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(共51张PPT)
第十二章　句子成分
【复习要求】
理解句子的成分。
【知识要点】
英语的句子大都由主语部分与谓语部分组成。句子成分是句中起一定作用的一个组成部分。句子成分可以分为八种:
一、主语
主语是一个句子的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首,可用作主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。如:
Professor Wang is a well known scholar.王教授是一位著名的学者。(名词)
I read newspaper every day.我每天都看报纸。(代词)
1002 is my room number.1002是我的房号。(数词)
To be a professor has always been his dream.
当教授一直是他的梦想。(动词不定式)
Smoking is harmful to health.吸烟对健康有害。(动名词)
What we shall do next is not yet decided.
下一步我们做什么还未定下来。(主语从句)
The aged are well taken care of in the village.
这个村里的老人都得到了很好的照顾。 (名词化的形容词)
二、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作、状态或特征,可由简单动词或动词短语构成。如:
His mother is a doctor.(系动词) We study English.(行为动词)
We should pay attention to English idioms.
我们应注意英语的习语。(动词短语)
三、表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等,位于连系动词之后。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句等。如:
His father is a lawyer.(名词)
This dictionary is mine,not hers.(代词)
He is always careless.他总是粗心。(形容词)
The football match is on.足球赛正在进行。(副词)
Your number is 42.你的号码是42。(数词)
All the pupils are on the playground.
所有的学生都在操场上。(介词短语)
Her job is to look after the children.
她的工作是照看孩子。(不定式短语)
His job is teaching you how to use the machine.
他的工作是教你们怎样使用这台机器。(动名词短语)
He seemed surprised at the news.
他似乎对这消息感到吃惊。(分词)
The key question is how we should solve the problem.
关键的问题是我们应该怎样解决这个问题。(从句)
四、宾语
宾语常常是动作的承受者,一般置于及物动词或介词之后。可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构。如:
He bought a computer last year.(名词)
We help each other and learn from each other.(代词)
I asked for six.我要了六个。(数词)
They began to listen to me carefully.(不定式短语)
Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow
你介意明天早点来吗 (动名词短语)
We should heal the wounded and save the dying.
我们应该救死扶伤。(名词化的形容词或分词)
I don’t know where he has gone.(从句)
五、定语
定语是用来限定或修饰名词或代词的成分,通常由形容词或有与之相当功能的词担任。形容词作定语修饰名词时一般放在被修饰语的前面,修饰不定代词时放在其后面;短语和从句作定语放在被修饰词的后面。如:
He is an honest boy.(形容词)
I have something important to tell you.(形容词)
They are women pilots.她们是女飞行员。(名词)
His proposal is worth considering.他的建议值得考虑。(代词)
She met me on her way home.(副词)
We’ll have a report on current affairs on Sunday morning.
我们周日上午要听时事报告。(介词短语)
That’s the teaching plan for you to discuss.
这就是供你们讨论的那份教学计划。(动名词)
There’s a swimming pool in their college.
他们学校有座游泳池。(动名词)
The girl playing the violin is very pretty.
拉小提琴的那个女孩很漂亮。(现在分词)
Those who want to go may go.想去的人都可以去。(从句)
六、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的,叫做状语。状语通常由副词或有与之相当的功能的词担任。修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前;修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前,有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语,状语一般放在宾语之后。如:
She speaks English quite well.(副词)
He has been in the hospital for over a week.
他已住医院一个多星期了。(介词短语)
He went to France to learn French.(不定式)
Arriving at the station,he found the train gone.
到火车站时,他发现火车已经开走了。(现在分词)
If I have some spare time,I will take up German.
如果我有空闲时间,我将学习德语。(if引导的状语从句)
He is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.(名词短语)
七、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当功能的词担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。如:
1.宾语补足语:
We call him Lao Bi.我们叫他老毕。(名词)
I find the book interesting.我觉得这本书很有趣。(形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。(动词不定式短语)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。(分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。(副词短语)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把你的书摆整齐。(介词短语)
若宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句,可用it作形式宾语代替其位置,而将真正宾语放到宾语补足语后面。如:
I found it difficult to finish the task in time.
我觉得按时完成任务很困难。(不定式)
Do you consider it any good sending more people there
你觉得多派一些人去那儿会有好处吗 (动名词)
We have made it clear that we disagreed.
我们已清楚地表明我们不同意。(从句)
2.主语补足语:
Lei Feng died young.雷锋过世得早。(形容词)
He was found working in the office.
他被发现在办公室工作。(分词短语)
八、同位语
同位语位于名词、代词或名词性短语之后,说明其内容。同位语通常由名词、名词性短语或从句担任。
The future belongs to you young people.
