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易错点12 阅读理解推理判断题
目 录
01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 举一反三
【易错点提醒一】观点态度易混易错点
【易错点提醒二】文章出处和读者对象易混易错点
【易错点提醒三】写作目的和意图易混易错点
03 易错题通关
易错陷阱1：观点态度易混易错点。
【分析】
1. 选项中的观点态度类词意辨析不清；
2. 原文中表达作者观点、态度的形容词和副词词义；
3. 未能从所列举的例子中理解作者真正表达的意思；
易错陷阱2：文章出处和读者对象易混易错点。
【分析】读者需要具备一定的生活常识，对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出正确的答案。有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。
易错陷阱3：写作目的和意图易混易错点。
【分析】考生应根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
【易错点提醒一】 观点态度易混易错点
【例1】 （2024·山东·一模）A self- driving taxi operated by a Chinese tech giant recently hit a passer- by crossing against a traffic light in Wuhan, capital of Hubei Province, sparking heated discussions on the challenges and limitations facing autonomous driving technology, especially in complex circumstances.
Zhang Xiang, an auto sector researcher at North China University of Technology, said that the incident in Wuhan indicates that self- driving technology has progressed significantly over the past few years, but it still encounters difficulties under ever- changing road conditions and has some limitations when dealing with unconventional behavior, such as motorists or passers-by violating traffic rules. There are still some obstacles to integrating the self- driving vehicles into the existing road traffic safety management system, as the legal obligations of relevant subjects involving autonomous vehicles have not been clarified under current laws and regulations.
Meanwhile, the commercial application of robotaxis in more cities across the country has raised concerns about employment, as taxi drivers are worried about losing their jobs due to intense competition from driverless ride-hailing vehicles, industry experts said. So far, more than 20 cities nationwide have introduced policies supporting autonomous driving tests, with more than 60 enterprises having obtained self- driving test licenses.
Nevertheless, some believe that people only prefer to experience this emerging technology, and the number of robotaxis on the road is still far smaller than those of taxis. It is also noted that the pressure on taxi drivers mainly comes from fierce competition between private ride-hailing cars and traditional taxis, and that the autonomous driving vehicles will not have a serious impact on the job market or replace human drivers in the short term.
Despite the challenges, the development of self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transformation of auto industry and speed the construction of vehicle- road coordination systems, which support the transfer of information from vehicles to roadway networks as a way to improve traffic efficiency.
According to research company BloombergNEF's “Electric Vehicle Outlook” report, China will operate the world's largest robotaxi fleet of about 12 million self- driving vehicles by2040, followed by the United States with around 7 million such vehicles.
What is the author's attitude towards self- driving industry
A．Partial. B．Favorable. C．Skeptical. D．Dismissive.
易错分析：拘泥于找到原词，不能从话语中推理作者真正的态度，从而无中生有，仅凭现实生活主观臆断。
【答案】D
【解析】根据倒数第二段“Despite the challenges, the development of self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transformation of auto industry and speed the construction of vehicle- road coordination systems, which support the transfer of information from vehicles to roadway networks as a way to improve traffic efficiency.”（尽管面临诸多挑战，但自动驾驶产业的发展将加强汽车产业的智能化改造，加快车路协调系统的建设，支持从车辆到道路网络的信息传递，从而提高交通效率。）可知，作者对自动驾驶行业的态度是支持的。故选B项。
【变式1】（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Many people are busy experimenting with chatbots, hoping generative artificial intelligence (AI) can improve their daily lives.Scientists are several steps ahead. As reported, 10%or more of abstracts for papers in scientific journals now are written in part by large language models (LLMs). In fields such as computer science, that figure rises to 20%.
Scientists are not just devoted to laboratory work or thinking big thoughts. They face great demands, from writing papers and teaching to filling out endless gran t(拨款) applications. LLMs help by speeding up the writing of papers, thus freeing up time for scientists to develop new ideas or check for mistakes in their work.
The technology can also help level a playing-field that favours native English speakers, because many important journals are in their tongue. LLMs can help those who do not speak the language well translate and edit their text. Therefore, scientists everywhere can spread their findings more easily and be judged by the brilliance of their ideas rather than their language skills.
As with any technology, there are worries. Science received 10, 444 submissions last year, of which 83%were rejected before peer(同行)review. Some of these must have been AI-generated．
LLMs’ lack of imagination may lead to plagiarism, in which they directly copy past work by humans. “Hallucinations” that are obviously wrong to experts, but very believable to everyone else, could also make their way into the text. And most worrying of all, writing can be an essential part of the research process, by helping researchers clarify and produce their own ideas. Too much reliance on LLMs could make science poorer.
Trying to restrict the use of LLMs is not the way to deal with these problems. Peer review will become more important. Pay reviewers for the time they sacrifice (牺牲) to check papers. Motivate researchers to do repeated experiments before writing a paper. Hiring and promotion committees at universities should ensure that scientists are rewarded based on the quality of their work and the quantity of new insights they generate.
What’s the author’s attitude towards LLMs
A．Doubtful. B．Tolerant. C．Objective. D．Conservative.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章结构，第二、三段介绍了LLMs的好处，第四、五段介绍了其弊端，最后一段针对问题提出了解决办法。可知，作者对LLMs的态度是客观的。故选C项。
【变式2】 （2024·广东·一模）The Renaissance of Creative Thought is burgeoning, perhaps even burgeoning. If you attempted to absorb all the wisdom available today, you would need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are mistaken to assume that all this wisdom would stimulate a surge of innovation to match the abundance of knowledge. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation, pursuing the ideas with the most profound impact, was more than 120 years ago, in a period called the Renaissance of Insight.
Innovations, both grand and modest, originate from a new idea. Often, these ideas emerge as a moment of insight — the outcome of a novel connection in our minds made between existing and new knowledge. Studies reveal insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface of awareness. Anything that aids us in noticing quiet signals, such as taking breaks between engagements, adopting essential learning approaches, or steering clear of distractions like social media, can enhance the likelihood of insights. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging to find those quiet signals with the escalating use of technology, filling every moment with emergencies and an endless supply of content.
Moreover, we also aspire to elevate the quality of them — to be able to sift through grand new ideas and identify the ones that hold genuine value, which can be difficult to measure. Launched in 2015, the Insight Meter (洞察力计量器) permits us to evaluate the potency of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, which is marked by intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and subsequent ideas. The Meter consolidates these five variables into a solitary value and enables us to define the significance of a new idea. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the utmost significance.
