表示“偏要,硬要”,常用于疑问句或条件状语从句中。
(4)may/might as well表示“最好;不妨”。
(5)would可表示过去的习惯,与used to相比,前者常表示过去反复的动作,后者常表示过去的状态或习惯,现在已不复存在。
(6)should有时表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊奇,意为“竟然会”。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①Passengers 　　　　　　talk to the driver while the bus is moving,because it will take his focus off the road.
②Although passing the driving test 　　　　　　be difficult now,it’s worth the efforts.
③Why are you here It’s class time and you 　　　　　　be in the classroom now.
④It is raining heavily outside.You 　　　　　　as well stay here for the night.
⑤Their answers are exactly the same—one of them 　　　　　　have copied from the other.
⑥When the old couple lived in Chongqing,they 　　　　　　take a walk in a nearby park on a fine afternoon.
考点2虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类型 从句中谓语动词形式 主句中谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 should/were to+动词原形;动词的过去式 should/would/could/might+动词原形
①If there were no air,we couldn’t live.
如果没有空气,我们就不能存活。
②If there had been no air in the tube,the result of the experiment would have been more accurate.
如果管子里没有空气,实验的结果就会更精确。
③If he were to come tomorrow,things would be easier.
如果他明天来,事情就容易多了。
2.虚拟语气用于名词性从句中的4种条件
(1)在“It is+important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity+that...”句型中,谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。
It’s vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.
重视道路安全驾驶是至关重要的。
(2)在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作,从句用一般过去时;如果表示过去发生的动作,从句用过去完成时。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
要是他前天和我去海边就好了。
(3)句中含有以下单词或其变形时,该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气,其谓语动词形式为“should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早点出发。
(4)wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
·对现在的虚拟:过去式(be的过去式用were)
·对过去的虚拟:had+过去分词
·对将来的虚拟:would/could/might+动词原形
①I wish (that) I were ten years younger.
我希望我能年轻十岁。
②I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我希望我昨天见到了那位电影明星。
3.三个特定句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 过去虚拟 现在虚拟 将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句 had+过去分词 过去式(be动词一般用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 had+过去分词 过去式(be动词一般用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
It is (high) time that... 从句中谓语动词用过去式
①If only I had seen the film.
要是我看过那部电影就好了。
②It is high time that we started out.
我们该出发了。
③He messed the project up,but he behaved as if nothing had happened.
他把计划搞砸了,但他表现得若无其事。
4.含蓄虚拟条件句——重难突破
(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达,而是用but for,without等介词(短语)来表示。
We wouldn’t have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助,我们就不能按时完成那项工程。
(2)用连词otherwise,or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反,从而引出后文的虚拟语气。
I’m really very busy,or/otherwise I would certainly go there with you.
我真的是太忙了,不然我就会同你一道去了。
(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来,模式为“虚拟情况+but+真实情况”。
She would have come to see you but that she was ill that day.
要是那天她没生病,她就来看你了。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①I was busy finishing my paper that day.Otherwise I 　　　　　　　　　　　　(go) there with them.
②I wish he 　　　　　　　　　(tell) me the truth last week.
③I felt so embarrassed when being blamed by my teacher in class.If only I 　　　　　　　　　　(complete) my homework last night!
④He talks about the creatures of the Amazon rainforest as if he 　　　　　　　　　　(explore) there before.
⑤Her advice is that good study habits 　　　　　　　　　　　　(form) in one’s childhood.
⑥It’s high time that we 　　　　　　　　　　(apply) ourselves to the task of protecting our environment.
技法图解
【例1】You 　　　　　　never be too careful while driving.You know,many traffic accidents result from carelessness.
分析:结合第一条注意可知,句中be为动词,因此需考虑用情态动词。cannot/can never be too...无论……也不过分,为固定短语。
【例2】He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I 　　　　　　　　　(know) nothing about it.
