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Unit 11 Conflict and Compromise Lesson 3 War Memories—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
v. 逮捕，拘捕；抑制；阻止 ____________
adj. 礼貌而友善的，和蔼可亲的 ____________
adv. 确实地 ____________
n. 炸弹 ____________
n. 国界，边境 ____________
n. 国界，边界 ____________
n. 平民，老百姓 ____________
adj. 永久的，长久的 ____________
adj. 松的；宽大的 ____________
n. 脚踝 ____________
n. 炸薯条 ____________
二、重点短语
短暂的和平 ________________________
达成谅解；取得谅解 ________________________
喧闹；叫喊 ________________________
吃得过饱；极其厌倦 ________________________
护士长 ________________________
朝……扔去；扔向 ________________________
苏醒；醒来 ________________________
或多或少；差不多 ________________________
稍稍；到某种程度 ________________________
最后；最终 ________________________
转折点 ________________________
在野外；野生的 ________________________
三、知识讲解
1. Two of our men then threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench with their hands above their heads as our representatives.
然后，我们的两名士兵脱下装备，爬出战壕，双手举过头顶，作为我方代表。
with 复合结构
通常在句中作状语，有时候作定语。常见的几种构成形式如下：
（1）with+名词/代词+形容词
With the weather so close, ten to one it'll rain presently.
天气这样闷，十之八九最近要下雨。（原因状语）
（2）with+名词/代词+副词
She left the room with all the lights on.
她离开了房间，所有的灯都还亮着。（伴随情况）
（3）with+名词/代词+介词短语
With the children at school, we can't take our vacation.
由于孩子们在上学，我们不能去度假。（原因状语）
（4）with+名词/ 代词+动词不定式（不定式表示将发生的动作）
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
由于没有可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。（原因状语）
（5）with +名词/代词+现在分词
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到宫殿。（伴随情况）
（6）with +名词/代词+过去分词
She had to walk home with her bike stolen.
自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。（原因状语）
2. We were walking slowly back to the base at about midnight, talking about the evening...
大约午夜时分，我们慢慢地走回基地，谈论着晚上的事情……
句中现在分词短语talking about the evening... 作伴随状语，句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语。
现在分词短语作状语
除表示伴随外，现在分词短语还可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果等。
（1）时间状语（相当于时间状语从句）
Having persuaded him to change his mind, I went on a journey with him.
说服他改变主意后，我跟他一块儿去旅行了。
（2）原因状语（相当于原因状语从句）
Being ill, she didn't go to school as usual today.
因为生病，她今天没像往常一样去上学。
（3）条件状语（相当于条件状语从句）
Turning right, you will find the place you want to go.
向右转，你就会找到你要去的地方了。
（4）让步状语（相当于让步状语从句）
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。
（5）结果状语
The mother died, leaving a lot of money to her children.
那位母亲去世了，给她的孩子们留下了一大笔钱。
（6）伴随状语
He sat at the table reading China Daily.
他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。
现在分词否定式：not + 现在分词
Not recovering from the operation, I couldn't keep pace with you.
由于尚未从手术中康复，我跟不上你的步伐。
四、基础练习
1.When Claire got home, she ____________ (weep) with anger in her armchair.
2.According to the rule, the prizes will ________(distribute) among five winners.
3.I'm writing to show my sincere _____ (appreciate) for the book you gave me before you left China.
4.The _____ (represent) from the two countries had a heated discussion on a wide range of issues.
5.She made a phone call to her new colleague, aiming to show her sincere______ (greet).
6.No one is allowed to enter the meeting hall without valid______ (identify).
7.To our great comfort, Tom, together with his families, ______ (flee) from the burning house up to now.
8.The path becomes very______ (mud) on rainy days and makes it difficult for people to go in or go out.
9.The minute she was informed of the final result, she couldn't help______ (weep) tears of disappointment.
10.Camping not only allows people to______ (temporary) escape the city to enjoy nature, but it also makes people acquire a sense of ritual social clock.
五、拓展练习
The impression you make at the beginning of an interview is very important. Employers often decide to hire someone in the first three minutes of the interview. They judge you by your appearanice, attitude and manners.
A friendly smile when you walk into the room is important. A smile shows a confident and positive attitude.
When you introduce yourself, make eye contact with the interviewer. Some interviewers offer a handshake. Others don't.
Try to be as natural as possible. But pay attention to your body language. The way you sit, walk, gesture, use your voice and show feelings on your face is all parts of your body language. It makes the interviewer know how you feel about yourself and the situation you are in. Are you positive about yourself Your abilities Your interest in the job
Speak clearly and loudly enough. Show interest and enthusiasm in your voice. When you speak, look at the interviewer. Also, don't say negative things about yourself, or former employers.
Listen to questions carefully. If you don't understand a question, ask the interviewer to repeat it or explain:
"I'm sorry, but I didn't catch that."
"I'm not sure exactly what you mean."
Almost everyone is nervous in a job interview. Interviewers know that. They don't expect you to be totally calm and relaxed. But they expect you to try to control your nervousness. They expect you to show confidence in your ability to do the job.
At the end of the interview, thank the interviewer for her or his time.
It's a good idea to send a short thank-you letter right after the interview, or deliver it by hand.
Phone the company if you have not heard anything after one week. Ask if they have made a decision about the job.
Good luck!
11.What docs the underlined word "It" mean in Paragraph 4
A. The interviewer. B. An employee.
C. An instructor. D. Body language.
12.Why should we pay attention to our body language
A. Because it can help us win the employer's positive impression.
B. Becausc it can help us feel about the employer.
C. Because it is needed by our employer.
D. Because we need it to improve our feelings.
13.The main purpose of the passage is ________.
A. to give you some advice on the art of finding a job
B. to tell right from wrong about job interviews
C. to explain why we should do something about an interview
D. to suggest not being shy in an interview
14.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. A Friendly Smile
B. Making a Good Impression
C. Don't Be Nervous
D. Sending a Thank-You Letter
15.Trust is the basic foundation of any relationship in both professional and personal capacity. Here are some ways to build trust and be trustworthy.