Since insights are one of the most effective ways to stimulate engagement, innovation, and behavioral change, the Insight Meter has extensive applications for gauging and enhancing individual and organizational performance. More importantly, it can be employed to measure the impact of different types of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ development — both in the moment or afterward.
For organizations to reap the benefits of another age of insight, it is not sufficient to attempt to access more data or augment the number of insights we generate. Instead, it is about creating space for the most significant ideas to emerge from all the knowledge. Utilizing the shared language of the Insight Meter as a means to measure how important ideas are, relative to each other, will enable superior decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. And if we are to enter a new age of insight, we must design our environments to allow for the most exceptional insight possible to surface.
What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations
A．Uncertain. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Dissatisfied.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“And if we are to enter a new age of insight, we must design our environments to allow for the most exceptional insight possible to surface.(如果我们要进入一个洞察的新时代，我们必须设计我们的环境，以允许最杰出的洞察浮出水面)”可推知，作者对当前创新环境的态度是不满意的。故选D。
【易错点提醒二】 文章出处和读者对象易混易错点
【例2】 （湖南师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三摸底考试）
Do you have frightening dreams while sleeping According to an email interview by clinical psychologist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, roughly 5 percent of the general population has at least one bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts of the night.
There is no exact explanation for nightmares, but Breus says it’s possible that they help the brain practise, prepare for and even predict difficult or dangerous experiences in waking life. Of course, it’s possible that nightmares, like dreams in general, don’t have a primary function — that they’re a by-product of other activities in the body. But most sleep scientists think that dreams and nightmares exist for some purposes.
One study found the most common nightmare was falling, followed by dreams of being chased, feeling lost, and feeling trapped. Then why do nightmares happen
“Certain circumstances and characteristics make some people more likely to have nightmares than others,” says sleep medicine specialist Dr. Barry Krakow. He thinks people who’ve been traumatized (使受精神创伤) are certainly at a higher risk of nightmares Examples are offered of those who have suffered criminal attacks, or who have been in life-threatening accidents. People with some degree of sensitivity in their biological make-up are also more likely to have bad dreams, so they’re more common in people who suffer from anxiety or depression, or who use excess drugs or alcohol. The traditional belief often has it that nightmares are the result of eating too much rich food before bedtime, but it is still uncertain whether this is true. One study from 2015 did find a link between eating dairy or hot foods before bedtime and having disturbing dreams, but the study authors noted that this couldn’t be proven definitely because the data was self-reported and there were a lot of other factors to consider.
However, research in recent decades has shown that people who suffer from sleep disorders are also more likely to have nightmares.
From which section of a website is the text probably taken
A．Mental health.
B．Life experiences.
C．Eating habits.
D．Popular culture.
易错分析：对于网站的类别不熟悉，且文章中的细节未能正确理解。
【答案】A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是科学家对于做噩梦原因的分析以及一些导致做噩梦的因素。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you have frightening dreams while sleeping According to an email interview by clinical psychologist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, roughly 5 percent of the general population has at least one bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts of the night.(你睡觉时会做可怕的梦吗？根据临床心理学家和睡眠专家Michael Breus博士的电子邮件采访，大约5%的人每周至少做一次噩梦。噩梦通常发生在快速眼动睡眠期间，在夜间的中段和后期。)”可知文章主要讲的是科学家对于做噩梦原因的分析以及一些导致做噩梦的因素，由此可推知，文章可能选自网站的心理健康部分。故选A。
【变式1】（江苏省2024-2025学年高三名校联考检测试题）
Twenty-four trains, nine countries, 13, 500 miles. They are the numbers behind the heroic round trip one man took from Southampton in the UK to eastern China.
Roger Tyers, 37, used over $2, 500, which was almost twice more than the cost of a return flight, to travel to the Chinese port city Ningbo for academic research in May, 2019. The man spent a month on board 15 trains during the first leg of his round trip. It was the climate crisis, not a love of trains, that drove the sociologist to choose this complicated route over a return flight. He stopped flying when UN climate experts warned that the world had less than 11 years to avoid terrible levels of global warming. Tyers calculated that his train journey to China produced almost 90% less emissions than a return flight.
Tyers is not the only person to avoid air travel in response to climate change. Thousands of people worldwide have publicly promised to stop flying. Activist Maja Rosen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the goal of encouraging 100,000 people not to fly for one year. Although only around 14,000 people signed the online “#flightfree2019” pledge (保证), Rosen, who stopped flying 12 years ago, says that the campaign had made more people worry about the climate crisis and aware of harm of travel by air and motivated them to try new ways of travelling.
According to a survey released in May 2019 by Swedish Railways (SJ), 37% of respondents chose to travel by train instead of by plane where possible, compared to 20% at the start of 2018. An SJ spokesperson said: “Rail travel has been augmented due to the worries.” Domestic passenger numbers in July fell by 12% compared to the previous year, according to Swedavia, a company which operates Sweden’s 10 busiest Airports.
“The collective pledge helps fight the sense of hopelessness many people feel when it comes to tackling climate change”, Rosen said. “One of the problems is that people feel there’s no point in what you do as an individual. The campaign is about making people aware that if we do this together, we can actually bring changes.”
In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Travel.
B．Environment.
C．Education.
D．Lifestyle.
【答案】B
【详解】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了英国男子罗杰·泰尔斯为了响应气候危机，选择乘坐火车往返中国进行学术研究，而放弃乘坐飞机。他的行为激励了更多人关注气候变化，尝试新的旅行方式。
推理判断题。通读全文，结合第二段中“It was the climate crisis, not a love of trains, that drove the sociologist to choose this complicated route over a return flight.(是气候危机，而不是对火车的热爱，驱使这位社会学家选择了这条复杂的路线，而不是回程航班)”以及第三段中“Tyers is not the only person to avoid air travel in response to climate change. Thousands of people worldwide have publicly promised to stop flying. Activist Maja Rosen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the goal of encouraging 100,000people not to fly for one year.(泰尔斯并不是唯一一个为了应对气候变化而避免乘坐飞机的人。全球数千人公开承诺不再乘坐飞机。活动人士玛雅·罗森在瑞典发起了“无飞行”运动，目标是鼓励10万人一年不坐飞机)”可知，文章报道了英国社会学家罗杰·泰尔斯为应对环境问题，选择放弃乘坐飞机，乘坐火车往返中国进行学术研究，他的行为激励了更多人关注气候变化，尝试新的旅行方式。本文报道的内容与环境保护有关，所以最有可能出自报纸的“环境”版块。故选B。
【变式2】（江苏省前黄高级中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
Where to Shop in London
James Smith & Sons
Have you ever seen a nobleman with a fine walking stick or a fashionable woman with an umbrella that's definitely not one of those five-dollar bargains from New York City street Well； you could be that person too. But you have to go to Jame Smith & Sons. They specialize in all kinds of high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas.