分析:结合第二条注意可知,句中or为标志词,此处表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故应用would have done形式。
考点达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2024湖南衡阳二模)Up to now,the two episodes of Three Bodies released 　　　　　　　　　(gain) more than 100 million views on the website.
2.(2024湖南衡阳一模)Young Chinese people 　　　　　　　　　(raise) when the country’s economy was taking off,so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
3.(2024吉林白山一模)Huang Yifan,a student from Shandong Province,　　　　　　(like) observing ants and has discovered many funny secrets behind their behaviors.
4.(2024江苏南京二模)The history of penjing 　　　　　　(date) back to the Tang Dynasty.
5.(2024江苏南通二模)In spring,local hillsides 　　　　　　　　　(fill) with tea workers sowing seeds on their land.
6.(2024江苏盐城一模)Many wildlife that 　　　　　　(disappear) previously are returning to their homes thanks to the park.
7.(2024江西九校二模)Huguosi Street was one of Beijing’s busiest commercial roads in the olden days.It also 　　　　　　(house) the residence of Peking Opera master Mei Lanfang (1894—1961).
8.(2024山东潍坊3月检测)Song 　　　　　　　　　(work) in the restoration division for ancient books at the National Library of China in Beijing for eight years.
9.(2024江苏苏北七市二模)In the past decades,efforts 　　　　　　　　　　　　(make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
A(动词的时态、语态和主谓一致)
1.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)我写信是想和你分享上周五我在公园上的一堂美术课。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 with you an art class 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
2.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,读后续写)我向他要了电话号码,并真诚地向他保证,我一回来就给他钱。
I asked him for his telephone number and promised sincerely to him that I 　　　　　　　　　　　　as soon as I returned.
3.(2024全国甲卷,书面表达) 首先,共享单车给我们的短途出行带来了极大的便利,使其更加灵活和环保。
First of all,shared bicycles 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　to our short-distance travel,making it more flexible and environmentally friendly.
4.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)听到将为我们安排英语口语课的消息,我们兴奋不已。
We’re overwhelmed with excitement at the news that an oral English class 　　　　　　　　for us.
5.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,读后续写)我还记得那是一个春天的星期一早晨,老师把我叫到他的办公室,告诉我我在写作比赛中得了第一名。
I still remember it was a Monday morning in spring,when my teacher 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,telling me that I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　in the writing contest.
B(情态动词和虚拟语气)
6.(2024浙江1月卷,应用文写作) 在跑步之前,我们应该以一双舒适的跑鞋开始,并做热身运动,以避免受伤。
Before running,we 　　　　　　　　　started by a pair of comfortable running shoes and do warm-up exercise to avoid injuries.
7.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)万一可能的话,我真的希望你能考虑一下我的建议。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I truly hope you can take my suggestions into consideration.
8.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)首先,如果英语水平不同的学生能够被有意识地分组在一起,而不是随机分组就再好不过了,这样我们就可以在练习中互相帮助。
To begin with,it 　　　　　　　　　　　　if students with mixed levels of English 　　　　　　　　　　　　together deliberately rather than at random,so that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　during our practice.
9.(2023浙江1月卷,读后续写)想到我们宝贵的友谊,我不禁想念她。
I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　her at the prospect of our precious friendship.
10.如果没有我周围人的爱和关心,我就不会成功。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I wouldn’t have made it.
Ⅲ.语法填空(谓语动词专练)
A(动词的时态、语态与主谓一致)
The first zoo 1.　　　　　　　　　(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later,a Chinese emperor 2.　　　　　　(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3.　　　　　　(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages,the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.　　　　　　(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.　　　　　　(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s,scientists 6.　　　　　　(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then,zoos 7.　　　　　　　　(try) to save many endangered species,but relying on zoos 8.(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today,animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.　　　　　　(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill,and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway,it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.　　　　　　(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
B(情态动词与虚拟语气)
I 1.　　　　　　 have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2.　　　　　　(dance) as well as her.No one 3.be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4.　　　　　　(do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese,I 5. say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6.　　　　　　(not,allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7.　　　　　　 obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8.　　　　　　(not,wear) school uniform,he would be punished immediately.According to the rules,students 9.　　　　　　 get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10.　　　　　　 be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
专题二　非谓语动词
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days 　　　　　　　　　(give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
2.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international visibility,said Edmondson,adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed 　　　　　　　　　(find) the connection between the two great writers.