Be always honest. Honesty is a virtue that must be cultivated(培养) fully if you desire to establish trust with others. Half-truths and white lies are a recipe for disaster. ①____ ____
Communicate effectively. Poor communication is one of the main reasons why trust is unable to be sustained(维持) in any environment. The failure to clarify your stand may lead to unpleasant assumption. ②___ ____If you want to avoid any issues, it's important to communicate openly and freely with other involved parties in the beginning.
③______Promises are not meant to be broken. Once you make a promise, it's as binding (必须遵守的) as legal papers. It's important that you honor your commitments if you're interested in building trust.
Do not be too quick in making decisions. There is no need to take too much pressure if you're faced with a dilemma.④___ ____If the other part asks you to make a comment immediately and you have reservations about it, you can decline the task and say no in the beginning.
Take the necessary time. ⑤____ ____It's an ongoing process that needs time to take root and develop effectively. Steady progress is possible only if it's a regular activity; therefore, prepare to take small steps if you are looking for ways to build trust. Focus on the endgame and do not expect results in the beginning.
A. Keep your word.
B. Don't take everything for granted.
C. Trust cannot be earned in seconds.
D. This can cause disagreements and the breaking of trust.
E. Therefore, avoid them at all costs if you are trying to build trust.
F. You'd better take the time to consider your approach from every angle.
G. Make sure you are paying attention to old and new relationships equally.
答案以及解析
1.答案：wept
解析：考查动词时态。句意：克莱尔回到家后，坐在扶手椅上生气地哭了。由时间状语从句When Claire got home可知，事情发生在过去，所以此处主句时态应为一般过去时。谓语动词weep的过去式为wept。故填wept。
2.答案：be distributed
解析：考查被动语态。句意：根据规定，奖品将分配给五名获奖者。谓语动词distribute和主语之间是被动关系，应用其被动结构（be done)和前文will构成一般将来时的被动语态。故填be distributed。
3.答案：appreciation
解析：考查名词。根据空前的形容词性物 主代词my 和形容词sincere可知设空处应用名 词。show one's appreciation for 表达某人对……的感激。故填appreciation。句意：你在离开中国之 前把那本书送给了我，我写信以表达我衷心的感谢。
4.答案：representatives
解析：考查名词。根据空前的定冠词 The 可知设空处应用名词；根据from the two countries及 语境可知，此处应用表示人的复数名词作主语。故填 representatives。
5.答案：greetings
解析：句意为: 她给新同事打了电话, 目的是表达她真诚的问候。根据设空处前面的形容词性物主代词 her 可知,设空处应用名词, greeting 意为 “问候” 时, 作可数名词。故填 greetings 。
6.答案：identification
解析：句意为:没有有效的身份证明,任何人不得进入会议大厅。根据设空处前面的介词 without 可知, 设空处须填写名词形式,作 without 的宾语。故填 identification。
7.答案：has fled
解析：句意为: 令我们非常宽慰的是, 到目前为止, 汤姆和他的家人都从着火的房子里逃出来了。分析句子成分并根据时间状语 up to now 可知,设空处需要使用现在完成时。当句子主语由 together with、along with、as well as、except 等词或短语连接时,谓语动词的人称和数与前一名词或代词保持一致。Tom 为单数,谓语也用第三人称单数形式。故填 has fled.
8.答案：muddy
解析：句意为: 这条路在雨天变得很泥泞, 使人们很难进出。设空处作连系动词 becomes 的表语, 其前有 very 修饰,应用形容词。故填 muddy。
9.答案：weeping
解析：句意为: 当她被告知最后的结果时, 她禁不住流下了失望的眼泪。can't help doing sth 为固定表达, 意为“禁不住做某事”。故填 weeping。
10.答案：temporarily
解析：句意为:露营不仅可以让人们短暂逃离城市,享受自然, 而且它还使人们获得一种社会时钟的仪式感。设空处修饰动词 escape, 应用副词, 作状语。故填 temporarily。
11.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据上句"The way you sit, walk, gesture, use your voice and show feelings on your face is all parts of your body language. (你坐着、走路、做手势、用声音和在脸上表达感情的方式都是你肢体语言的一部分。)可知，通过你的肢体语言，让面试官知道你对自己的感觉以及你所处的情况。所以代词It指代的是body language。故选D。
12.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段"It makes the interviewer know how you feel about yourself and the situation you are in. Are you positive about yourself Your abilities Your interest in the job (它让面试官知道你对自己的感觉以及你所处的情况。你对自己乐观吗？你的能力？你对这份工作感兴趣吗？)"可知，肢体语言会让面试官知道你对自己的感觉以及你所处的情况，所以面试时，需要注意自己的肢体语言，因为它可以帮助我们给面试官留下积极的印象。故选A。
13.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要介绍在求职面试过程中，为了给面试官留下好的印象，需要注意的事项，显然作者写此文的目的就是给找工作的人提供面试技巧方面的建议。故选A。
14.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第一、二句"The impression you make at the beginning of an interview is very important. Employers often decide to hire someone in the first three minutes of the interview.(你在面试开始时留下的印象非常重要。雇主通常在面试的前三分钟就决定雇用一个人。)"以及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍在求职面试过程中，为了给面试官留下好的印象，需要注意的事。故选B。
15.答案：①-⑤ EDAFC
解析：这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何建立信任的方法。
①根据本段主题句"Be always honest. (永远要诚实。)"可知，本段强调的是：想要建立信任，必须诚实。根据上文"Half-truths and white lies are a recipe for disaster.(半真半假和善意的谎言是灾难的根源)"可知，说谎是无法建立信任的，E项"Therefore, avoid them at all costs if you are trying to buil d trust.(因此，如果你试图建立信任，就要不惜一切代价避免它们。)"意义与上文一致，且E项"them"指代上文中的"Half-truths and white lies"。故选E。
②根据上文"The failure to clarify your stand may lead to unpleasant assumption.(不能阐明你的立场可能会导致不愉快的假设。)"可知，想要建立信任，必须阐明立场，否则就会有不愉快的假设。D 项"This can cause disagreements and the breaking of trust.(这会导致分歧和信任的破裂。)"进一步说明：因不阐明立场而出现的假设会进一步导致分歧和不信任，与上文意义一致，符合语境。故选D。
③空处是本段的主题句。根据后文"Promises are not meant to be broken.(承诺是不能被打破的。)"可知，本段主题是：我们要遵守诺言。A项"Keep your word.(遵守诺言)"符合语境。故选A。
④根据本段主题句"Do not be too quick in making decisions. (不要急于做决定。)"可知，本段强调：做决定要慎重。根据下文"If the other part asks you to make a comment immediately and you have reservations about it, you can decline the task and say no in the beginning. (如果对方要求你立即发表评论，而你对此有保留意见，你可以拒绝这项任务，一开始就说不。)"可知，我们可以不用立即做出决定，而是谨慎思考，甚至拒绝。F项"You'd better take the time to consider your approach from every angle.(你最好花点时间从各个角度考虑你的方法。)"说明我们需要谨慎思考，符合题意。故选F。
⑤根据本段主题句"Take the necessary time. (花些必要的时间)"可知，建立信任需要花费时间。根据下文"It's an ongoing process that needs time to take root and develop effectively.(这是一个持续的过程，需要时间来扎根和有效地发展。)"可知，建立信任感是一个持续的过程。C 项"Trust cannot be earned in seconds.(信任不是几秒钟就能赢得的。)"说明信任感的建立需要花时间，与主题相符，与后文意义一致；且下文"It"指代的就是C项中的"Trust"。故选C。Unit 11 Conflict and Compromise Lesson 2 Dealing with Conflict—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