Harvie & Hudson
UK and Italy are two leading countries when it comes to clothing for men. And you know that it’ll cost you your wages of several months to buy a suit of clothes there. But Harvie & Hudson is fairly accessible, especially for the kind of quality you get. A worthy alternative! You can’t go wrong with two sport jackets for around 200. That's a good deal.
Hatchards
Hatchards in Piccadilly, which opened in 1797, can claim to be the oldest bookstore in the UK with around 100,000 books, and has a special section for signed first editions, and children's books. Beyond that, it offers personalized book subscription services for a very reasonable sum — you'll just need to pay additional postage for shipment to America.
The Whisky Exchange
For those who love whisky and brandy, this is the best choice, since ifs one of the city's important liquor stores. It’s possible to order bottles to be shipped to America. You're bound to find something you'll never see at home. Ifs like the Willy Wonka factory for Scotch drinkers and collectors.
Who are the target readers of the text
A．The natives.
B．British visitors.
C．Foreign students.
D．American travelers.
【答案】B
【导语】本文是一篇应用文，推荐了适合英国游客的四大购物圣地。
【详解】推理判断题。根据文章题目“Where to Shop in London”(在伦敦去哪里购物)以及文章介绍个四大购物圣地选择可推断出，文章的受众应该是来英国的游客，尤其是来伦敦的游客。故选B。
【变式3】（广东省东莞实验中学高三下学期开学“收心”试题）
Special Food Places to Try In Singapore
It’s an unpleasant fact that local food places are usually meant to cater to meat-eaters. It can be difficult to find a tasty food place that caters to meat-free diet. Here are some options to show you don’t need meat for a satisfactory treat.
Vegan Burg
Vegan Burg has a surprisingly diverse range of plant-based burgers. From Hawaiian Teriyaki to Char-Grilled Satay, the menu promises to tempt even the most hardcore meat lovers. And that’s not even getting into the add-ons and sides it offers, such as mushroom fries and barbecue potatoes.
Woods Square Tower, #01-06, Singapore 737737
Genesis Restaurant
This eatery proves that meat-free dishes can be as hearty and flavorful as their meat-based counterparts. Genesis Restaurant is especially known for its juicy dumplings, spring rolls, pork-free noodles and tofu cheesecake.
Havelock Road, #B1-01, Singapore 059763
WellSmoocht Collective
WellSmoocht is a cafe and dessert bar which specializes in plant-based ice cream. Made from brown rice, sugar cane juice and fruits or nut butters, Smoocht’s rice cream, as they call it, comes in a wide variety of delicious flavors such as Earl Grey Lavender,Rose Coconut and Gula Melaka.
Sin Ming Centre, #01-03, Singapore 575628
Green Common
This one-stop plant-based eatery and marketplace has a delicious menu of mouth-watering meat-free dishes, from Japanese cuisine like sushi and miso glazed fillet to Western dishes like fishless tacos and pasta, as well as local favourites such as seafood laksa and even buah keluak rice.
HarbourFront Walk, #169-170, Singapore 098585
Who is the passage intended for
A．Those who want to lose weight.
B．Those who don’t eat meat.
C．Those who can’t go without meat.
D．Those who prefer home-made food.
【答案】B
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了新加坡的素食美食。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“It can be difficult to find a tasty food place that caters to meat-free diet. Here are some options to show you don’t need meat for a satisfactory treat.(很难找到一个迎合无肉饮食的美食场所。这里有一些选择，告诉你不需要吃肉就能得到令人满意的款待。)”可推知，这篇文章是写给那些不吃肉的人的。故选B。
【易错点提醒三】 写作目的和意图易混易错点
【例3】（2025届河北省百师联盟高三联考）
Are you looking for teen volunteer opportunities for 2024 that provide a rewarding experience that will stay with you for life Every year thousands of teens choose to volunteer abroad with International Volunteer HQ(IVHQ)-the world’s most trusted provider of safe and affordable volunteer programs for teens.
Service trips for teens are available in more than 50 destinations and there are 17 teen volunteer programs for 16 to 18 year-olds. Some of the best programs in 2024 include Turtle Conservation in Bali, Animal Care in Costa Rica and Childcare in Tanzania. Or, if you’re wanting to volunteer with a group of students from your high school, IVHQ can tailor a program for your group too!
Benefits for volunteers:
There is no doubt that volunteering as a teenager is a meaningful way to broaden your education and add experiences that will stand out on your college application.
Crossing boundaries to work with partners from different parts of the world fosters global understanding.
Living in a country different to your own means that you will be involved in a new culture, cuisine, and way of thinking.
Guaranteed support:
Chances are your parents will also want to learn more about IVHQ, whether or not they will go abroad with you. Having placed more than 130, 000 volunteers abroad, we’re always happy to speak with parents to ensure all their questions are fielded. Through our online safety training, comprehensive information brochures, on-going support from experienced program managers and round-the-clock support from our local teams, IVHQ volunteers are well supported to make the most of the time abroad.
If you’re ready to pack your bags and experience a completely different lifestyle and widen your global perspective, please contact us. IVHQ will be more than happy to offer a service.
The main purpose of the passage is to_____.
A．advocate volunteering
B．introduce requirements
C．advertise a service
D．suggest a lifestyle
易错分析：不能从引述话语中理解作者意图、推断作者深层含义。
【答案】C
【导语】本文是一篇应用文，文章主要是International Volunteer HQ为志愿者提供的服务的广告。
【详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“If you’re ready to pack your bags and experience a completely different lifestyle and widen your global perspective, please contact us. IVHQ will be more than happy to offer a service.(如果您准备好打包行李，体验完全不同的生活方式，拓宽您的全球视野，请与我们联系。IVHQ将非常乐意为您提供服务。)”可知，本文是International Volunteer HQ为志愿者提供的服务的广告，因此目的是为一种服务做广告。故选C。
【变式1】（江苏省镇江第一中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.
A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems.
But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.”
Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.”
But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
What does the author intend to tell us
A．Underground climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises.
D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs.