3.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷) 　　　　　　(recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion,Edmondson said,“It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language 　　　　　　　　see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
4.(2024全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level,the national parks,in particular,tend 　　　　　　　　　(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
5.(2023全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins,　　　　　　(borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.Behind the simple style,however,is a serious message 　　　　　　(intend) for everyone.
6.(2023全国乙卷)From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to royal palaces,it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully 　　　　　　　(build) system of ring roads.
7.(2023全国乙卷)　　　　　　　　　(visit) several times over the last 10 years,I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
8.(2023全国乙卷)As a photographer,I have spent the last two years 　　　　　　(record) everything I discovered.
9.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)To eat one,you have to decide whether 　　　　　　　　　(bite) a small hole in it first,releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出),or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue(舌头).
10.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the 　　　　　(recognize) home of the soup dumpling,but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
11.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them 　　　　　　　　　　　　(lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
12.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them,though,one steamer basket is rarely enough,yet two seems greedy,and so I am always left 　　　　　　(want) more next time.
13.(2023新课标Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 　　　　　　(visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas,which are on loan from China.
14.(2022全国甲卷)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 　　　　　　(hold) in Beijing,Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
15.(2022全国甲卷)He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20,　　　　　　(plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
考点解读
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分,是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)和动名词,在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
考点1非谓语动词的时态和语态
类别 时态 语态形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
动词-ed 一般式 done
1.时态形式
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后顺序确定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
He heard the song being sung next door.
他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having finished his homework,he went to bed.
他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。
2.语态形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间往往存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系时,用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025河南新乡模拟)Since the volunteers were cut off from the outside world,they had to rely on their body clock to know when 　　　　　　　　　(wake) up,go to sleep and eat.
②(2025河南郑州模拟) “The 　　　　　　(combine) length of the electric cables on the ship is more than 4,200 kilometers,” Chen said,　　　　　　(note) that his shipyard has used a lot of advanced techniques and machinery to build the ship.
③(2025河南洛阳模拟)Because of the fact that the artifacts were very small in size,traditionally considered too small 　　　　　　　　　　(study),little was known about the stone technology and tool making skills of these ancestors.
考点2非谓语动词作状语
1.动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等
(1)作目的状语,有时用in order to或so as to。
We will continue our campaign so as to prevent and control air pollution to make our skies blue again.　
我们将继续我们的运动,以预防和控制空气污染,使我们的天空再次变得蔚蓝。
(2)作结果状语,常用结构enough to,too...to...,only to 等。
I’m too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了,实在不能熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如:glad,happy,frightened,surprised 等。
I was frightened to find that in front of my door sat a dog.
我惊恐地发现门前坐着一条狗。
2.分词作状语
(1)现在分词短语作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了,留下他成了孤儿。
【点津】
动词不定式短语作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而现在分词短语作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
(2)过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Seriously injured,she had to be sent to hospital at once.
她受伤严重,不得不被立刻送往医院。
(3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,如:lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐瞒的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。
Absorbed in this book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.
他完全被这本书所吸引,没有注意到我进入房间。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025广东模拟)　　　　　　(integrate) boxing with dance,the musical drama “Mission Must Be Reached” mixes Lingnan-style music with rock & roll,pop music and rap.
②(2025北京丰台模拟)As it swims,its muscles move,　　　　　　(result) in reflections of many colors.
③(2025河南郑州模拟)We plan to move it out of the dry dock in June 　　　　　　　　　(continue) the fitting process.