n. 康复，痊愈 ____________
n. 地毯 ____________
n. 贪欲，贪婪 ____________
v. 询问，打听 ____________
n. 成熟 ____________
n. (储存液体或气体的)箱，罐 ____________
n. 投票(指行为)；票数 ____________
n. 房产；所有物；财产 ____________
n. 离开，起程 ____________
adj. 愤愤不平的；带来痛苦的 ____________
adj. 偏僻的，偏远的 ____________
n. 将军，上将 ____________
n. 谋杀，凶杀；谋杀罪 ____________
二、重点短语
在……做得好 ________________________
结果 ________________________
即使 ________________________
代表某人 ________________________
完全失败 ________________________
对……作出反应/回答 ________________________
以不同/相同的方式 ________________________
提出 ________________________
通向；导致 ________________________
不久以后 ________________________
毫无疑问 ________________________
能够做某事 ________________________
遇到；偶遇 ________________________
三、知识讲解
1. Daisy thought Cathy had reported her to the teacher, even though Cathy had not.
黛西认为凯茜已经向老师举报了她，尽管凯茜没有。
even though 引导的让步状语从句
even though（=even if）意为“虽然，即使”，引导让步状语从句。
Even though you lost the match eventually, you shouldn't lose heart.
虽然你最后输了比赛，但也不该灰心。
在含有even though，even if 引导的让步状语从句的复合句中，如果主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表将来。
Even though it snows tomorrow, we will go on with the roadworks.
即使明天下雪，我们也要继续进行道路施工。
as though（=as if）“好像，仿佛”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。当说话人认为所说的情况是事实时，用陈述语气；当说话人认为所说的情况可能不是事实时，则用虚拟语气。
2. Daisy was so angry that she wouldn't allow Cathy to tell her side of the story.
黛西非常生气，她不让凯茜说出她的说法。
so...that...
so...that... 意为"如此……以至于……"，that引导结果状语从句。
The conflict was so serious that it was hard to remove the disagreements between them.
冲突如此严重，很难消除他们之间的分歧。
His handwriting is so random that it is difficult for the teacher to tell.
他的笔迹很随意，老师很难分辨。
so...that... 句型的常见形式：
so + adj. /adv. + that...
so + adj. + a（n）+ n.（可数名词单数）+ that...
so + many/few + n.（可数名词复数）+ that...
so+ much/little（少）+n.（不可数名词）+ that...
（2）such...that... 也可表示"如此……以至于……"，基本结构：
such + a（n）+ adj. + n.（可数名词单数）+ that...
such + adj. + n.（不可数名词/ 可数名词复数）+ that...
He was so responsible a teacher that he left a deep impression on all of us.
→ He was such a responsible teacher that he left a deep impression on all of us.
他是一个如此负责任的老师，给我们所有人留下了深刻的印象。
（3）当so.../such... 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and theory with all the students of our school.
=So well did we do that we were invited to share our idea and theory with all the students of our school.
我们做得很好，所以被邀请与我们学校的所有学生分享我们的想法和理论。
四、基础练习
1.She had never thought he’d blow up so______________(violent).
2.You should ______ (set) down I his telephone number yesterday, but you didn't.
3.My uncle has earned lots of money, so I ______ (firm) believe that his business is a success.
4.To be honest, I'm not confident of completing the task ______ (assign) by the manager on time.
5.I have a______ (recommend) that we should turn to others for advice.
6.The app has been updated several times in______ (respond) to the needs of all customers.
7.Our school basketball team was said______ (withdraw) from the competition last month.
8.Many people_______ (firm) believed that a healthy lifestyle can improve the quality of life.
9.Both sides agree______ (apologise) to each other for their impolite behaviour.
10.It is strongly suggested that an adult______ (calm) down in the face of personal conflicts in the workplace.
五、拓展练习
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner. “I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner,” she laughed. “He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’ Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
11.What should Titterton be able to do to be a page turner
A. Read music. B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.
12.Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage
A. Boring. B. Well-paid.
C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
13.What does Titterton need to practise
A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the “nodding”.
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.
14.Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband “the worse page turner”
A. He has very poor eyesight. B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music. D. He forgets to do his job.
15.Swap, Don't shop!
You keep hearing about recycling, right But it doesn't end with bottles, cans, and paper. Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources(资源) to make, and buying loads of new clothing(or throwing out old clothing)is not healthy for the environment. So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you're-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor ①________. It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.
A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes, the organization of the event, and, obviously, how much fun is had. It's really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.
●Invite 5—10 people so you have a nice selection. ②______, and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.
●③_______. They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their "new" clothes home.
●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room. ④_____. Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on. One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.
●Set a starting time. Maybe you say "go," or turn on a certain song, or whatever. ⑤_____. And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!