【答案】A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。
【详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。
【变式2】（安徽省合肥第一中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness.
If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon.
Conserving what already exists, rather than adding to the building stock, will avoid increasing these embodied emissions — or so NIMBYs often suggest. At its worst, this idea is based on a warped logic. Greenhouse gases released by the construction of an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired or knocked down. The emissions have been taken out of the world’s “carbon budget”, so treating them as anew debit means double counting. The right question to ask is whether it is worth using the remaining carbon budget to repair a building or it is better to knock it down.
Choosing between these possibilities requires thinking about the unseen. It used to be said that construction emitted two types of emissions. Besides the embodied sort, there were operational ones from cooling, heating and providing electricity to residents. Around the world, buildings account for 39% of annual emissions, according to the World Green Building Council, of which 28% come from operational carbon.
These two types of emissions might be enough for the architects designing an individual building. But when it comes to broader questions, economists ought also to consider how the placement of buildings affects the manner in which people work, shop and travel. Density (密度) lowers the per-person cost of public transport, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure group, suggests that in Britain a policy of “demolish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached housing near public transport with blocks of flats — would save substantial emissions. Without such demolition, potential residents would typically have to move to the suburbs instead, saving money on rent but consuming more energy.
Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially for research and development into construction materials, could speed up the pace at which the built environment decarbonises. What will never work, however, is allowing the loudest voices to decide how to use land and ignoring the carbon emissions of their would-be neighbours once they are out of sight.
The first two paragraphs are written to ________.
A．exemplify an outlook on energy conservation
B．present a new way of relieving energy crisis
C．explain people’s reaction to a broken window
D．introduce an argument on carbon emission
【答案】D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了建筑行业中的“隐含碳”问题，指出建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳。无论是修缮还是拆除现有建筑，建筑所释放的温室气体都将使地球升温。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness.(一个店主的儿子打破了一扇窗户，引起了一群人的聚集。他们告诉店主不要生气：实际上，打破窗户是一个值得庆祝的理由，因为这将为玻璃匠创造工作机会。在这个由一位19世纪经济学家撰写的故事中，人们想象的是修理窗户的工作，而不是店主本可以花钱购买的其他东西，这些东西看不见，可能会给他带来更大的幸福)”以及第二段“If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon.(如果这扇窗户现在被打破了，人们可能会有不同的反应，特别是如果他们是邻避主义者（不要在我的后院），他们反对任何影响他们生活质量的地方建设。他们担心的可能是“隐含碳”。一块玻璃的生产将带来相当大的碳成本。同样，建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳)”可推知，前两段是用来介绍一个关于碳排放的论点。故选D。
【变式3】
Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.
To what degree are people aware of the truth effect This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study.
At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new.
This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.
This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions.
In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______.
A．clarify a misconception
B．a phenomenon
C．challenge a statement
D．confirm a theory
【答案】B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一种被称作“真实效应”的心理偏见现象，即人们更容易相信被重复表述的信息，而不是只听到一次的信息，呼吁人们应该更加警惕重复信息的影响，以及在做出重要判断和决策之前查证重要信息的真实性。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.(几十年的研究表明，与只听到一次的信息相比，你更有可能认为重复的信息是真实的。你通常认为，如果人们努力重复一句话，这就反映了这句话的真实性。这种倾向——也被称为真实效应——是一种偏见，它会导致你得出错误的结论。)”可知，作者的意图是阐明一个现象，即“真实效应”，这是一种偏见，可能导致人们得出不正确的结论。故选B。
Course Advisor 1 Education Sales Executive
Would you be interested in joining a supportive and friendly team with a shared passion for selling their exciting portfolio of courses
The Organization:
It is an international network that offers a wide variety of programs, including bachelor’s degree programs, master's degree programs, professional training, English Language training. and corporate & executive education.
When someone chooses to study at one of their institutions---whether on campus in Europe, North America, or even in their own home they're joining a network of over 50,000 students worldwide.
The Role:
Course advisers are responsible for promoting the Company's program portfolio to potential students over the phone and via e-mail, forming a vital and integral part of the sales team. You will have a natural gift for sales and relationship-building, and a hunger to exceed (超出) targets and expectations.
Benefits:
The Company offers excellent opportunities for fast track career progression which is entirely performance driven. They reward top performers giving you the opportunity to earn as well as progress.
Requirements:
Please click on the APPLY button to send your CV and Cover Letter for this role. The Company is an equal opportunities employer and positively encourages applications from suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless of sex, race, disability, age, or religion or belief. No record of crime is a must.
1．What is one of the benefits of the courses mentioned in the passage
A．They are totally free of charge. B．They have optional campuses.
C．They require high intelligence. D．They can be easily promoted.
2．Top performers of the Company may have ________.
A．a high salary B．a free tour abroad C．a holiday as a bonus D．a flat as a reward
3．Who is the text intended for
A．Those who want to polish their English. B．Those who try to develop their programs.
C．Those who need to advance their degrees. D．Those who are good at promoting products.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D
【分析】这是一篇应用文，文章是一个销售岗位的具体介绍，包括职责、福利及要求等。
1．细节理解题。根据The Organization:部分“When someone chooses to study at one of their institutions—whether on campus in Europe, North America, or even in their own home they're joining a network of over 50,000 students worldwide.(当一个人选择在他们的其中一个机构学习时——无论是在欧洲或者北美的校园，甚至是在他们自己的家里，他们就加入了一个超过5万名全球学生的网络。)”可知，可以选择校园是这个课程的好处之一。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据Benefits: 部分“They reward top performers giving you the opportunity to earn as well as progress.(他们奖励表现优秀的员工，让你有机会获得收入和进步。)”可知，表现优秀的员工可能会有高收入。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第一段“Would you be interested in joining a supportive and friendly team with a shared passion for selling their exciting portfolio of courses (你有兴趣加入一个互相支持且友好的团队吗？这个团队对销售他们令人激动的课程组合有着共同的热情。)”可知，本文是一个销售岗位的具体介绍，所以是写给那些擅长推销产品的人。故选D项。
Day Trip: Van Gogh Alive at The Dali Museum
If you’ve ever wondered what it’s like to step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Gogh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-do experience. The Dali is the first museum in North America to host this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.
Read on for all the details, on display through June 21, 2021.
KNOW BEFORE YOU GO
Book your timed ticket and your timed entry at thedali.org in advance. This includes Dali members, out of concern for social distance. Face mask wearing is required.