④(2024河南信阳一模)The ceremony also contained elements of Liangzhu culture and the Qiantang River tides,　　　　　　　　(reflect) China’s long and storied history.
⑤(2024广东广州综合测试二)　　　　　　(face) with the challenge of balancing conservation and tourism,Fan knew that a solution had to be found.
考点3非谓语动词作定语
一、动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾关系或同位关系。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个来最后一个离开。
I have so many clothes to wash today.
今天我有许多衣服要洗。
His last appeal,to come and see her,went unanswered.(同位关系)
没有人答应他最后要来看她的请求。
二、分词作定语
1.现在分词作定语
当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系或用来表示被修饰的名词的用途时,用现在分词形式。
The lecture,starting at 7:00 p.m.last night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
讲座于昨晚7点开始,之后是用望远镜观察地球。
【点津】
被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时,用现在分词的被动式作定语,表示该动作的被动和进行。
2.过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清华大学创建于1911年,许多杰出人物从这里毕业。
【点津】
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done,doing 表示正在进行,done 表示已经完成。
三、动名词作定语
表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。
No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris.
没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025河北保定模拟)A recent study,published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,shows that people choose to humblebrag as an attempt 　　　　　　　　　(impress) others.
②“Dragon Boat Racing” is also a classical dance drama 　　　　　　(base) on several Guangdong musicians.
③(2025河南焦作模拟)The Great Wall is a place steeped in history and has much 　　　　　　　　(offer) you.
④(2025河北衡水中学一调)However,a recently 　　　　　　　(launch) WeChat miniprogram is allowing every history enthusiast to be a hero in a virtual world,where one not just climbs the Great Wall,but also protects it.
⑤(2024江苏扬州考前调研)To follow the market,tea chains including Hey Tea,CoCo and Chabaidao,are continuously launching new products 　　　　　　(feature) Chinese tea or other Chinese cultural elements.
考点4非谓语动词作补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
(1)带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常见的有ask,invite,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,call on,wait for,would like/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求的动词(短语)。
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving,we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代品。
(2)不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常用动词(主动语态中)有使役动词(make,let,have)和感官动词(see,watch,observe,hear,notice)。
【点津】
(1)有些动词,如:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,understand等后常用to be作宾语补足语或主语补足语。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,用不定式作主语补足语。
The president was reported to have visited China.
据报道,那位总统已经访问了中国。
2.现在分词作宾语补足语
表示主动、进行。常用现在分词作宾语补足语的有feel,find,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,get,have,keep,leave,set,listen to,look at等。
I heard the clock striking eight when I woke up this morning.
今天早上醒来时,我听见钟敲了八下。
After I arrived in America,I found myself living in a completely foreign culture.
当我到达美国后,我发现自己生活在一个完全陌生的文化中。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语
表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的有have,make,get,find,see,notice,watch,hear,feel,want,like等。
I found myself carried out to sea by a strong wind.
我发现自己被一阵强风刮到海上去了。
4.用于with复合结构
with+宾语+doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
He sat there,with his eyes looking at the sky.
他坐在那里,眼睛看着天空。
With his mind concentrated on his work,he didn’t notice my appearance.
他专心于工作,没有注意到我的外表。
With much work to do this afternoon,Jack left hurriedly.
由于今天下午还有很多工作要做,杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。
5.常用不定式作主语补足语的句型
Sb/Sth be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他.
He is said to have gone abroad.
=It is said that he has gone abroad.
据说他出国了。
Heat is considered to be a form of energy.
热能被认为是一种能量形式。
You’re supposed to pay the bill by Friday.
你应该在星期五前付账。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025河南开封模拟)FRBs mostly only appear once,which makes them very hard 　　　　　　　(track).
②(2024湖南常德模拟)This unforgettable site consists of 135 hectares of vineyards,with a charming European-style castle 　　　　　　(locate) in the seemingly endless greenery.