A. Less people than that
B. Hold a clothing swap
C. If two people are competing
D. Just keep music playing throughout
E. Donate whatever clothes are left over
F. Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots
G. Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition
答案以及解析
1.答案：violently
解析：考查副词。句意：她从未想过他会如此暴跳如雷。根据句意，修饰动词blow up，应用副词violently，作状语，意为“激烈地，强烈地”。故填violently。
2.答案：have set
解析：考查情态动词的用法。句意：你昨天应该 记下他的电话号码，但你没有。分析句意可知，本句 表达本应该做某事而没做，应用should have done形 式。故填have set。
3.答案：firmly
解析：考查副词。空格处修饰动词 believe，应用副 词。故填firmly。句意：我叔叔赚了很多钱，所以我坚 信他的生意是成功的。
4.答案：assigned
解析：考查过去分词。句意：老实说，我对按时完 成经理分配的任务没有把握。句中已有谓语，设空处 应用非谓语动词；设空处作后置定语修饰the task，所 给提示词 assign与the task之间为被动关系，应用过 去分词。故填assigned。
5.答案：recommendation
解析：句意为:我有一个建议,我们应该征求别人的建议。根据句意并分析句子结构可知, 设空处应填写单数名词作宾语。故填 recommendation。
6.答案：response
解析：句意为: 为了满足所有用户的需求, 这款应用软件已经被更新了几次了。in response to 为固定表达, 意为 “作为对……的回应; 为了满足……”。故填 response 。
7.答案：to have withdrawn
解析：句意为: 据说,我们的校篮球队上个月已经退出了比赛。sb is said to have done 意为“据说已经做了……”, 表达不定式表示的动作发生的时间早于句子谓语表示的动作。故填 to have withdrawn。
8.答案：firmly
解析：句意为: 许多人坚信健康的生活方式可以提高生活质量。设空处修饰谓语动词 believed, 应用副词, 作状语。故填 firmly。
9.答案：to apologise
解析：句意为:双方都同意为他们不礼貌的行为向对方道歉。agree to do sth 为固定搭配,意为 “同意做某事”。故填 to apologise。
10.答案：(should) calm
解析：句意为: 强烈建议成年人在工作场合遇到私人冲突的时候冷静(处理)。根据句子成分划分, 设空处在 that 引导的主语从句中作谓语。suggest 意为 “建议”,在 it is suggested that... 句式中, that 引导的从句的谓语须使用 “should+动词原形”, should 可省略。故填(should) calm。;
11.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“but I've learnt to read music(但是我已经学会了识谱）”可知一个翻乐谱的人应该学会识谱，故答案为A项。
12.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中“A lot of skills are needed for the job.(这份工作需要大量的技巧。)”以及下文中的关键信息“have to”和“make sure”可综合推断Titterton在舞台上的工作要求很高，故选C项。boring 没趣的，令人厌倦(或厌烦）的；well-paid 工资高的；dangerous 危险的。
13.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中“and each pianist has their own style of 'nodding' to indicate a page turn(每个钢琴家都有自己的‘点头’风格来示意翻页）”可推断Titterton需要识别钢琴家发出的“点头”信号，才能准确地翻页，故答案为B项。
14.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中“He's interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: 'Turn，turn！' (他对音乐很感兴趣，能感受到每一个音符，我不得不提醒他：‘翻页，翻页！’）”可推断他由于专注于音乐，忘了翻页，故答案为D项。
15.答案：①-⑤BAGFD
解析：①根据上文"So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you're-maybe-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor (那么,该如何处理那些堆在卧室地板上的看起来完好但你可能有点厌倦的衣服呢 )"可知此处提出关于如何解决旧衣物的问题。根据下文"It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.(这是扔掉旧衣服、从朋友那里买衣服、同时开派对的最好方法。)"可知此处提到了具体处理旧衣物的方法,空处应起承上启下的作用,承接上文讲到的问题,启下提出的方法,所以空处应该提出一种处理旧衣物的好方法。B项"Hold a clothing swap.(进行衣物交换。)"给出了一种处理旧衣物的方法,承上启下,符合上下文语境。故选B。
②根据上文"Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.(邀请5到10个人,这样你就有一个很好的选择。)"可知此处说明了应该邀请的人数。根据下文"and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.(可能没有足够的东西可供选择;多于这个数量,它就变得无法控制。)可知多于或少于一定数量的人数将会导致一些麻烦。所以空处应是针对下文中的"more than that ,and it becomes uncontrollable. (超过这个数,就会变得无法控制。)"提出的相反假设。A项"Less people than that(少于这些人)"提出一种假设,和下文中"more than that"相对,说明人数不宜太多,也不能太少,符合上下文语境。故选A。
③空处位于段首,是本段的主旨句。根据下文"They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their "new" clothes home.(他们还应该准备大量的可重复使用的袋子,把他们的"新"衣服带回家。)说明去的时候应该为交换所得的“新衣服”准备袋子,所以空处应该讲对每个来参加交换派对的人所带衣物的要求。G项"Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition.(告诉每个人带来品相完好的衣服。)"说明去参加衣物交换的时候应该带完好的衣服,其中的bring和下文中carry相对,下文中的also也是提示词,并且空后的They指代G项的everyone,概括本段文意,符合上下文语境。故选G。
④根据段首句"Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room.(把不同类型的衣服放在房间的不同地方。)"可知本段主要讲衣服带来以后的相关问题,根据下文"Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on.(在房间周围放几面镜子,这样人们试穿时就能看到衣服的样子。)可知在房间里要放置一面镜子,方便人们试穿衣服,空处承上启下,所以空处应该讲的是在房间里人们对于带来的衣服应该怎么做。F项"Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots.(让每个人的衣服都放在相应的位置上。)"说明每个人应该按照不同类型把衣服摆放在相应的位置,而且F项的spots对应空前的surfaces,符合上下文语境。故选F。
⑤根据上文Set a starting time. Maybe you say "go," or turn on a certain song, or whatever.(设置开始时间。也许你说“开始”,或者打开一首歌,或者无论什么。)可知本段主要讲的是和聚会有关的事情。根据下文"And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!(别忘了拿出一些饼干和水果。记住,这是个派对!)"可知此处讲的是聚会上应该提供一些派对该有的服务。空处承上启下,所以也应该讲述和聚会有关的内容。D项"Just keep music playing throughout.(要始终播放音乐。)"承接上文,启出下文,而且D项中的music对应空前的a certain song,与前文形成意义上的一致,符合上下文语境。故选D。Unit 11 Conflict and Compromise Lesson 1 Living in a Community—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
n. 折中，妥协 ____________
n. 不便，麻烦 ____________
v. 打包 ____________
v. 把……塞住 ____________
v. 停止，终止，结束 ____________
n. 齐声；副歌；合唱团 ____________
adj. 有偏见的，有成见的，歧视的 ____________
adv. (非正式)尽管如此；至少 ____________
n. 边缘，外围 ____________
n. (男装)裁缝 ____________
n. 暴力行为，暴力 ____________
n. 士兵，军人 ____________
二、重点短语
暴露于；和……接触 ________________________
被逼疯 ________________________
偏见 ________________________
整理床铺 ________________________
摆脱 ________________________
吹灭蜡烛 ________________________
三、知识讲解
...but it's normal to have high expectations when a film of a favourite book is made.