NEW HOURS AT THE DALI
Open 10:00 a. m. — 6:00 p. m. daily and until 8:00 p. m. on Thursdays and Fridays. Admission is half off on Thursday nights.
DOWNLOAD THE APP
The Dali has a fantastic app worth downloading, which takes you on a deeper dive about the art you’ll experience and more about the artist himself. You’ll also get the augmented reality (AR) experience with Dali’s works, too.
THE EXHIBIT
The exhibit has three areas — there’s a smaller open room, a larger open gallery, and lying in between is a bedroom sized room. You are surrounded by enormous screens on the wall and even a few on the floor. High-definition projections (高清投影) of his paintings like ‘Sunflowers’ and ‘starry Night’. sketches, and even quotes pulled from the numerous letters he wrote during his lifetime fill the giant screens on the walls and floor, making you feel as if you’ve stepped inside Van Gogh’s masterpieces. In a way, you have.
It’s not just the images, but the sound that makes this a multi - sensory experience. The classical music soundtrack of Van Gogh Alive helps bring the works to life by tugging at your heartstrings, connecting you to the misterpieces in a way you’ve probably never felt before.
4．Who is the text intended for
A．Van Gogh Art lovers. B．Fans of Dali Art.
C．Museum working staff. D．Photography enthusiasts.
5．What are you required to do if you plan to visit the exhibit
A．Download the Dali app. B．Booked timed tickets online.
C．Wear face masks and gloves. D．Learn about the artist in advance.
6．What is the purpose of the last part of the text
A．To advertise more coming exhibits.
B．To introduce a unique experience.
C．To tell about the life of an artistic genius.
D．To present details of some masterpiece.
【答案】4．A 5．B 6．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述有关去梵高博物馆参观的一些注意事项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever wondered what it’s like to step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Gogh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-do experience. The Dali is the first museum in North America to host this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.（如果你想知道走进一幅艺术杰作是什么感觉，圣彼得的Van Gogh Alive at The Dali是一个必去的体验。Dali博物馆是北美第一个举办这种山地沉浸式艺术体验的博物馆。）”以及文章内容可知，文章主要讲述有关去梵高博物馆参观的一些注意事项，所以这篇文章主要是为热爱梵高艺术的人写的。故选A项。
5．细节理解题。根据“KNOW BEFORE YOU GO”部分的第一句话“Book your timed ticket and your timed entry at thedali.org in advance.（提前在thedali.org上预订您的计时门票和计时入条。）”可知，thedali.org是一个网站，如果要去看展览，需要在网上预订计时门票。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s not just the images, but the sound that makes this a multi - sensory experience.（不仅仅是图像，还有声音，使这成为一种多感官的体验。）”可知，文章的最后一部分主要为了介绍一种独特的体验。故选B项。
The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A．appreciative
B．doubtful
C．unconcerned
D．disapproving
【答案】A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
Humans have long gained pleasure from the smells of the natural world. For the most part, though, human beings are not their target market. For plants, fragrances are a way to interact with insects and other animals. Their attraction for people happens simply by chance.
In chemical terms, most natural fragrances are made up of volatiles — so called because of their tendency to change states suddenly. Volatiles evaporate easily, drifting into noses. In plants’ reproductive processes, smelly volatiles attract pollinators (授粉昆虫). But their natural applications are much more varied. If an insect chews through the leaves of some Bursera plants, out shoots a sticky, smelly liquid to trap it. Coyote tobacco plants are even more crafty: upon sensing the smell of hungry caterpillars, they produce volatiles that attract predators to kill the pests.
What is truly amazing is just how wily plants can be in using their scents for reproduction. White flowers often emit their scent at night to attract nocturnal pollinators such as moths. They produce a dilute nectar (稀释的花蜜) that encourages moths to keep moving, rather than linger at a single bloom—all the better to increase pollination. Other flowers change their fragrance after being successfully pollinated, as a signal for insects to go elsewhere.
But though “Scent” is a story of plants’ cleverness, it is also a tale of the human kind. People have long used fragrances for their own purposes, particularly for use in religious ceremonies: perfume recipes on the walls of an Egyptian temple in Edfu demonstrate just how long ingredients have been mixed in pursuit of the best blend. So highly prized were some scents that, to scare off competitors, Arab traders spread a legend about giant eagles that guarded cinnamon.
Eventually scientists no longer needed natural sources for fragrances. In 1866 a fragrance molecule was produced for the first time. Sixteen years later, Houbigant Parfum released Fougère Royale, the first “modern fantasy perfume” that creates an imaginary scent rather than copying a natural one. Nowadays fragrance–making is dominated by man–made compounds, which can be reliably and affordably produced in large quantities.
That has led to the mass production of smelly products, from toilet paper to toothpaste. Scent is accordingly big business. It is said that a world–famous fragrance and flavour manufacturer that claims people interact with its products up to 30 times a day, had sales of ?3.8bn last year.
According to Paragraph 1 and 2, which would the author agree with
A．Some plants might kill the pests with their smells.
B．Fragrance is a tool for plants to protect themselves.
C．People interact with nature easily through fragrance.
D．Fragrances are less important to humans than to animals and insects.
【答案】B
【详解】这是一篇说明文。对植物来说，香味是与昆虫和其他动物互动的一种方式。它们对人的吸引力完全是偶然发生的。文章主要说明了植物是如何通过香味来保护自己以及繁殖的。
推理判断题。根据第二段中“If an insect chews through the leaves of some Bursera plants, out shoots a sticky, smelly liquid to trap it. Coyote tobacco plants are even more crafty: upon sensing the smell of hungry caterpillars, they produce volatiles that attract predators to kill the pests.(如果一只昆虫咬穿了一些Bursera植物的叶子，就会喷出一种粘性的、有臭味的液体来困住它。土狼烟草植物甚至更狡猾：一旦嗅到饥饿毛虫的气味，它们就会产生挥发物，吸引捕食者杀死害虫)”可推知，作者认同香味是植物保护自己的工具。故选B。
Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, rough movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate (凝视). Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time of which the eyes stop -the duration of the fixation — varies considerably from person to person. It also varies within one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.
Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.
What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage
A．critical B．neutral C．pessimistic D．optimistic
【答案】A
【详解】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者认为训练眼睛看更多单词以此来提高阅读理解的方法是无效的，因为单词和短语不是独立的，阅读理解需要有理解单词之间关系的能力。
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了作者认为训练眼睛看更多单词以此来提高阅读理解的方法是无效的，因为单词和短语不是独立的，阅读理解需要有理解单词之间关系的能力，由此可推知，作者以批判的态度在写这篇文章，故选A。
The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis
A．Make an assumption.