③(2025河南平顶山模拟)Saihanba’s success has allowed this “miracle on earth” 　　　　　　　　(copy) across the country.
考点5非谓语动词作宾语
1.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语有suggest,imagine,mind,admit,practice,allow,advise,risk,keep,keep on,avoid,escape,enjoy,consider,excuse,finish,miss,insist on,look forward to,feel like,get down to,object to 等。
We don’t allow diving in the pool.泳池内不准跳水。
2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语有wish,hope,decide,refuse,promise,pretend,manage,plan,fail,choose,would like 等。
Your father has at last decided to stop smoking.
你父亲终于决定戒烟了。
【点津】
如果作宾语的不定式有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语后置。
I find it impossible to change her idea.
我发现不可能改变她的想法。
3.下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语,也可以接不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
增加工资意味着增加购买力。
4.“疑问词+不定式”结构
动词不定式可以与疑问代词及疑问副词(why除外)等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。
I didn’t know how to get back to the village.
我不知道怎样回到村子。
Experience tells you what to do;confidence allows you to do it.
经验告诉你干什么,而信心让你去做这件事。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025河北沧州模拟)This could prevent the fries from 　　　　　　(get) wet and rotting away during the 5-8 weeks’ journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
②(2025河南开封模拟)List all of the tasks that you need 　　　　　　　　　　　(accomplish).
③(2025河北秦皇岛模拟)A 10-year-old boy,Vidyun R Hebbar,has won a prestigious (有声望的) international wildlife photography competition for his shot of a spider’s 　　　　　　(make) its web in the light of a passing tuk-tuk.
考点6非谓语动词作主语、表语
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
直面问题而不是逃避是解决它们的最佳途径。
(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有:
It+be+adj.(+of/for sb)+to do sth;It+be+名词词组+to do sth;It+be+n./adj.+doing sth
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
辩论这事是浪费时间。
It’s important for the figures to be updated regularly.
经常性地更新数据是非常重要的。
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
注意:现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语意为本身“感到……的”。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
【点津】
get,become,look,seem,appear 等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语,表示被动或主语的状态。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn’t get discouraged right after failure.
温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句话告诉我们,失败之后不应该气馁。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025北京海淀模拟)It is believed that 　　　　　　(receive) Sanfutie during the hottest summer days is effective for coughs,asthma,and arthritis.
②(2025广东汕头模拟)Secondly,　　　　　　(be) in China during the Spring Festival is an absolutely amazing event.
③(2025河南郑州模拟)China’s first large home-made cruise ship(游轮),roughly the height of a 25-story building,is 　　　　　　(schedule) to be delivered to its user around the end of this year.
技法图解
【例1】　　　　　　(date) back 250 million years,Himalayan sea salt is a type of rock salt that is naturally pink in color.
分析:句中已有谓语部分is,因此应用非谓语动词。句子主语Himalayan sea salt与date back to之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,因此用现在分词形式。
【例2】Born in the 1980s and having long been used to 　　　　　　(read) cartoon books while growing up,Mao Ge,who loves traditional architecture ever so much,hit upon the idea of introducing it to a wider readership through cartoons.
分析:平时学习过程中要牢记用动名词或动词不定式作宾语的动词。be used to doing sth为固定搭配,意为“习惯于做某事”。
考点达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2024山东潍坊二模)The festival,　　　　　　(feature) a series of kites in various shapes and sizes has become one of the most impressive international events held in China.
2.(2024山东烟台一模)He asked each villager that received the machine 　　　　　　　　　(use) it and train an inheritor (继承者) of the local weaving technique.
3.(2024山东淄博二模)Chopsticks,a food picking utensil 　　　　　　(make) of bamboo or wood,is widely used by the Hans and some minority ethnic groups.
4.(2024山西大同二模)　　　　　　(wear) ropes and straps like mountaineers,Zheng and his team took steps down the cliff to loosen the compacted(压实的) soil and plant trees or grass seeds every day.
