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(共76张PPT)
第十四章　复合句
【复习要求】
1.运用宾语从句。
2.理解主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
3.定语从句
(1)运用以who,which,that引导的定语从句;
(2)运用以when,where,why引导的定语从句。
【知识要点】
包含一个主句和一个或一个以上从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。根据从句在整个句子中的不同作用,可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句六类。由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在句中的功用相当于名词,故而这四种又统称为名词性从句。
一、名词性从句
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
从属连词:that,whether,if(从属连词不充当从句的任何成分)。
连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which。
连接副词:when,where,how,why。
1.主语从句
主语从句在句中作主语,它的位置与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同。如:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。
Whether he will accept the invitation is not clear.
他是否接受邀请还不清楚。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
这事对我们有益还是有害还有待观察。
Who did the work is unknown.
这件工作是谁做的还不知道。
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
我们在什么地方做这个测验还在讨论中。
主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得比较笨重,因此常把它移至句子末尾,而用代词it作形式上的主语。其中that引导的主语从句用it作形式主语尤为多见。如:
It is strange that she did not come yesterday.
很奇怪,她昨天没有来。
It is a pity that Mr.Brown can’t attend our English meeting.
真可惜,布朗先生不能出席我们的英语会议。
2.表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语,它位于主句中的连系动词之后。结构为:主语+连系动词+表语从句。常用的这类连系动词有be,seem,remain,look等。如:
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
我的建议是你该好好利用你的时间。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
这就是她昨天请假的原因。
表语从句还可由as if/as though,because,as引导。如:
It looks as if it is going to snow.
看起来天要下雪。
It is because he doesn’t know her.
这是由于他不认识她。
Things are not always as they seem to be.
事物并不总是如其表象。
3.同位语从句
同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释或说明。这些名词往往是抽象名词。如:fact,suggestion,idea,news,answer,belief,advice,dream等。如:
We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
听到中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息,我们非常激动。
同位语从句通常由that引导,但随着与其同位的名词不同,也可由whether,when,which,who,how,what,why等引出。如:
The question,whether we need it,has not yet been considered.
我们是否需要它,这个问题还没有考虑。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何时回来。
It is very difficult to answer your question how I did it.
很难回答你提出的我是怎样做的这个问题。
4.宾语从句
宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词和非限定动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)以及某些形容词的宾语。如:
I know that he is friendly and honest.
我知道他很友好而且诚实。(由连接代词引导作动词的宾语)
Do you know when we shall have a meeting
你知道我们什么时候开会吗 (由连接副词引导作动词的宾语)
He was interested in whatever he saw there.
他对在那里看到的一切都很感兴趣。(作介词的宾语)
I was surprised at what he said.
他讲的话使我吃惊。(作介词的宾语)
从句可作有些形容词如:sure,certain,glad,sorry,happy,afraid,
confident,surprised,lucky 等的宾语。如:
I’m sure that she will come and join us.
我相信她会来参加我们的活动。
I am not certain whether(if)the train will arrive on time.
我没有把握火车是否会准点到达。
二、定语从句
定语从句在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。常见的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,
which等;关系副词有when,where,why等。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。如:
This is the comrade who wants to see you.
这就是那位想见你的同志。
Who’s the man(whom)you just talked to
刚才跟你谈话的人是谁
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there
在那边读报的人是谁
(2)whose用来指人或物(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。如:
She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.
请把那本绿色封面的书递给我。
(3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
Is this the photo(that)you took last summer
这是你去年夏天照的相片吗
The computer(which)I wanted to buy was sold out.
我想买的那种计算机卖完了。
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。如:
I shall never forget the day when(on which)we moved into our new house.我将永远不会忘记我们搬进新家的那一天。
This is the place where(at which)Jack parks his car.
这是杰克停车的地方。
He didn’t know the reason why(for which)he was dismissed.
他不知道他被解雇的原因。
3.限制性和非限制性定语从句
(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种,限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如:
The day on which one is born is one’s birthday.
某人出生的那一天是他的生日。(限制性定语从句)
Last night I saw a very good film,which was about a superman.