B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestion.
D．Justify a comparison.
【答案】C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果—一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.
A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems.
But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.”
Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.”
But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
The author quotes Rotta Loria in Paragraph 2 mainly to _______.
A．make a prediction
B．highlight a finding
C．draw a conclusion
D．raise an assumption
【答案】B
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。
【详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”说明城市热量在向地下发展，第二段““Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.(“在没有人意识到的情况下，芝加哥市中心正在变形，”研究报告的作者、环境工程师罗塔·洛里亚说)”引用Rotta Loria的话突出了这一发现。故选B。
The California sea otter (海獭), once hunted to the edge of extinction, has staged a thrilling comeback in the last century. Now, scientists have discovered that the otters’ success story has led to something just as remarkable: the restoration of their declining coastal marsh (沼泽) habitat.
Elkhorn Slough, a coastal marsh within Monterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The root cause was a growing population of shore crabs, which fed heavily on the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity of the habitat. Coastal marshes like these are not only natural defenses against storm waves but also serve as important carbon storage areas and water-cleaning systems.
The conservation-driven comeback of the sea otter has been crucial. California’s coastlines were once alive with sea otters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped out at the hands of fur traders. In the 1980s, conservation efforts aided these otters in re-occupying large areas of their former range. Now, Elkhorn Slough has the highest concentration of sea otters in California, with a population of about 100. By naturally feasting on crabs, the otters have helped a significant regrowth of plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist working alongside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea otters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led to a resurgence in plant growth, which in turn stabilized the soil and lowered the rate of soil washing away.
As the sea otter population continues to restore, their positive impact on coastal ecosystems is likely to increase. It not only showcases the sea otter as a central species—a species that has a significant effect on its natural environment—but also highlights the essential nature of top predators (捕食者) in preserving ecological harmony. “My honest reaction was—this could become a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restoration also helps people by reducing flooding. “Suddenly, sea otters go from just cute things we like to something that can protect our livelihoods and our properties.”
What is the author’s purpose in quoting Lekelia Jenkins
A．To highlight the importance of coastal marshes.
B．To introduce a new research study on sea otters.
C．To demonstrate the practical benefits of sea otters.
D．To emphasize the need for increased conservation efforts.
【答案】C
【详解】这是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍海獭的恢复历程及其对沿海沼泽生态系统的积极影响，强调了顶级捕食者在维持生态平衡中的重要作用。
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘My honest reaction was — this could become a classic in the literature,’ says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restoration also helps people by reducing flooding. ‘Suddenly, sea otters go from just cute things we like to something that can protect our livelihoods and our properties.’(科学家Lekelia Jenkins 说：‘我的真实反应是，这可能会成为文学经典。’她透露，沼泽恢复也通过减少洪水来帮助人们。‘突然之间，海獭从我们喜欢的可爱动物变成了可以保护我们生计和财产的动物。’)”可知，作者引用Lekelia Jenkins的话是为了展示海獭对人类的实际益处，如减少洪水灾害等。故选C项。
When you think about it, food is an important part of our lives. Family gatherings center around food and the celebration of major life events and milestones involves food in one way or another. The same holds true for us here on the Space Station. Food is important and ends up usually being a topic of discussion for almost every crew.
......
Our food also comes packaged in many ways. But no matter what the form of the food though, you still have the same problem eating it- - you do not want it flying away from you and making a mess when you open it up. In this case a little bit of extra water is extremely helpful. It keeps the food kind of sticking together and to the package and to your spoon. Small things do escape from time to time, but we really try hard to minimize the random flying food problem. That is enough for now! Next time I will write about how to cook in space.
Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A food magazine. B．An astronaut’s journal.
C．A sci-fi handbook. D．A space history website.
【答案】B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了太空饮食中食物种类、食物包装等相关内容。
【详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The same holds true for us here on the Space Station.(对于在空间站的我们而言也是如此。)”以及最后一段中的“Next time I will write about how to cook in space. (下次我会写一写在太空烹饪的事情。)”可以得知，本文以第一人称来陈述太空饮食方面的内容，因此本文应该是一篇宇航员的太空日志。故选B。
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-易错点12 阅读理解推理判断题
目 录
01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 举一反三
【易错点提醒一】观点态度易混易错点
【易错点提醒二】文章出处和读者对象易混易错点
【易错点提醒三】写作目的和意图易混易错点
03 易错题通关
易错陷阱1：观点态度易混易错点。
【分析】
1. 选项中的观点态度类词意辨析不清；
2. 原文中表达作者观点、态度的形容词和副词词义；
3. 未能从所列举的例子中理解作者真正表达的意思；
易错陷阱2：文章出处和读者对象易混易错点。
【分析】读者需要具备一定的生活常识，对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出正确的答案。有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。
易错陷阱3：写作目的和意图易混易错点。
【分析】考生应根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
【易错点提醒一】 观点态度易混易错点
【例1】 （2024·山东·一模）A self- driving taxi operated by a Chinese tech giant recently hit a passer- by crossing against a traffic light in Wuhan, capital of Hubei Province, sparking heated discussions on the challenges and limitations facing autonomous driving technology, especially in complex circumstances.
Zhang Xiang, an auto sector researcher at North China University of Technology, said that the incident in Wuhan indicates that self- driving technology has progressed significantly over the past few years, but it still encounters difficulties under ever- changing road conditions and has some limitations when dealing with unconventional behavior, such as motorists or passers-by violating traffic rules. There are still some obstacles to integrating the self- driving vehicles into the existing road traffic safety management system, as the legal obligations of relevant subjects involving autonomous vehicles have not been clarified under current laws and regulations.
Meanwhile, the commercial application of robotaxis in more cities across the country has raised concerns about employment, as taxi drivers are worried about losing their jobs due to intense competition from driverless ride-hailing vehicles, industry experts said. So far, more than 20 cities nationwide have introduced policies supporting autonomous driving tests, with more than 60 enterprises having obtained self- driving test licenses.
Nevertheless, some believe that people only prefer to experience this emerging technology, and the number of robotaxis on the road is still far smaller than those of taxis. It is also noted that the pressure on taxi drivers mainly comes from fierce competition between private ride-hailing cars and traditional taxis, and that the autonomous driving vehicles will not have a serious impact on the job market or replace human drivers in the short term.