未来是属于你们年轻人的。(名词短语)
A year is divided into four seasons:spring,summer,autumn and winter.
一年分为四季:春夏秋冬。(名词)
They each have a dictionary.他们每人有一本词典。(代词)
Is there any room for us two 有我们俩人的位置吗 (数词)
*注意词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类,后者则指词类、短语、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类,如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等,才可用作句子的成分。其他无实义的虚词,如冠词、连词和介词,则不可单独作句子的成分。
【例题解析】
(　　)1.Edison　　　　 scientific experiments.
A.interested to B.was interested in
C.is interesting D.was interesting in
【答案】　B
【解析】　谓语动词be interested in表示“对……感兴趣”,并且用过去时表示这位已故科学家,所以正确答案为B。
(　　)2.This is　　　　.
A.what he told me B.that he told me
C.he told me D.whether he told me
【答案】　A
【解析】　空格部分在句中作表语,而what在表语从句中作told的直接宾语,所以答案是A。
(　　)3.It is said that this is the first novel　　　　by Mark Twain.
A.writing B.written C.to write D.write
【答案】　B
【解析】　根据题意,“　　　　by Mark Twain”是作novel的后置定语,而此处有表示被动的含义,所以用过去分词短语修饰。答案是B。
(　　)4.It is so cold here,would you mind　　　　the window
A.close B.closed C.closing D.to close
【答案】　C
【解析】　该题考查的是宾语。在有些动词(如mind,practise,enjoy,finish,suggest,consider,can’t help等)后面接动名词作宾语。故答案是C。
【同步精练】
(　　)1.As we know,she works very　　　　.
A.hard B.hardly C.good D.fine
【答案】 A
【解析】 work hard “努力学习”“努力工作”, hardly work “几乎不工作”。
(　　)2.The meeting has　　　　till next Thursday.
A.put off B.putting off
C.been put off D.puts off
【答案】 C
【解析】 the meeting 和put off 的关系是被动关系,所以要用被动语态的形式。
(　　)3.　　　　Smith is Mr.Smith’s wife.
A.Miss B.Mrs. C.Ms. D.Mr.
【答案】 B
【解析】 Mr.“先生”;Mrs.“太太”,对已婚女士的称呼;Ms.“女士”,对不明确是否已婚女士的称呼;Miss“小姐”,对未婚女士的称呼。
(　　)4.He spent a large　　　　of money on his new house.
A.deal B.amount C.number D.piece
【答案】 B
【解析】 a great deal of+u.n.许多、大量;a large amount of+u.n.许多、大量;a large number of+c.n.许多、大量;a piece of+u.n.一张、一片……。
(　　)5.He won the first　　　　in the competition.
A.prize B.price C.reward D.premium
【答案】 A
【解析】 在比赛中获得 “一等奖”用the first prize。
(　　)6.It was the largest experiment we have ever had;it　　　six hours.
A.ended B.finished C.was D.lasted
【答案】 D
【解析】根据句意:试验持续了6个小时。
(　　)7.Keep quiet.Don’t make any　　　　.
A.sound B.noise C.voice D.cry
【答案】 B
【解析】sound声音、声响,其含义最广,指人能听到的任何声音,包括大的、小的、好听的、难听的、有意义的和无意义的等等。 noise指声音、噪音、喧闹声,指不悦耳的、不和谐的嘈杂声、喧闹声,或任何令人讨厌的声音等。voice 指说话声、歌唱声、电台声音、鸟叫声等。cry指哭声、叫喊声。
(　　)8.China is a　　　　country.
A.developed B.developing
C.develops D.development
【答案】 B
【解析】a developing country 是指“发展中国家”, a developed country 指“发达国家”。
(　　)9.Don’t leave the work　　　　by others.
A.doing B.to do
C.done D.being done
【答案】 C
【解析】the work 和do 的关系是被动关系,且do 后还有介词短语by others,所以do 要变成过去分词的形式。
(　　)10.Is there　　　　
A.important anything B.anything important
C.important nothing D.nothing important
【答案】 B
【解析】形容词修饰复合不定代词要放在代词后面。根据句意:有重要的事情吗
(　　)11.Peter woke up　　　　to find the room so quiet.
A.and surprised B.and surprising
C.and was surprising D.and was surprised
【答案】 D
【解析】and 连接两个谓语动词,第二个应该为:was surprised。
(　　)12.He washed his face　　　　.