昨晚,我看了一个很好的电影,是有关超人的。(非限制性定语从句)
(2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰。从句由as或which引导,其中as可以放在主句的前面或者后面,但which只能放在主句的后面,这时从句谓语动词要用单数。如:
She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子很有耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
As has been said before,we have no time to go over the text.
正如前面所说的,我们没有时间复习课文。
注意:定语从句中,关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句;介词后面的关系词不能省略;that前不能有介词;某些在从句中充当时间或地点状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when或where互换。如:
This is the bridge on which you took photos.
→This is the bridge where you took photos.
I still remember the day when I first came here.
→I still remember the day on which I first came here.
4.关系代词that的用法
(1)不能用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句不能用that。如:
The film,which we saw last night,was very wonderful.
我们昨晚看的电影很精彩。
②介词后的关系词不能用that。如:
This is the room in which he once lived.
这是他曾经住过的房间。
(2)只能用that作为引导定语从句的关系代词的情况
①在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,
little等作先行词或先行词有the only,the very修饰时。如:
Is there anything that I can do for you
We think he is the only person that can do the work well.
②先行词被序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时。如:
Hangzhou is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
③先行词既有人,又有物时。如:
Then we talked about the school and the teachers that we remembered in our hearts.
三、状语从句
复合句中,用来修饰谓语(或其他动词)、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句在句中起状语的作用。状语从句有表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步等的从句。
1.时间状语从句
时间状语从句常用when,as,while,after,before,since,as soon as,until等连词引导,如:
I was reading the newspaper when he came in.
他进来的时候我正在看报纸。
As they walked along,the students sang happily.
学生们一边走一边高兴地唱着歌。
I didn’t know any English before I came here.
我来这儿以前一点儿英语也不懂。
After he left school,he went to Tibet.他离开学校后到西藏去了。
It is 20 years since he joined the army.他参军已有20年了。
As soon as she came to the classroom,she began to read English.
她一进教室就开始读英语。
They didn’t come back until it was dark.他们直到天黑才回来。
Tom watched TV while he ate his supper.汤姆边吃晚饭边看电视。
2.地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导,在从句中充当地点状语。如:
We will go where we are most needed by the country.
我们要到祖国最需要我们的地方去。
Wherever you are,you should work for the people heart and soul.
无论你在哪里,你都应该全心全意为人民服务。
3.原因状语从句
原因状语从句常用because,since,as引导,其中because语势最强,用来说明为人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知时,就用as或since。如:
He didn’t come yesterday because he wasn’t well.
昨天他因为身体不舒服,没有来。
As we were tired,we took a rest.
由于我们累了,我们休息了一下。
Since he can’t answer the question,let’s ask someone else.
既然他不能回答这个问题,我们就问别人吧。
4.结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so...that...或such...that...引导。so...that...与such...that...之间可以转换,如:
He didn’t take his raincoat so that he got wet all over.
他没有带雨衣,结果全身湿透了。
The Dead Sea is so salty that fish can’t live in it.
死海里的水盐分含量很高,鱼都无法生存。
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
这个箱子太大了,没有人能搬动它。
5.目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that,so that,in order that,in case等引导。如:
He got up early so that he might catch the school bus.
他很早起床,以便赶上校车。
She did the exercise carefully in order that she wouldn’t make any mistake.
她认真做练习,为的是不出错。
6.条件状语从句
条件状语从句的连接词主要有if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that等。如:
I’ll be happy if you come to the party.
如果你来参加聚会,我会很高兴的。
You wouldn’t succeed unless you work hard.
除非你努力,否则你不会成功的。
7.比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般由than,as...as...,not so/as...as...和the+形容词比较级/副词比较级...,+the+形容词比较级/副词比较级...等引导。
She likes reading better than she likes going to parties.
比起参加聚会,她更喜欢读书。
I hope she will make as much progress as you have done.
我希望她将取得和你同样多的进步。
The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。
8.方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as,as if,as though,the way引导。如:
As water is to fish,so air is to man.人离不开空气,就像鱼儿离不开水。
as if和as though两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反;有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”。如:
They looked at me as if(as though) I were mad.
他们看着我,好像我发疯了似的。
It looks as if(as though) the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来的。
9.让步状语从句
让步状语从句常由though,although,even if,even though等连词引导。如:
Although he is young,he knows more than others.