5.(2024黑龙江齐齐哈尔一模)Bamboo tolerates the heat of summer and the cold of winter,and it regenerates after 　　　　　　　　　(cut).
6.(2024湖北5月省考)Today in Weifang,there are virtually no limitations on the shapes or sizes of kites,which can be made 　　　　　　　　　(represent) people’s ideals and desires.
7.(2024湖南衡阳质量检测)The young people are carrying the responsibility of 　　　　　　(spread) Chinese culture.
8.(2024山东烟台二模)I feel I have a new mission 　　　　　　　　　(shoulder),even after China wins its battle to reduce poverty.
9.(2024湖南邵阳二模)The ground floor tends 　　　　　　　　　　　　(use) as storage space for firewood and farming equipment.
10.(2024山西阳泉二模)Before painting,the painter must have a 　　　　　　(detail) draft in his mind.
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作) 受到这奇妙风景的启发,我决定创作一幅公园池塘的水彩画。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I determined 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　in the park.
2.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,读后续写)我又向他露出歉意的微笑,恳求他推迟付款,告诉他我要参加的布拉格会议非常重要,我不能错过。
Flashing him another apologetic smile,I begged him for a delayed payment,　　　　　　　　　　 that the conference I would attend in Prague was so important that I couldn’t afford 　　　　　　　　it.
3.(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)但得知我们将被随机配对进行口语练习时,我有一种冲动,想表达我不同的声音,希望这不会冒犯你。
But 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I feel an urge 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
4.(2023全国乙卷,书面表达)要做的最困难的任务是用西红柿煮鱼。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 was cook fish with tomatoes.
5.(2023全国甲卷,书面表达)他不遗余力地进行了一系列改革,以使他的国家繁荣起来。
He spared no effort 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
6.(2022全国甲卷,书面表达) 6月8日的世界海洋日旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。(现在分词短语作定语)
World Ocean Day,　　　　　　　　　　　　,is aimed at raising awareness of ocean conservation.
7.(2022新高考Ⅰ卷,读后续写)看着他的眼睛,我告诉他他已经训练了很多所以不要放弃。(现在分词短语作状语)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,I told him not to give up after he had trained a lot.
8.(2021浙江卷,应用文写作)我强烈推荐你参观这个展览,我相信你会学到很多关于中国文化和艺术的知识。(动名词作宾语)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,where I am sure you will learn a lot about Chinese culture and art.
Ⅲ.语法填空(非谓语动词专练)
Let children learn 1.　　　　　　　　　(judge) their own work.A child 2.　　　　　　(learn) to talk does not learn by 3.　　　　　　　　　　(correct) all the time;if 4.　　　　　　(correct) too much,he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language.Bit by bit,he makes the right changes 5.　　　　　　　　　　　　(make) his language like other people’s.In the same way,children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk,run,climb,ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6.(skill) people,and slowly make the 7.(need) changes.But in school teachers never give a child a chance 8.　　　　　　　　　(find) out his mistakes for himself,even fewer chances for him to correct himself.They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 9.　　　　　　　　　(notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10.　　　　　　(make) to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out,with the help of other children if he wants it,what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
专题三　并列连词、复合句和特殊句式
第1讲并列连词
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷) Edmondson said,“It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language 　　　　　　see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
2.(2024浙江1月卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home 　　　　　　you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh.
3.(2023新课标Ⅱ卷)It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 　　　　　　to see the pandas settle into their new home.
4.(2023全国乙卷)It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work,　　　　　　 somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
5.(2023浙江1月卷)During China’s dynastic period,emperors planned the city of Beijing 　　　　　　arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
考点解读
【点津】
(1)“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型是近年来高考的热点,有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。
Hurry up,and you will catch the early bus.
One more hour and we will get everything ready for the taking off.