……如果人们最喜欢的书籍被翻拍成电影，他们对电影的期待高，这很正常。
it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。
it is+形容词/ 名词+（for sb.+）不定式短语
Before beginning a hunt, it is wise to ask someone what you are looking for.
在你开始搜寻东西之前，明智的做法是问清你应该找什么。
In terms of the best visiting time, it is appropriate for you to arrive in advance, to be more specific, about 10 minutes earlier.
就最佳访问时间而言，您最好提前到达，更具体地说，大约提前10 分钟到达。
It is also a good opportunity for me to do some voluntary work.
这对我来说也是一个做志愿工作的好机会。
四、基础练习
1.I recalled ______(see) him at a feast once or twice.
2.The police received several ________(complain) about the noise from the square.
3.Secondly, the ______ (convenient) is not a problem if our purpose is to share Chinese culture.
4.I am sorry to have kept you waiting, but I_________(pack) my luggage just now.
5.Going back to work after days of fun is an ______ (annoy) thing for most of us.
6.Taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of ______ (mature).
7.By yesterday, more than forty thousand people had been assigned ______ (support) the disaster area.
8.When you see the ______ (warn) light, turn off the engine immediately.
9.Humour is a more effective defence than ______ (violent) .
10.At last, the lawyer's advice led to the ______ (resolve) of this difficult problem.
五、拓展练习
The last time you got angry, did you stop and listen to what your mind was telling you
Ryan Martin, a psychology professor at UW-Green Bay, has spent his career doing just that. "It turns out the thoughts that we have in response to the first flare (爆发) of anger are what can send us over the edge—or help us control the emotion for the good," Martin says.
"Despite the trouble that it can cause, anger is not actually bad for us. From an evolutionary perspective, it plays an important role in our survival," Martin says. "It helps alert us to the fact that we've been wronged." When your heart starts to pound and your face gets hot, that's anger increasing your blood flow in preparation for a showdown (最后的较量). "It's our fight or flight response, used to energise us to deal with injustice," he explains.
Anger only becomes a problem when we can't manage it. Managing your anger, it turns out, is all about managing your thoughts. While anger may inform us of a threat—even if it's just to our reputation—it's the thoughts following it that determine how we respond. That's why strategies like cognitive behavioural therapy, which teach people healthier thought patterns, can be so successful.
Rather than ignore our anger, Martin wants us to see what our anger is telling us. If anger alerts us to possible injustice, for example, it's not helpful to simply dismiss it. "What I really want is for people to have accurate thoughts, thoughts that accurately reflect what's going on in the world around them," Martin says.
11.What is the purpose of Paragraph 1
A. To introduce the topic. B. To raise a question.
C. To make a comparison. D. To put forward an argument.
12.What is the positive side of anger
A. It makes us full of energy.
B. It urges us to fight with others.
C. It warns us if we are treated unjustly.
D. It helps us survive in a dangerous situation.
13.What can determine our action when we are threatened
A. Our anger. B. Our thoughts.
C. Our determination. D. Our strategies.
14.According to Martin, what should we do when we are angry
A. Seek medical treatment. B. Simply ignore the anger.
C. Focus on the world around us. D. Notice the message anger tells us.
15. It takes time to really get to know someone, but first impressions often determine whether someone is willing to spend more time learning about you. In fact, people's first impressions are made within seven seconds of meeting someone new. ①_____
Show respect. People want to feel respected before they show you the same respect. ②_____ Be sure to treat everyone around you well, because it shows a lot about who you are.
Be enthusiastic. ③_____ Don't be afraid to show that you are interested in someone. In fact, people often see passion(激情) as a charming sign of strength and inspiration. Showing your enthusiasm by smiling or using friendly humor will make you seem easygoing.
④_____ Body language is as important as your words to first impressions. Make sure your posture is good, make strong eye contact and try to express your interest in others.
Try to avoid the bad days. If something unfortunate happens, you don't have to follow a scheduled meeting on the day.⑤_____ Let them know you don't want unfavorable things to affect them. It'll show your ability to communicate effectively.