虽然他年轻,但他比别人懂得多。
We will try our best even if/even though we may fail.
虽然我们可能会失败,但我们将尽最大的努力。
四、直接引语和间接引语
直接引语和间接引语是引述他人的话所采用的两种形式。直接引语是原封不动地引用他人的话,并将其置于引号之内,即使是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句也均不变,即按其原来的疑问句形式引用。间接引语是用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不能用引号。如果转述疑问句,不能用原疑问句形式,要用“疑问词+陈述句”语序。直接引语变为间接引语多数情况下构成一个宾语从句。如:
He said,“I am going to Paris with my wife.”
他说:“我要和我妻子去巴黎。”(直接引语)
He said he was going to Pairs with his wife.
他说他要和他妻子去巴黎。(间接引语)
He said to me,“You have to improve your working methods.”
他对我说:“你必须改进工作方法。”(直接引语)
He told me that I had to improve my working methods.
他告诉我必须改进工作方法。(间接引语)
直接引语变为间接引语时应注意的问题
直接引语变为间接引语,无论何类句子,其时态、人称代词、物主代词、表示时间和地点的词语一般情况下都必须作某些相应的变化。
1.陈述句
直接引语是陈述句,转述为间接引语时,成为一个由连词that
(口语中可省去)引导的宾语从句。同时,原句的时态、人称代词、物主代词、时间状语和地点状语等均需作相应变化。
(1)人称代词、指示代词和物主代词的变化
— 直接引语 间接引语
人称代词 第一和第三人称(单复数)、第二人称 第三人称(单复数)、
第一人称
指示代词 this
these that
those
物主代词 my
our his/her
their
如:She said,“My name is Anne.”
她说:“我叫安妮。”
→She said that her name was Anne.
她说她叫安妮。
(2)各种时态的变化
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 　一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 　过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时(不变)
将来进行时 　过去将来进行时
can,may,must,
ought to,needn’t could,might,must(had to),ought to,
didn’t have(need)to
shall,will should,would
如:She said,“My name is Anne.”
她说:“我叫安妮。”
→She said that her name was Anne.
她说她叫安妮。
(3)时间状语及地点状语的变化
— 直接引语 间接引语
时
间
状
语 today
this morning(week,month,etc.)
yesterday
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week(month,year) that day
that morning(week,month,etc.)
the day before
two days before
the next(following)day
two days after
the next week(month,year)
地点
状语 here,there
(注:如果说话人所处之地即为引述人所处之地,可不变)
动词 come go
如:She said,“ I will come here this afternoon.”
她说:“今天下午我将到这里。”
→She said that she would go there that afternoon.
她说她那天下午将去那里。
2.疑问句
间接引语中引述疑问句时,除上述陈述句变化的特点必须注意外,还必须注意其独有的变化。
如:“Have you already sent the letter ” he asked me.
他问我:“你寄那封信了吗 ”
→He asked me whether(if)I had already sent the letter.
他问我是否寄了那封信。
直接引语 间接引语
一般疑问句
选择疑问句
反义疑问句
特殊疑问句 常用whether(if)+陈述句语序
用whether+陈述句语序
用whether(if)+陈述句语序
直接引语中的疑问词+陈述句语序
3.祈使句
祈使句变为间接引语时,常将祈使句变为一个简单句,常用“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(动词不定式)”这个句型,若直接引语是否定句,则在宾补前加not。常用于该句型的谓语动词有:ask,order,
tell,beg等。
The teacher said to the boy,“(Don’t)Open the window.”
老师跟这男孩说:“请(不要)开窗户。”
The teacher told the boy(not)to open the window.
老师叫这男孩(不要)开窗户。
【例题解析】
(　　)1.The lab　　　　the chemist often does experiments is not far from here.
A.what B.that C.which D.where
【答案】　D
【解析】　关系副词where引导定语从句并充当从句中的地点状语,所以正确答案应为D。
(　　)2.Though the family was poor,the parents did all　　　 they could to send him to school.