(2)下列句型中常用并列连词when:
①be going to do sth when...“正要做某事,这时(突然)……”
②be about to do sth when...“正要做某事,这时(突然)……”
③be on the point of doing sth when...“正要做某事,这时(突然)……”
④be doing sth when...“正在做某事,这时(突然)……”
⑤had just done sth when...“刚做了某事,这时(突然)……”
注意:以上句型中的be通常是过去式。
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2025北京昌平模拟)To remain competitive throughout their careers,students need to learn how to use an AI writing tool to make worthwhile output 　　　　　they should know how to evaluate its quality,accuracy and originality.
②(2025福建三明模拟)I received the card just a few days later,　　　　　　　　 that made my life more efficient.
③(2025福建适应性练习卷)Primary schools now attach great importance to labor education,advocating students to do activities such as cooking,making handicrafts 　　　　　　decorating houses.
④(2025江苏扬州考前调研)She notes that it’s suitable for both personal and group consumption,and can be drunk quickly 　　　　　enjoyed for a whole afternoon.
⑤(2025山东日照模拟)“Traditional friendships require a lot of time and emotion to maintain,　　　　　　 having a dazi means not needing to carry those burdens,” she added.
技法图解
【例1】Our food supply depends on climate 　　　　　　weather conditions.
分析:句意:我们的食物供应取决于气候和天气状况。分析句子逻辑关系可知此处climate 与weather为并列关系。
【例2】If you look down or away from a person rather than meeting him or her,you are considered to be either unfocused 　　　　　　uninterested in him or her.
分析:句意:如果你低下头,或者远离一个人,而不是去见他/她,你就会被认为是对他/她不关注或不感兴趣。由句意可知,空前空后表选择关系,应用连词or,构成固定搭配either...or...。
第2讲状语从句
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2021天津6月卷改编)Feeling fearful is healthy 　　　　　　it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.
2.(2021天津3月卷改编)We all need to get involved in saving energy 　　　　　　it’s at work,at home,or at school.
3.(2020全国Ⅲ卷)　　　　　　 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist,they smiled and pointed down the river.
4.(2020天津7月卷改编)—Why do people like pop music I hate it so much.
—Even 　　　　　　it is not your style,that doesn’t mean it is bad.
考点解读
类型 连词 示例 注意事项
时间状语从句 when,while,as,before,after,since,until,the moment,until等 When I was walking along the street,I met a friend of mine. I will tell him the news the moment he comes. 要注意主从句时态,一般情况下,在时间状语从句中,表示将来的动作用一般现在时(不可用将来时)
地点状语从句 where,wherever Where there is a will,there is a way. Safety should always be the top priority wherever we are. 注意不要和where引导的定语从句混淆,若是定语从句,where前必然有先行词
条件状语从句 if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that,in case等 You should go to school unless you are seriously ill. He will certainly pass the exam next term if he works hard at his lessons. 条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时
原因状语从句 because,since,as,now (that) (2023新课标Ⅰ卷) Her delay came because she was carrying a competitor across the finish line. As he is a League member,he takes the lead in everything in his class. because语气最强,回答why提出的问题;since次之;as最弱;as引导的从句往往放在主句前面
让步状语从句 although,though,while,as,even if/though,whatever,however,whoever,whether...or,no matter what/how/who等 (2023新课标Ⅰ卷) Although the two young women were strangers before the meet,they’ve since become friends. Tired as/though I was,I went on with my work. I will go and attend the meeting however busy I am. 当用though或 although引导从句时,后面的主句不能有but;as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语、状语或动词原形提前
结果状语从句 so...that...,such... that...,so that I’m so fluent in English that I have no trouble in talking to local people. It was such an interesting novel that I read it three times. I got up late so that I missed the early bus. 在“so...that...”和“such...that...”结构中,so为副词,后接形容词、副词或分词,而such为限定词,后面接名词或名词性短语
方式状语从句 as,just as,as if,as though We should work and study as he did. They talked as if they had been friends for years. as if,as though在方式状语从句中多指非真实的或可能性较小的情况,常用虚拟语气
比较状语从句 as...as...,not as/so...as,比较级+than He works as hard as everyone else (does) in the class. He is taller than any other student in our class. 可以用比较句型表示在一定范围内的最高级含义:比较级+than+any other+单数可数名词
目的状语从句 so that,in order that,for fear that,in case (that) She studies hard so that/in order that she can enter a key university. Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 从句谓语中常用may,might,can,could,should等情态动词
小题快练 单句语法填空
①(2024山东枣庄模拟) In July 2001,Ragione was in China 　　　　　　Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games.
