资源简介 2025届初三中考英语 二轮复习 语法专题形容词和副词 知识点梳理第一部分:形容词英语形容词是用于描述名词或代词性质、状态、特征的词类。 一、定义与基本功能 形容词(adjective,简称adj.)用于修饰名词或代词,表示事物的性质、状态、特征或属性。例如:作定语:a beautiful flower(美丽的花)作表语:The story is interesting(这个故事很有趣)作补语:We found the task challenging(我们发现任务很有挑战性) 二、分类与结构按意义分类性质形容词:描述固有特征(如big, kind),有比较级和最高级类属形容词:说明类别(如national, mental),无比较级颜色形容词:直接表示颜色(如red, blue)动态形容词:描述暂时状态(如brave, nervous),可用于进行时和祈使句静态形容词:描述固有属性(如round, wooden),不可用进行时按结构分类简单形容词:单个词(如happy, cold)复合形容词:多个词组合(如five-year plan,well-known writer)常见结构:数词+名词(a three-week trip)形容词+名词+ed(warm-hearted person)副词+过去分词(newly-built library) 三、位置与顺序规则前置定语顺序口诀:限定词→观点→大小/长短→形状→新旧→颜色→国籍→材料→用途示例:a lovely little old rectangular green French silver gardening knife后置定语情况修饰复合不定代词时(something important)部分表语形容词(如alive, afraid)需后置 四、比较级与最高级构成规则单音节词:加-er/-est(fast→faster→fastest)以-e结尾:加-r/-st(large→larger→largest)辅音+y结尾:变y为i加-er/-est(happy→happier→happiest)重读闭音节:双写末尾辅音(big→bigger→biggest)不规则变化:good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstlittle→less→least用法:同级比较:as...as(She is as tall as me)比较级:than(This book is more interesting than that one)最高级:the+最高级+范围(He is the smartest in the class) 五、易错点与特殊用法-ed与-ing形容词区别-ing表主动(exciting news)-ed表被动(excited students)动态形容词的特殊性可搭配进行时态:He is being brave now2复合形容词不可作表语错误:The plan is five-year正确:The plan is five years long 六、高频形容词示例观点类:amazing, terrible, perfect颜色类:purple, golden, pink动态类:cheerful, noisy, patient七、特殊用法与注意事项表语形容词:仅用于系动词后,如 alone, afraid, asleep。例:She is alone.(√)→ 不能说 an alone person(×),需用 lonely(定语)。分词形容词:-ing 表主动(事物特性):a boring lecture(无聊的讲座)。-ed表被动(人的感受):the bored students(感到无聊的学生)。易混淆形容词:economic(经济的) vs. economical(节俭的) historic(有历史意义的) vs. historical(历史上的)形容词思维导图: 第二部分:副词副词(Adverb简称adv.)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,用于说明动作的方式、时间、地点、程度、频率等。一、副词的功能1. 修饰动词 - She **quickly** finished her homework. (说明动作“完成”的速度) 2. 修饰形容词 - The test was extremely difficult. (说明形容词“difficult”的程度) 3. 修饰其他副词 - He ran incredibly fast. (说明副词“fast”的程度) 4. 修饰整个句子 - Fortunately, no one was hurt. (表达说话者的态度或评价)二、副词的分类1. 方式副词(Adverbs of Manner) 表示动作如何发生,常以 -ly 结尾。 - 例:slowly, carefully, happily - She spoke softly. 2. 时间副词(Adverbs of Time) 表示动作发生的时间。 -例:now, yesterday, soon, already - They will leave tomorrow. 3. 地点副词(Adverbs of Place) 表示动作发生的地点或方向。 - 例:here, there, everywhere, upstairs -The cat is hiding underneath. 4. 频率副词(Adverbs of Frequency) 表示动作发生的频率。 - 例:always, often, rarely, never - He usually eats breakfast at 7 AM. 5. 程度副词(Adverbs of Degree) 修饰形容词或副词,表示程度。 - 例:very, too, quite, almost - It is extremely hot today. 6. 疑问副词(Interrogative Adverbs) 用于引导疑问句。 - 例:when, where, why, how - Why are you late 7. 连接副词(Conjunctive Adverbs) 连接句子或从句,表达逻辑关系。 - 例:however, therefore, moreover - She studied hard; therefore, she passed. ---三、副词的位置1. 方式/地点/时间副词 通常放在句尾,顺序为:方式 → 地点 → 时间。 - He drove carefully(方式) to the office (地点) this morning (时间). 2. 频率副词 放在实义动词前,助动词/be动词后。 - She often reads books. - He is always late. 3. 程度副词 通常直接放在被修饰的词前。 - The movie was very interesting. 4. 修饰整句的副词 常放在句首,用逗号隔开。 - Clearly, this plan needs improvement. 四、副词的比较级和最高级1. 规则变化 - 单音节副词:加 -er/-est - fast → faster → fastest - 多音节副词:加 more/most - carefully → more carefully → most carefully 2. 不规则变化 - well → better → best - badly → worse → worst - little → less → least 五、常见易混淆点1. 形容词 vs. 副词 - 形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词/形容词/其他副词。 - He is a quick(形容词) runner. - He runs quickly (副词). 2. 以 -ly 结尾的形容词 并非所有以 -ly 结尾的词都是副词,有些是形容词: - friendly(友好的), lonely(孤独的), lovely(可爱的) 3. 副词位置影响句意 - Only I love you.(只有我爱你) - I only love you.(我只爱你) 4. hard(努力地)vs. hardly(几乎不): - He works hard.(他努力工作) - He hardly sleeps.(他几乎不睡觉)。 5. close(靠近地) vs. closely(密切地): - Sit close to me.(坐近些) - Watch closely.(仔细观察)。 6. late(迟) vs. lately(最近): - She arrived late.(她迟到了) - I’ve been busy lately.(我最近很忙)。六、常用副词列表| 类型 | 例子 || 方式 | slowly, happily, angrily || 时间 | now, later, recently || 地点 | here, there, nearby || 频率 | always,sometimes, never || 程度 | very, too, almost || 疑问 | when, where, how || 连接 |however,therefore, meanwhile |副词思维导图: 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览