Despite the challenges, the development of self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transformation of auto industry and speed the construction of vehicle- road coordination systems, which support the transfer of information from vehicles to roadway networks as a way to improve traffic efficiency.
According to research company BloombergNEF's “Electric Vehicle Outlook” report, China will operate the world's largest robotaxi fleet of about 12 million self- driving vehicles by2040, followed by the United States with around 7 million such vehicles.
What is the author's attitude towards self- driving industry
A．Partial. B．Favorable. C．Skeptical. D．Dismissive.
【变式1】（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Many people are busy experimenting with chatbots, hoping generative artificial intelligence (AI) can improve their daily lives.Scientists are several steps ahead. As reported, 10%or more of abstracts for papers in scientific journals now are written in part by large language models (LLMs). In fields such as computer science, that figure rises to 20%.
Scientists are not just devoted to laboratory work or thinking big thoughts. They face great demands, from writing papers and teaching to filling out endless gran t(拨款) applications. LLMs help by speeding up the writing of papers, thus freeing up time for scientists to develop new ideas or check for mistakes in their work.
The technology can also help level a playing-field that favours native English speakers, because many important journals are in their tongue. LLMs can help those who do not speak the language well translate and edit their text. Therefore, scientists everywhere can spread their findings more easily and be judged by the brilliance of their ideas rather than their language skills.
As with any technology, there are worries. Science received 10, 444 submissions last year, of which 83%were rejected before peer(同行)review. Some of these must have been AI-generated．
LLMs’ lack of imagination may lead to plagiarism, in which they directly copy past work by humans. “Hallucinations” that are obviously wrong to experts, but very believable to everyone else, could also make their way into the text. And most worrying of all, writing can be an essential part of the research process, by helping researchers clarify and produce their own ideas. Too much reliance on LLMs could make science poorer.
Trying to restrict the use of LLMs is not the way to deal with these problems. Peer review will become more important. Pay reviewers for the time they sacrifice (牺牲) to check papers. Motivate researchers to do repeated experiments before writing a paper. Hiring and promotion committees at universities should ensure that scientists are rewarded based on the quality of their work and the quantity of new insights they generate.
What’s the author’s attitude towards LLMs
A．Doubtful. B．Tolerant. C．Objective. D．Conservative.
【变式2】 （2024·广东·一模）The Renaissance of Creative Thought is burgeoning, perhaps even burgeoning. If you attempted to absorb all the wisdom available today, you would need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are mistaken to assume that all this wisdom would stimulate a surge of innovation to match the abundance of knowledge. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation, pursuing the ideas with the most profound impact, was more than 120 years ago, in a period called the Renaissance of Insight.
Innovations, both grand and modest, originate from a new idea. Often, these ideas emerge as a moment of insight — the outcome of a novel connection in our minds made between existing and new knowledge. Studies reveal insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface of awareness. Anything that aids us in noticing quiet signals, such as taking breaks between engagements, adopting essential learning approaches, or steering clear of distractions like social media, can enhance the likelihood of insights. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging to find those quiet signals with the escalating use of technology, filling every moment with emergencies and an endless supply of content.
Moreover, we also aspire to elevate the quality of them — to be able to sift through grand new ideas and identify the ones that hold genuine value, which can be difficult to measure. Launched in 2015, the Insight Meter (洞察力计量器) permits us to evaluate the potency of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, which is marked by intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and subsequent ideas. The Meter consolidates these five variables into a solitary value and enables us to define the significance of a new idea. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the utmost significance.
Since insights are one of the most effective ways to stimulate engagement, innovation, and behavioral change, the Insight Meter has extensive applications for gauging and enhancing individual and organizational performance. More importantly, it can be employed to measure the impact of different types of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ development — both in the moment or afterward.
For organizations to reap the benefits of another age of insight, it is not sufficient to attempt to access more data or augment the number of insights we generate. Instead, it is about creating space for the most significant ideas to emerge from all the knowledge. Utilizing the shared language of the Insight Meter as a means to measure how important ideas are, relative to each other, will enable superior decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. And if we are to enter a new age of insight, we must design our environments to allow for the most exceptional insight possible to surface.
What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations
A．Uncertain. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Dissatisfied.
【易错点提醒二】 文章出处和读者对象易混易错点
【例2】 （湖南师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三摸底考试）
Do you have frightening dreams while sleeping According to an email interview by clinical psychologist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, roughly 5 percent of the general population has at least one bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts of the night.
There is no exact explanation for nightmares, but Breus says it’s possible that they help the brain practise, prepare for and even predict difficult or dangerous experiences in waking life. Of course, it’s possible that nightmares, like dreams in general, don’t have a primary function — that they’re a by-product of other activities in the body. But most sleep scientists think that dreams and nightmares exist for some purposes.
One study found the most common nightmare was falling, followed by dreams of being chased, feeling lost, and feeling trapped. Then why do nightmares happen
“Certain circumstances and characteristics make some people more likely to have nightmares than others,” says sleep medicine specialist Dr. Barry Krakow. He thinks people who’ve been traumatized (使受精神创伤) are certainly at a higher risk of nightmares Examples are offered of those who have suffered criminal attacks, or who have been in life-threatening accidents. People with some degree of sensitivity in their biological make-up are also more likely to have bad dreams, so they’re more common in people who suffer from anxiety or depression, or who use excess drugs or alcohol. The traditional belief often has it that nightmares are the result of eating too much rich food before bedtime, but it is still uncertain whether this is true. One study from 2015 did find a link between eating dairy or hot foods before bedtime and having disturbing dreams, but the study authors noted that this couldn’t be proven definitely because the data was self-reported and there were a lot of other factors to consider.
However, research in recent decades has shown that people who suffer from sleep disorders are also more likely to have nightmares.
From which section of a website is the text probably taken
A．Mental health.
B．Life experiences.
C．Eating habits.
D．Popular culture.
【变式1】（江苏省2024-2025学年高三名校联考检测试题）
Twenty-four trains, nine countries, 13, 500 miles. They are the numbers behind the heroic round trip one man took from Southampton in the UK to eastern China.
Roger Tyers, 37, used over $2, 500, which was almost twice more than the cost of a return flight, to travel to the Chinese port city Ningbo for academic research in May, 2019. The man spent a month on board 15 trains during the first leg of his round trip. It was the climate crisis, not a love of trains, that drove the sociologist to choose this complicated route over a return flight. He stopped flying when UN climate experts warned that the world had less than 11 years to avoid terrible levels of global warming. Tyers calculated that his train journey to China produced almost 90% less emissions than a return flight.