②(2022浙江1月卷)Klein,a noted historian of technology,spins a narrative so lively 　　　　　　at times it reads like a novel.
③(2024河北保定模拟)　　　　　　 it’s body image,money,or fame,humblebragging is finding its way into our lives more frequently than before,thanks to social media.
④(2024河南平顶山模拟)Simple 　　　　　　　　it looks,the job is quite a burden (负担) on their shoulders.
技法图解
【例1】After the peasant went back to pick up his vegetables,he noticed a purse lying in the road 　　　　　the stone had been.
分析:解本题时要采用逻辑判断法。句意:当农夫回去拿菜的时候,他注意到路上有石头的地方有一个钱包。此处是指路上有石头的地方有一个钱包,所以是地点状语从句。
【例2】So popular is it 　　　　　　instant versions are also available on the web.
分析:解本题时要采用句型判断法。句意:它是如此流行,即时版本也可以在网络上获得。固定结构“so+形容词+that+从句”,表示“如此……以至于……”。
第3讲定语从句
真题感悟
单句语法填空
1.(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design,to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 　　　　　　brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
2.(2024全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska,　　　　　 became a national monument in 1978,took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3.(2024新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu,　　　　　　 is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon,William Shakespeare’s hometown.
4.(2024浙江1月卷)Of course,shops are not charities—they price goods in the way 　　　　　　will make them the most money.
5.(2023全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place 　　　　　　welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
6.(2023全国甲卷)Yet,the form of the fable still has values today,　　　　　　 Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
7.(2023全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America 　　　　　　all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins,borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
8.(2022全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,　　　　　　 lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
9.(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 　　　　　　live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
10.(2021浙江1月卷)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 　　　　　　gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
11.(2021天津6月卷改编)In the spring,a season 　　　　　　we are learning new rhythms of life,many of us find comfort in the natural world.
12.(2021北京卷改编)When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything 　　　　　　happened during the day,trying to link new experiences to old memories.
考点解读
在复合句中,修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
考点1关系代词引导的定语从句
一、 who/whom/whose引导的定语从句
用法 示例
who和whom指人;who在定语从句中作主语或宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略;在口语中可用who代替whom (2022新高考Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)On behalf of those who feel like making progress in English,I sincerely invite you to deliver a speech in our English program at 7:00 pm on Friday. (2023新课标Ⅰ卷,应用文写作)A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs.
whose既可指人,也可指物;在从句中作定语,表示先行词的所有格,即whose前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。 (口诀:whose前后名,后名属前名) In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike. He lives in a house,whose window is broken.
二、that/which/as引导的定语从句
1.只用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词时。
If I run into anything that might interest you,I’ll send it your way.
如果我遇到你可能感兴趣的东西,我会把它寄给你。
(2)先行词被the only,any,few,no,very等修饰时。
After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owned.
他家失火后,那辆旧轿车是他唯一的财产了。
(3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。
That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.
那是迄今为止在这个城市上映的最好的电影。
(4)先行词既有人也有物时。
My mother and her old friends talked of persons and things that they remembered in the school.
我母亲和她的老朋友谈论了她们所记得的在学校里的人和事。
2.只用which引导定语从句的情况
(1)先行词为物,引导非限制性定语从句时。
His best movie,which won several awards,was about the life of Gandhi.
他最优秀的电影,就是荣获几项大奖的那一部,是关于甘地生平的。
(2)先行词为物,关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时。
I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money t

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