A.what B.which C.as D./
【答案】　D
【解析】　该题考查的是定语从句。在不定代词all,nothing,
anything,little等作先行词时,后面的定语从句只能用that引导。本句的定语从句中,that作宾语,所以可以省略。答案是D。
(　　)3.The news　　　　he got the first prize was true.
A.which B.what C.that D.for
【答案】　C
【解析】　本句考查的是同位语从句。句中he got the first prize 是对the news的内容的解释和说明。that是连接词,在从句中不作语法成分。
(　　)4.We wonder　　　　he will agree with us or not.
A.if B.whether C.that D.which
【答案】　B
【解析】　本句考查的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中,如果后面有or not,一般要用whether,所以答案是B。
(　　)5.It is known to all　　　　Liu Xiang is a hero.
A.what B.whether or not
C.that D.when
【答案】　C
【解析】　本句考查的是主语从句。其中是it形式主语,从句是真正的主语,that是连接词,答案是C。
【同步精练】
(　　)1.　　　　he got the first prize is known.
A.That B.Those C.What D.Whether
【答案】 A
【解析】 that 引导的一个主语从句,引导词在从句中不充当成分,无意义,只起一个语法作用。
(　　)2.Miss Gao always gives the red flowers to　　　　answers the question first.
A.whoever B.whomever C.who D.that
【答案】 A
【解析】whoever引导一个介词宾语从句,该引导词在从句中充当主语。
(　　)3.I have never been to Rome,but that’s the city　　　　.
A.where I most like to visit
B.I’d most like to visit
C.I like to visit it most
D.which I like to visit it most
【答案】 B
【解析】该题考查的是定语从句,引导词that/which 在从句中充当宾语,在该句中省略。
(　　)4.All　　　　is his hard working.
A.what is needed B.that is needed
C.which is needed D.is needed
【答案】 B
【解析】 all 后面所接的是一个定语从句,引导词在从句中充当主语。由于all是不定代词,所以引导词只能是that。
(　　)5.The town　　　　my father grew up in is not far from here.
A.what B.where C.wherever D.which
【答案】 D
【解析】该题考查的是定语从句,由于从句中有了介词in,所以引导词选which,在从句中充当介词in 的宾语。
(　　)6.The problem is　　　　will go.
A.why B.when C.who D.what
【答案】 C
【解析】该题考查的是表语从句。根据从句中的意思得知主语应该是人,即引导词在从句中作主语。
(　　)7.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,　　　　made others unhappy.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
【答案】 D
【解析】该题考查的是非限制性的定语从句,引导词which指代的是前面整个句子。
(　　)8.　　　　is known to the world,Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A.That B.Which C.As D.It
【答案】 C
【解析】该题考查的是as 引导的非限制性的定语从句。
(　　)9.The reason he was late is　　　　his clock didn’t give the alarm.
A.because B.due to C.since D.that
【答案】 D
【解析】句型:The reason (why)...is that...。
(　　)10.I have a lot of friends,　　　　are students.
A.some of which B.some of them
C.some of whom D.some of that
【答案】 C
【解析】该题考查的是非限制性的定语从句,引导词前有介词的情况只有两种: 指人,介词+whom;指物,介词+which。
(　　)11.—“I will never be late for class.” He said to me.
—He said to me that he 　　　　be late for class.
A.will never B.never will
C.should never D.would never
【答案】 D
【解析】在间接引语的句子中,谓语动词要根据主句的谓语而变。直接引语中为一般将来时,变为间接引语时要变为过去将来时。
(　　)12.Give me your telephone number 　　　　I need your help.
A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case
【答案】 D
【解析】 whether引导名词性从句,“是否”; unless引导条件状语从句,“除非”; so that 引导目的和结果状语从句,“为了”; in case引导条件和目的状语从句,“以防万一”。
(　　)13.—Mary said,“Tom,I come to return this book.”
—Mary told Tom that she　　　　.
A.went to return this book B.went to return that book
C.came to return the book D.came to return this book
【答案】 B
【解析】直接引语变为间接引语时,come要改为go,一般现在时要变为一般过去时,this 要改为that。
(　　)14.—“Don’t go out now.” I said to the boy.
—I　　　　.