A. Make others comfortable.
B. Instead, you can set another time.
C. Pay attention to your body language.
D. Show interest in the person you meet.
E. When you go out for dinner, be polite to waiters.
F. Be polite and show manners with "please" and "thank you".
G. Here are some tips on how to make a good first impression.
答案以及解析
1.答案：seeing
解析：考查非谓语，句意：我记得在宴会上见过他一两次，分析句子结构，本句话的谓语动词是recalled，所以空格处要填非谓语动词。recall doing sth表示“想起做过某事”，所以填seeing，做宾语。故答案为seeing。
2.答案：complaints
解析：根据空前的several可知此处需要填名词复数，括号中单词complain，意思为抱怨，名词形式为complaint，变成复数在词尾加s，因此本题答案应该为complaints。
3.答案：inconvenience
解析：考查名词。句意：其次，如果我们的目的是分享中国文化，那么不便就不是问题。由空格 前的the 可知用名词，且由语境可知此处指“不便”， 故填inconvenience。
4.答案：was packing
解析：考查动词时态。句意：对不起，让您久等了，我刚才正在收拾行李。根据just now可知，此处指刚才正在发生的动作，应用过去进行时。故填was packing。
5.答案：annoying
解析：考查形容词。空格处修饰名词thing,应 用-ing结尾的形容词。此处表示“令人烦恼的”，故填 annoying。句意：对我们大多数人来说，在欢乐的日子过后重新回到工作岗位是一件令人烦恼的事情。
6.答案：maturity
解析：考查名词。空格处作介词of的宾语，结合语境可知应用名词。故填maturity。句意：为出问题 的事情承担责任是成熟的标志。
7.答案：to support
解析：考查不定式。assign sb.to do sth.意为 “指派某人做某事”。此处为其被动形式be assigned to do sth.，故用不定式。句意：截至昨天，四万多人已经被派去支援灾区。
8.答案：warning
解析：考查形容词。此处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词 light, warning light 意为“警示灯”。故填 warning。句意：你看到警示灯后就立即关掉引擎。
9.答案：violence
解析：考查名词。句意：幽默是比暴力更有效的 防御武器。由than可知设空处是与Humour进行比 较，应与Humour形式一致，用名词；由语境可知设空处表示“暴力”，故填violence。
10.答案：resolution
解析：考查名词。句意：最后，律师的建议使这个难题得到了解决。由空前的定冠词the可知此处应该使用名词形式。
11.答案： A
解析：推理判断题。在第一段中作者提出一个问题,随后提出本文话题: 我们需要注意愤怒传递给我们的信息。所以第一段的作用是引出主题。故选 A 项。
12.答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的"It helps alert us to the fact that we've been wronged." 可知,在我们被不公平对待时,愤怒可以警示我们。故选 C 项。
13.答案： B
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的 While anger may inform us of a threat-even if it's just to our reputation-it's the thoughts following it that determine how we respond. 可知, 虽然愤怒会告知我们威胁的存在, 但是我们随后的想法决定了我们的反应。故选 B 项。
14.答案： D
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的 Martin wants us to see what our anger is telling us 可知,马丁提醒我们应弄明白愤怒传达给我们的真实信息。故选 D 项。
15.答案：GFDCB
解析：①推理判断题。根据前句In fact, people's first impressions are made within seven seconds of meeting someone new表示“事实上,人们的第一印象是在遇到一个新人的七秒钟之内形成的”,以及后文介绍如何给人留下好的第一印象的方法,可知表示“以下是一些如何给人留下好的第一印象的小贴士”的选项G符合前后的语境,故选G。
②细节理解题。根据前句Show respect. People want to feel respected before they show you the same respect表示“表示尊重。人们希望在对你表现出同样的尊重之前先感受到尊重”,可知表示“要有礼貌,礼貌地说请,谢谢”的选项F符合前后的语境,respect和polite是同义词,故选F。
③细节理解题。根据后句Don't be afraid to show that you are interested in someone表示"不要害怕表现出你对某人感兴趣",可知表示“对你遇到的人表现出兴趣”的选项D符合前后的语境,interested是原词复现,故选D。
④主旨大意题。根据后句Body language is as important as your words to first impressions表示“对第一印象来说,身体语言和你的话一样重要”,可知表示“注意你的肢体语言”的选项C符合本段的主题,Body language是原词复现,故选C。
⑤推理判断题。根据前句If something unfortunate happens, you don't have to follow a scheduled meeting on the day表示“如果有什么不幸的事情发生,你就不必去参加当天的会议”,可知表示“你可以另定时间”的选项B符合前后的语境,don't have to follow是关键词,故选B。Unit 11 Conflict and Compromise Writing Workshop—高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册课前导学
一、重点单词
v. 谈判，协商 ____________
v. 解决(问题、困难) ____________
v. 发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物) ____________
v. 分配，分派，指派(任务) ____________
adj. 内疚的，惭愧的 ____________
n. 警告，警示；告诫 ____________
n. 惊恐，惶恐，惊慌 ____________
v. 禁止，取缔 ____________
adj. 讨厌的，令人气恼的 ____________
v. (使)退出(活动、组织等) ____________
n. 代表，代理人 ____________
v. 作出结论，推断出 ____________
n. 请求，要求 ____________
二、重点短语
根据某人的观点 ________________________
例如 ________________________
更进一步 ________________________
不太可能 ________________________
总之 ________________________
意见性文章/评论性文章 ________________________
导致；结果 ________________________
带来；引起 ________________________
有利于；有益于 ________________________
三、知识讲解
1. ... they are much less likely to try to copy their behaviour.
……他们很可能就不会去模仿他们的行为。
Sb. be likely to do sth.
"Sb. be likely to do sth."意为"某人可能做某事"，可与"It's likely that sb do(es) sth."作同义转换。
She is likely to adopt that child.
= It's likely that she adopts that child.
她可能收养那个孩子。
"It's likely that sb do(es) sth."结构中，It 是形式主语，替代 that 从句。
likely，possible 与 probable
可能性大小：probable > likely > possible
表示“某人可能做某事”:
Sb be likely to do sth.
It is possible (for sb.) to do sth.
It is likely/ possible/probable + that sb...
她有可能通过这次考试。
She is likely to pass the exam.
It is possible for her to pass the exam.
It is likely/possible/probable that she will pass the exam.
2. A reason why people are against the idea is that making the products creates jobs and brings in large amounts of tax.
人们反对这个想法的一个原因是，制造这些产品可以创造就业机会，并带来大量的税收。
此句为主从复合句，why 引导定语从句，that 引导表语从句。此句式常遵循"The reason why...is that..."结构，意为"……的原因是……"。
表语从句的特殊句式
（1）The reason why...is that... ……的原因是……（why引导定语从句，修饰 the reason，that 引导表语从句）
（2）This/That/It is because... 这 / 那是因为……（because引导表语从句，从句表原因）
（3）This/That/It is why... 这 / 那就是……的原因。（why引导表语从句，从句表结果）
The reason why he didn't come is that he had not received the invitation.
他没来的原因是他没有收到请柬。
The woman was weeping bitterly. That's because her son was drowned in a river.