A.clean B.cleaning
C.to be cleaned D.cleaned
【答案】 A
【解析】clean 在该句中是形容词,做宾语(his face)的补足语。
(　　)13.Keep that book carefully.It　　　　a lot of money.
A.worths B.is worth
C.worthed D.is worth of
【答案】 B
【解析】 worth 是一个形容词,“值得的”,be worth+money 或 be worth+V ing。
(　　)14.The film was so　　　　that everybody was　　　　to tears.
A.moving;moved B.moved;moving
C.moved;moved D.moving;moving
【答案】 A
【解析】moving的主语为物,用来形容或修饰物;moved的主语为人,用来形容或修饰人。
(　　)15.　　　　is very important　　　　the young people English well.
A.It;for;to study B.This;for;studying
C.That;of;to study D.Which;of;studying
【答案】 A
【解析】该题考查句型:It’s+adj.+for sb.to do sth.。
(　　)16.The reason why he didn’t go to school was　　　　he was ill.
A.whether B.that C.what D.if
【答案】 B
【解析】该题考查句型:The reason (why...) was that...。
(　　)17.When I came into the room,I heard　　　　the song.
A.he sang B.his sing
C.him singing D.he sing
【答案】 C
【解析】 hear+sb.+singing,表示:听到某人正在唱歌。
(　　)18.I like listening to music but my sister enjoys　　　　.
A.to play piano B.playing the piano
C.to play the piano D.playing piano
【答案】 B
【解析】 enjoy+V ing,play 接乐器的名称前要加定冠词the。
(　　)19.He　　　　to school on foot,but now he　　　　to school by bicycle.
A.used to go;used to going
B.used to going;used to go
C.was used to go;is used to go
D.used to go;is used to going
【答案】 D
【解析】used to+V“过去常常”, be used to+V ing“习惯于……”。
(　　)20.We are looking forward　　　　you at our party,please come on time.
A.to have B.have
C.to having D.having
【答案】 C
【解析】look forward to+V ing,“渴望”“盼望”。
(　　)21.We learn English　　　　a second language.
A.as B.like
C.the same as D.as the same
【答案】 A
【解析】 as 是介词,“作为”的意思。
(　　)22.He　　　　Chicago for over three years and nobody knows where he is now.
A.left B.has left
C.was away from D.has been away from
【答案】 D
【解析】从介词短语for over three years 知道,句子中谓语动词要用现在完成时。而over three years 是一段时间,所以谓语动词不能用瞬间动词leave,而要改成表状态的词be away from。
(　　)23.It was very cold in the open air.They had to have the fire　　　　all night long.
A.burns B.to burn C.burning D.burned
【答案】 C
【解析】fire 和burn的关系是主动关系,所以要用现在分词。
(　　)24.　　　　his father,Xiao Wang entered the room,　　 by his siter.
A.Following;followed B.Follow;follow
C.To follow;following D.Followed;following
【答案】 A
【解析】第一个空follow 是“跟着他的父亲”,是表主动,所以要用现在分词;而第二个空的follow后面跟着by,表示是被跟着,所以要用过去分词。
(　　)25.—Did you see Xiao Li at the party
—No,　　　　by the time I arrived.
A.she’d left B.she’s left
C.she was left D.she must leave
【答案】 A
【解析】 “我到达”是一个过去的动作,“她离开”是发生在“我到达”之前,所以用过去完成时。
(　　)26.The Lunar New Year was always a happy time　　　　.
A.for us Chinese children
B.for Chinese children as us
C.for Chinese Children like we
D.for we Chinese children
【答案】 A
【解析】Chinese children 是us的同位语,中国小孩就是指我们,我们就是中国小孩。
(　　)27.　　　　is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A.What B.This C.That D.It
【答案】 D
【解析】句型:It’s a fact that...
(　　)28.The house is not large enough for four people　　　　.
A.to live in B.to be lived in
C.to live D.for living
【答案】 A
【解析】在be+形容词+不定式结构中,动词不定式结构与句子的主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。当其为动宾关系时,动词不定式中的动词应为及物动词或不及物动词加介词构成的相当于及物动词的词组。
(　　)29.Don’t forget　　　　to me.Let’s keep in touch.
A.to write B.writing
C.having written D.to have written
【答案】 A
【解析】forget to do “忘记要做”,forget doing “忘记做了”。
(　　)30.How much did you　　　　this dictionary
A.spend B.cost C.buy D.pay for
【答案】 D
【解析】 spend的主语为人,spend time/money+(in) doing sth.或spend time/money+on sth.;cost 的主语为物;buy 的主语为人,buy sb.sth.或buy sth.for sb.;pay for 的主语为人,pay (money) for sth.。

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