资源简介 (3)重点语法——高考英语考前三个月速记清单名词一、名词的数1. 可数名词单数变复数规则(1)规则变化1 一般情况在词尾加-s2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es,注意th结尾直接加-s3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es个别的加-s4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es6 以-o结尾的名词 一般加-s少数加-es7复合名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数(2)不规则变化① 常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits② 自身有特殊变化的名词child → children 孩子;man → men 男人;foot → feet 脚,英尺;tooth → teeth 牙;medium → media 传播媒介;mouse → mice 老鼠;phenomenon → phenomena 现象(3)作定语的名词的数的变化规则① man、woman、gentleman等作定语,变复数时定语和被修饰的名词都要变复数。men workers(男工人)、women teachers(女教师)、gentlemen officials(男性官员)② “数词+名词”作定语,表达复数时若有连字符,名词用单数;若无连字符,名词用复数加 “'”a ten-mile walk/ ten miles' walk(十英里路)③ 用复数名词作定语sports meeting(运动会)④ 用单数名词作定语(名词作定语一般用单数)a coffee cup(一个咖啡杯)2. 不可数名词(1)不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。(2)有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。paper 纸(不可数);报纸、文件、试卷(可数)二、名词所有格1. 名词所有格的形式名词所有格表示所属关系,它分为's所有格和of所有格两种形式(1)'s所有格① 多用来表示有生命的东西② 用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加's或',表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加's或'Tom's and Jim's rooms (各自)的房间Tom and Jim's room(共同)的房间③ 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略at the teacher's 在老师办公室(2)of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格From the top of the hill, you can get a bird's view of the city.从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。(3)双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧冠词一、不定冠词1. 用在第一次提到的人或物前,表泛指。2. 泛指一类人或物,或指同类中的“一个”。3. 表示“每”,相当于per,用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。4. 表示数量“一”(强调时用one)或“任何一个”。5. 表示“某一个”,相当于a certain。6. 表示“同一,相同”,相当于the same。二、定冠词1. 用在表示特指的人或物的名词前。2. 用在姓氏复数前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。3. 用在表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词前或用在表示方位的名词前。4. 用在表度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”。5. “the+形容词或分词”有时也可以表示类指。6. “动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某部”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。前。8. 用在含有普通名词的国家、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等名称前。9. 用在序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。10. 用在西方乐器前。11. 用在same, very, only前构成“the same/ very/ only +名词”结构。三、零冠词1. 不可数名词,复数名词表示泛指时。He likes to read novels.他喜欢读小说。2. 名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等限定词时。Each student must hand in his exercise book.每个学生必须上交作业本。3. 用在日期、星期、月份、季节前;称呼、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、棋类、学科名词前。A year can be divided into four seasons—spring, summer, autumn and winter.一年可以分为四个季节——春、夏、秋、冬。4. 修饰常见的不可数名词。baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space, advice, progress, information, news, luck, wealth等。Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.除了星星,那个宇航员只看见了太空。5. 系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语时。Has he turned scientist 他成为科学家了吗?6. “零冠词+单数名词+as though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然……,但是……”。Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.他虽然是英雄,但是也有一些缺点。数词序数词变化规则一般直接加th four →fourth,six→sixth, seven→seventh, ten→tenth, eleven→eleventh,thirteen→thirteenth,fourteen→fourteenth, hundred→hundredth,一二三需单独记忆 one→first,two→second,tree→third八去t;九去e;ve结尾变 f eight→eighth,nine→ninth,five→fifth,twelve→twelfth几十,ty变tie twenty→twentieth,thirty→thirtieth,forty→fortieth,fifty→fiftieth几十几,变个位 twenty-one→twenty-first,thirty-five→thirty-fifth分数:分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于1时,分母用复数形式;分母若是2和4,则分别用half 和quarter one half,a half 二分之一 two thirds,two-thirds 三分之二“分数+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数与of后名词的数保持一致其他表示法:1/2 a(one) half 1/4 a(one) quarter 3/4 three-quarters倍数:倍数+an many / much ... as ...We have produced three times as many computers as we did last year.我们生产的计算机是去年的三倍之多。倍数+the size of ...表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍以上用基数词+times...。The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍大。倍数+what从句The length of the road is twice / double what it was three years ago.这条路是三年前的两倍长。倍数+比较级+thanThis house is ten times bigger than that one.这座房子比那座大十倍。比较级+than...+by+倍数程度The line is longer than that one by twice.这根线是那根线的两倍长。