那个女人痛哭流涕，那是因为她的儿子在河中溺亡了。（先果后因）
The woman's son was drowned in a river. That's why she was weeping bitterly.
那个女人的儿子在河中溺亡了，那就是她痛哭流涕的原因。（先因后果）
3. The money invested in making these unhealthy products could be used for more worthwhile businesses, such as those that improve our environment.
投资在制造这些不健康产品上的钱可以拿来做更值得的事，例如改善环境。
句子主干为The money...could be used for more worthwhile businesses，其中invested in making these unhealthy products 为过去分词短语作定语。
过去分词（短语）作定语
过去分词（短语）作定语时的位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前；过去分词短语作定语时，常放在被修饰词之后， 它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
I was requested to carry out a plan supported by most people.
=I was requested to carry out a plan which was supported by most people.
我被要求执行一个大多数人支持的计划。
（1）有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上往往放在被修饰词之后。
There is little time left. Let’s hurry up.
剩余的时间不多了，我们抓紧吧。
（2）过去分词修饰代词时，应放在被修饰词之后。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些受邀者之一。
（3）有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置的意义不同。试比较：
This is a used car.
这是一辆二手车。
The method used is very efficient.
所用的这个方法很有效。
过去分词作定语的意义
（1）不及物动词：只表示完成，不表示被动
a retired teacher 退休教师　　　　　　
fallen leaves 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
（2）及物动词：表示被动和完成
an honoured guest 一位受尊敬的客人
deeply moved people 深受感动的人们
the broken glass 碎了的杯子
the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题
四、基础练习
1.Oh, thank you. I have made a complete_________(recover).
2.Walking or running every morning is ____________ (benefit) to your health.
3.No matter how well you hide your food, the _____ (greed) mice will always find it easily.
4.Both sides consider it _____ (desire) to further the understanding between the two countries peoples.
5.In _____ (conclude), more and more people fall in love with the Chinese language and culture.
6.Visitors are banned from______ (take) photos, and anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.
7.It is our responsibility to have the household garbage______ (sort) before throwing it.
8.It is requested that all the surveys______ (carry) out exactly as scheduled.
9.This company has an urgent desire______ (keep) pace with the development of high technology in the world.
10.I told him how______ (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options.
五、拓展练习
Besides "wow" and "great", what else would you say when flying over the Earth in space Samantha Cristoforetti, the first Italian female astronaut in space, posted several lines of a famous ancient Chinese composition on Twitter to share her joy.
She first wrote in Chinese, and then attached an accurate translation of the lines in both Italian and English to help more people understand. "Looking up, I see the immensity of the cosmos; bowing my head, I look at the multitude of the world. The gaze flies, the heart expands, the joy of the senses can reach its peak, and indeed, this is true happiness," it says. Two days before she landed on Earth, the beauty of space and Chinese literature resonated on her Twitter account. Before long, her posts went viral on Twitter with thousands of retweets, likes and replies.
The text she quoted is from the Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion, a Chinese calligraphy masterpiece by Wang Xizhi (303-361) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420). She also attached three photos taken in space of China's Bohai Bay and the day-night view of Beijing. "The poem and views are both magnificent as well as healing. If everyone could enjoy the same sight, a lot of pain in the world would be 'dissipated'," one user comments.
As the first Italian female astronaut in space, Cristoforetti carried out her first space mission on Nov 23, 2014. In 2022, she started the second mission in April and returned to Earth on Friday night after a 127-day stay in orbit.
Cristoforetti has also been active in Sino-European cooperation in the field of manned spaceflight. She was a working group member with Chinese counterparts to define and implement cooperation in the field of astronaut operations. When not traveling for work, she is an eager reader and has a great passion for languages. Speaking clear Chinese, Cristoforetti once told the media that the teams from China and Europe were working very well together in the field of astronaut training.
11.What is the result of Cristoforetti's post online
A. The birth of a masterpiece.
B. A trend of journey to space.
C. An instant hot issue on Twitter.
D. Different translations of the lines.
12.Which word below can be used to replace the underlined word "dissipated" in Paragraph 3
A. Relieved. B. Caused. C. Increased. D. Recognized.
13.What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. Cristoforetti's devotion to her career.
B. Cristoforetti's language learning strategies.
C. The leadership Cristoforetti plays in her team.
D. The possible motivation for Cristoforetti's post.
14.What can be the best title of the passage
A. A female astronaut becomes online star
B. A Chinese poem gets popular abroad
C. Literature conveys the beauty of space
D. An Italian astronaut promotes Sino-European cooperation
15.If you just want to come up with a fun idea that will generate enthusiasm for your community group, we have five worthy suggestions.
●①_______
Getting all your neighbors together for an afternoon or an evening on weekends can help you develop more than a nodding acquaintance with them. This is a bit simple, but things like picking a location, sending out invitations and arranging for food follow pretty organically once you start setting up strategy.
●Hold a hobby show
②_______, from face painting to woodcarving, and most are willing to share their works. From conducting a cooking contest in the public kitchen to putting on a dance show, there are hundreds of ways that you can make your neighbors show their hobbies.
●Host a nature walk
Hosting a nature walk around a neighborhood park is a good way to educate the community about green practices and conservation. ③____ ____. In this activity neighbors actively join in the identification of the trees, birds, insects, and other wildlife you share space with.
●Hold a pumpkin painting contest
In fall, pumpkin carving is a big contest. This year, instead of slicing those orange globes into scary shapes, hold a kid-focused pumpkin decorating day. ④___ ____. For the grownups, prepare a couple of face painting booths and let a professional to help.
●Have a treasure hunt
A treasure hunt gets people thinking creatively and actively engaged in the hunt. We really love this idea because it can be an indoor or outdoor activity, so it's a year-round option. All you need is some gifts, a hiding place and mysterious clues. You just place a flag where the treasure should be. ⑤___ ____.