A.told the boy not to go out now
B.said the boy not to go out now
C.told the boy not to go out then
D.asked the boy not go out then
【答案】 C
【解析】直接引语是祈使句时,改为间接引语要变为told sb.(not) to do sth.,now 要改为then。
(　　)15.Is this the factory 　　　　you once visited
A.where B.which C.the one D.in which
【答案】 B
【解析】先将一般疑问句还原成陈述句的语序,很清楚考查的是一个定语从句的引导词,在从句中充当宾语。
(　　)16.Is the factory 　　　　you once visited
A.where B.which C.the one D.in which
【答案】 C
【解析】先将一般疑问句还原成陈述句的语序,很清楚只选择引导词是不够的,构不成一个定语从句,所以必须在引导词前加一个先行词。引导词在从句中作宾语,所以可以省略。
(　　)17.Is this the house 　　　　you once lived
A.where B.which C.the one D.that
【答案】 A
【解析】先将一般疑问句还原成陈述句的语序,很清楚考查的是定语从句引导词。引导词在从句中充当状语。
(　　)18.I’ll accept any job 　　　　I don’t have to get up early.
A.least B.as long as
C.in case D.though
【答案】 B
【解析】根据意思,选择as long as “只要”,引导条件状语从句。
(　　)19.—Betty said,“You’d better not go.”
—Betty　　　　.
A.told me that I had better not go to
B.asked me that I would better not go
C.told me that I had better go out
D.asked me that I had better not go
【答案】 D
【解析】直接引语改为间接引语时,人称要有相应的变化,情态动词不用变。
(　　)20.The professor spoke in a loud voice 　　　　every one of us could hear him.
A.such that B.so C.so that D.such
【答案】 C
【解析】so that 引导目的状语从句,“为了”。
(　　)21. When Kate Marsh just got off the plane,she gave us a good description of 　　　　in Spain.
A.what she had seen B.that she had seen
C.which she had seen D.she had seen what
【答案】 A
【解析】what引导的介词宾语从句,是“……的(……)” 的意思,在从句中充当宾语。
(　　)22.　　　　difficulties we may come across,we’ll help one another to overcome them.
A.However B.Whenever
C.Wherever D.Whatever
【答案】 D
【解析】 difficulties是名词,所以引导词要选whatever, 引导让步状语从句。
(　　)23.His brother,　　　　you met at the bus stop yesterday,is good at playing football.
A.whose B.that C.whom D.which
【答案】 C
【解析】该题考查非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,所以引导词要用whom。
(　　)24.We don’t know the reason 　　　　he didn’t attend the meeting.
A.because B.that C.why D.when
【答案】 C
【解析】引导词why 引导定语从句,指原因,在从句中充当状语。
(　　)25.　　　　is important 　　　　us 　　　　learn English well.
A.It;for;to B.It;of;to
C.It;with;to D.That;for;to
【答案】 A
【解析】该题考查句型:It’s+adj.+for sb.to do sth.。
(　　)26.He 　　　　go to bed 　　　　midnight last Sunday.
A.doesn’t;until B.will;at
C.didn’t;until D.wouldn’t;until
【答案】 C
【解析】该题考查not...until...的句型,由于时间状语是last Sunday,所以句子中的谓语动词要用一般过去时。
(　　)27.Is there anything else 　　　　you require
A.which B.where C.that D.it
【答案】 C
【解析】该题是考查定语从句的引导词。由于先行词是anything else,是复合不定代词,所以引导词不能用which,只能用that。引导词在从句中充当宾语。
(　　)28.He talked happily about the men and books. .
interested him in the school.
A.that B.which C.who D./
【答案】 A
【解析】该题考查的是定语从句的引导词。在先行词既指人又指物时,引导词只能用that。
(　　)29.He had to find ways that would make 　　　　possible for him to speak,read and write.
A.that B.this C.it D.them
【答案】 C
【解析】该句考查的是it作形式宾语的情况,形容词possible作宾语补足语,不定式短语作真正的宾语。
(　　)30.We must do 　　　　the teacher asks us to do.
A.which B.that C.what D.those
【答案】 C
【解析】该句考查的是宾语从句,引导词what在从句中作宾语, “……的(……)”的意思。

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