星期:星期一Monday 星期二 Tuesday 星期三Wednesday 星期四 Thursday星期五Friday 星期六 Saturday 星期日Monday月份:一月January 二月February 三月March 四月April 五月May六月June 七月July 八月August 九月September 十月October十一月November 十二月December代词主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词第一人称 I me my mine myselfwe us our ours ourselves第二人称 you you your yours yourselfyou you your yours yourselves第三人称 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it it its itselfthey them their theirs themselves介词常考介词短语:1. atat lunch 在吃午饭at table 在吃饭at school 在上学at peace 在和平时期at the end of... 在……结束时at first = at the beginning 起初at the beginning of 在……的初始阶段2. inin detail 详细地in the way 挡路in return 作为回报in case 以免;万一in time 及时;最终in office 执政;在位in progress 在进行中in the meanwhile 同时in spite of 不管;不顾in place 在适当的位置in terms of 就……来说in power 当权;在执政in common 共同;共有in public 公开地;当众in favour of 同意;支持in a sense 从某种意义上说in turn 依次;轮流;反过来in practice 在实践中;实际上in exchange for 用以交换……in addition to 此外;除……以外3. onon sale 出售on strike 在罢工on behalf of 代表on the air 正在广播on the contrary 相反on the increase 正在增加on condition that 以……作为条件4. underunder repair 在修理中under control 在控制中under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在建设中under development 在发展中5. forfor lack of 由于缺乏as for 就……而论;关于for the benefit of 为了……的利益6. byby hand 手工by force 用武力by accident 偶然by design 故意地by the way 顺便说by degrees 逐渐地by far 到目前为止by mistake 错误地;无意中by oneself 单独地,独自地by name 凭名字;用……的名字by chance = by accident 偶然;碰巧7. out ofout of control 失去控制out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能out of order 发生故障;失调out of place 不得其所的;不适当的out of one's reach 某人够不着的地方形容词和副词形容词变副词的规则一般情况:加-ly quick—quickly, brave—bravely;immediate—immediately辅音字母加-y结尾:变y为i再加-ly easy—easily;busy—busily;happy—happily;heavy—heavilyle结尾:去e加-y simple—simply;gentle—gently;terrible-terribly元音字母加-e结尾:去e加-ly true—truly;due—dulyll结尾:只加-y full—fully;dull—dullyic结尾:加-ally basic—basically;scientific—scientifically形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则构成 例词原级 比较级 最高级一般单音节词后面直接加 er, est long longer longestgreat greater greatesthard harder hardest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加 r和 st fine finer finestlarge larger largest重读辅元辅结尾,先双写词尾的辅音字母后再加 er和 est fat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,先把y变为i再加 er和 est easy easier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest多音节(>或=三个音节)和部分双音节的形容词或副词都在前面加more和most careful more careful most carefulpopular more popular most popularefficiently more efficiently more efficientlyinteresting more interesting most interestingconcerned more concerned most concerned不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good/ well better bestbadly/ bad/ ill worse worstmany/ much more mostlittle less leastfar 指距离:更远的/地; 指距离:最远的/地;指距离:更远的/地,等同于farther;指程度:更深入的/地 指距离:最远的/地,等同于farthest;指程度:最大程度的/地old older/elder(年长的) oldest/eldest动词时态语态时态 语态一般现在时 do/ do/does; am/is/are am/ is /are + done一般过去式 did; was/were was/were done一般将来时 will do;will be will be done现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done现在完成时 have/has done; have/has been have/has been done过去完成时 had done;had been had been done现在完成进行时 have/has been doing含有情态动词 can;could/must/should/may;might/will;would do can;could/must/should/may; might / will; would/had better be done连词并列 连词 表并列 and, both…and..., neither…nor…, not, only...but also..., as well as表转折 but, yet, whereas, nevertheless, while表选择 either…or…, not…but…, or, or else, rather than表因果 so; for定语 从句 关系代词 (作成分) 先行词 是人 who/that(主语); who/that/whom/省略(宾语); whose(定语,表所属关系); 介词+which(物)/whom(人) 非限定性定语从句: 有逗号隔开; 从句不用that; which可以指代前面整句话。先行词 是物 that/which(主语或宾语); whose(定语,表所属关系)关系副词 (不缺成分) 先行词为时间用when=介词+which; 先行词为地点用where=介词+which; 先行词为reason用why =for which名词性从句 that 无实义,不作成分,后跟一个完整的句子,宾语从句中可以省略whether/if 意为“是否”,不作成分,后跟一个完整的句子,宾语从句两者皆可用,主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether特殊疑问词 连接代词 作句子成分:who, whose, which, what连接副词 不作句子成分:when, where, why, how状语 从句 时间状语 when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as, since, the moment, instantly, once地点状语 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语 because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case结果状语 so,so…that…,such…that… ,so that条件状语 if, unless(=if…not), so/ as long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/ supposing (that), providing/ provided that让步状语 although,though,as,even if,even though,while,no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever方式状语 as, as if, as though比较状语 than,as...as…,not as/so...as…,the same...as, such...as,the more...the more 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览