A. Throw a community party
B. Everyone has a personal interest
C. Turn to neighbors in your community
D. It also helps identify some regional creatures
E. The carving contest is more suitable for grownups
F. The winner can use it to claim his prize and get the glory
G. Kids can become pumpkin reinvention masters with adults' help
答案以及解析
1.答案：recovery
解析：设空在句中做宾语，recover的名词为recovery。
2.答案：beneficial
解析：考查形容词。句意：每天早上散步或跑步对你的健康有益。分析句子结构可知，空前是系动词，所以空处应用形容词做表语，benefit的形容词是beneficial。故填 beneficial。
3.答案：greedy
解析：考查形容词。根据空后的名词mice可知， 此处应用形容词作定语；由语境可知此处表示“贪婪 的，贪心的”，故填greedy。
4.答案：desirable
解析：考查形容词。句意：双方都认为增进两国 人民之间的了解是可取的。本句使用了“consider+宾语+宾补”结构，其中代词it为形式宾语，后边的不定式短语“to further the understanding between the two countries' peoples”为真正的宾语，设空处为宾语补足 语。由语境可知设空处表示“可取的，值得做的”，应 用形容词desirable。
5.答案：conclusion
解析：考查名词。根据空前的介词In可知，此处应用名词，与In组成介词短语。in conclusion 总之。
6.答案：taking
解析：句意为: 游客禁止拍照,任何违反规定的人都将受到惩罚。ban sb from doing sth 为固定搭配,意为“禁止某人做某事”。故填 taking。
7.答案：sorted
解析：句意为: 扔家庭垃圾之前先将它进行分类, 是我们每个人的职责。此处为 “have+宾语+宾补”结构, sort 和 the household garbage 之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故使用其过去分词形式作宾补。故填 sorted。
8.答案：(should) be carried
解析：句意为:所有的调查要求严格按照原计划进行。在 it is requested that... 句型中, that 引导的从句需要使用虚拟语气, 从句谓语用 “should+动词原形”, should 可省略。carry 与 all the surveys 之间为被动关系, 应用被动语态,故填(should) be carried。
9.答案：to keep
解析：句意为:这家公司迫切希望跟上世界高科技发展的步伐。have a desire to do sth 为固定搭配, 意为“有做某事的欲望”。故填 to keep。
10.答案：harmful
解析：句意为: 我告诉他塑料对环境的危害有多大, 并让他考虑一下更加环保的选择。分析句子结构可知, told 的直接宾语为一个从句, 该从句为感叹句 (how +adj.+主语+系动词+其他),故设空处应用形容词。故填 harmful。
11.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Two days before she landed on Earth, the beauty of space and Chinese literature resonated on her Twitter account. Before long, her posts went viral on Twitter with thousands of retweets, likes and replies.(在她登陆地球的前两天，太空之美和中国文学在她的推特账户上引起了共鸣。不久，她的帖子就在推特上疯传，被转发、点赞和回复了数千次)"可知，Cristoforetti在推特上的帖子立即成为热门话题。故选C。
12.答案：A
解析：词句猜测题。根据划线词上文"The poem and views are both magnificent as well as healing.(这首诗和风景既壮丽又治愈)"可知，这首诗和风景很治愈，所以如果每个人都能欣赏到同样的景象，那么世界上的许多痛苦就会"缓解"。由此可知，划线词dissipated与relieved"缓解，治愈"意思接近。故选A。
13.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"When not traveling for work, she is an eager reader and has a great passion for languages. Speaking clear Chinese, Cristoforetti once told the media that the teams from China and Europe were working very well together in the field of astronaut training.(在不出差的时候，她热衷于阅读，对语言有着极大的热情。克里斯托弗雷蒂曾用一口流利的中文告诉媒体，中国和欧洲的团队在宇航员训练领域合作得非常好)"可知，克里斯托弗雷蒂和中国的宇航员合作的很好，而且是一个热衷阅读的语言爱好者。由此推知，这也许就是她发这个帖子的初衷。故选D。
14.答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段中的"Samantha Cristoforetti, the first Italian female astronaut in space, posted several lines of a famous ancient Chinese composition on Twitter to share her joy.(第一位进入太空的意大利女宇航员萨曼莎·克里斯托弗雷蒂在推特上发布了几行中国古代名曲来分享她的喜悦)"及下文陈述可知，文章主要讲述了一位意大利女性宇航员将中国一首诗歌放在网上，得到众多网友的喜爱和转发。由此可知，A female astronaut becomes online star(一名女宇航员变成网络明星)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A。
15.答案：①-⑤ABDGF
解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个有趣的点子，为社区团体带来热情。
①根据下文每段的小标题可知，空格处句子是一个祈使句。根据下文"Getting all your neighbors together for an afternoon or an evening on weekends can help you develop more than a nodding acquaintance with them.(周末让你所有的邻居聚在一起度过一个下午或一个晚上，不仅可以帮助你与他们点头之交)"可知，本段主要是建议举办社区聚会。A项"Throw a community party(举办一个社区聚会)"符合文意。故选A。
②根据本段小标题"Hold a hobby show(举办一个爱好展)"以及下文"from face painting to woodcarving, and most are willing to share their works.(从面部绘画到木雕，大多数人都愿意分享他们的作品)"可知，本段主要建议举行业余爱好表演。B项"Everyone has a personal interest(每个人都有自己的兴趣)"符合文意。故选B。
③根据上文"Hosting a nature walk around a neighborhood park is a good way to educate the community about green practices and conservation.(在社区公园周围举办一次自然漫步是教育社区绿色实践和保护的好方法)"可知，上文介绍了在社区公园周围举办一次自然漫步的好处，D项"It also helps identify some regional creatures(它也有助于识别一些地区生物)"进一步补充另一个好处，衔接自然，符合文意。故选D。
④根据本段小标题"Hold a pumpkin painting contest"可知，本段建议举办南瓜绘画比赛。下文"For the grownups, prepare a couple of face painting booths and let a professional to help.(为成年人准备几个面部彩绘间，让专业人士帮忙)"介绍成年人如何参与这项活动。G项"Kids can become pumpkin reinvention masters with adults' help(孩子们可以在大人的帮助下成为南瓜再造大师)"介绍孩子如何参与活动，符合文意。故选G。
⑤根据本段小标题"Have a treasure hunt"可知，本段建议进行寻宝活动。F项"The winner can use it to claim his prize and get the glory(获胜者可以用它来领取奖品并获得荣誉)"与本段话题有关，符合文意。故选F。

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