Tyers is not the only person to avoid air travel in response to climate change. Thousands of people worldwide have publicly promised to stop flying. Activist Maja Rosen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the goal of encouraging 100,000 people not to fly for one year. Although only around 14,000 people signed the online “#flightfree2019” pledge (保证), Rosen, who stopped flying 12 years ago, says that the campaign had made more people worry about the climate crisis and aware of harm of travel by air and motivated them to try new ways of travelling.
According to a survey released in May 2019 by Swedish Railways (SJ), 37% of respondents chose to travel by train instead of by plane where possible, compared to 20% at the start of 2018. An SJ spokesperson said: “Rail travel has been augmented due to the worries.” Domestic passenger numbers in July fell by 12% compared to the previous year, according to Swedavia, a company which operates Sweden’s 10 busiest Airports.
“The collective pledge helps fight the sense of hopelessness many people feel when it comes to tackling climate change”, Rosen said. “One of the problems is that people feel there’s no point in what you do as an individual. The campaign is about making people aware that if we do this together, we can actually bring changes.”
In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Travel.
B．Environment.
C．Education.
D．Lifestyle.
【变式2】（江苏省前黄高级中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
Where to Shop in London
James Smith & Sons
Have you ever seen a nobleman with a fine walking stick or a fashionable woman with an umbrella that's definitely not one of those five-dollar bargains from New York City street Well； you could be that person too. But you have to go to Jame Smith & Sons. They specialize in all kinds of high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas.
Harvie & Hudson
UK and Italy are two leading countries when it comes to clothing for men. And you know that it’ll cost you your wages of several months to buy a suit of clothes there. But Harvie & Hudson is fairly accessible, especially for the kind of quality you get. A worthy alternative! You can’t go wrong with two sport jackets for around 200. That's a good deal.
Hatchards
Hatchards in Piccadilly, which opened in 1797, can claim to be the oldest bookstore in the UK with around 100,000 books, and has a special section for signed first editions, and children's books. Beyond that, it offers personalized book subscription services for a very reasonable sum — you'll just need to pay additional postage for shipment to America.
The Whisky Exchange
For those who love whisky and brandy, this is the best choice, since ifs one of the city's important liquor stores. It’s possible to order bottles to be shipped to America. You're bound to find something you'll never see at home. Ifs like the Willy Wonka factory for Scotch drinkers and collectors.
Who are the target readers of the text
A．The natives.
B．British visitors.
C．Foreign students.
D．American travelers.
【变式3】（广东省东莞实验中学高三下学期开学“收心”试题）
Special Food Places to Try In Singapore
It’s an unpleasant fact that local food places are usually meant to cater to meat-eaters. It can be difficult to find a tasty food place that caters to meat-free diet. Here are some options to show you don’t need meat for a satisfactory treat.
Vegan Burg
Vegan Burg has a surprisingly diverse range of plant-based burgers. From Hawaiian Teriyaki to Char-Grilled Satay, the menu promises to tempt even the most hardcore meat lovers. And that’s not even getting into the add-ons and sides it offers, such as mushroom fries and barbecue potatoes.
Woods Square Tower, #01-06, Singapore 737737
Genesis Restaurant
This eatery proves that meat-free dishes can be as hearty and flavorful as their meat-based counterparts. Genesis Restaurant is especially known for its juicy dumplings, spring rolls, pork-free noodles and tofu cheesecake.
Havelock Road, #B1-01, Singapore 059763
WellSmoocht Collective
WellSmoocht is a cafe and dessert bar which specializes in plant-based ice cream. Made from brown rice, sugar cane juice and fruits or nut butters, Smoocht’s rice cream, as they call it, comes in a wide variety of delicious flavors such as Earl Grey Lavender,Rose Coconut and Gula Melaka.
Sin Ming Centre, #01-03, Singapore 575628
Green Common
This one-stop plant-based eatery and marketplace has a delicious menu of mouth-watering meat-free dishes, from Japanese cuisine like sushi and miso glazed fillet to Western dishes like fishless tacos and pasta, as well as local favourites such as seafood laksa and even buah keluak rice.
HarbourFront Walk, #169-170, Singapore 098585
Who is the passage intended for
A．Those who want to lose weight.
B．Those who don’t eat meat.
C．Those who can’t go without meat.
D．Those who prefer home-made food.
【易错点提醒三】 写作目的和意图易混易错点
【例3】（2025届河北省百师联盟高三联考）
Are you looking for teen volunteer opportunities for 2024 that provide a rewarding experience that will stay with you for life Every year thousands of teens choose to volunteer abroad with International Volunteer HQ(IVHQ)-the world’s most trusted provider of safe and affordable volunteer programs for teens.
Service trips for teens are available in more than 50 destinations and there are 17 teen volunteer programs for 16 to 18 year-olds. Some of the best programs in 2024 include Turtle Conservation in Bali, Animal Care in Costa Rica and Childcare in Tanzania. Or, if you’re wanting to volunteer with a group of students from your high school, IVHQ can tailor a program for your group too!
Benefits for volunteers:
There is no doubt that volunteering as a teenager is a meaningful way to broaden your education and add experiences that will stand out on your college application.
Crossing boundaries to work with partners from different parts of the world fosters global understanding.
Living in a country different to your own means that you will be involved in a new culture, cuisine, and way of thinking.
Guaranteed support:
Chances are your parents will also want to learn more about IVHQ, whether or not they will go abroad with you. Having placed more than 130, 000 volunteers abroad, we’re always happy to speak with parents to ensure all their questions are fielded. Through our online safety training, comprehensive information brochures, on-going support from experienced program managers and round-the-clock support from our local teams, IVHQ volunteers are well supported to make the most of the time abroad.
If you’re ready to pack your bags and experience a completely different lifestyle and widen your global perspective, please contact us. IVHQ will be more than happy to offer a service.
The main purpose of the passage is to_____.
A．advocate volunteering
B．introduce requirements
C．advertise a service
D．suggest a lifestyle
易错分析：不能从引述话语中理解作者意图、推断作者深层含义。
【变式1】（江苏省镇江第一中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.
A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems.
But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.”
Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.”
But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
What does the author intend to tell us
A．Underground climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cooling the subsurface helps control urban heat rises.
D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs.
【变式2】（安徽省合肥第一中学2024-2025学年高三学情检测）
A shopkeeper’s son breaks a window, causing a crowd to gather. They tell the shopkeeper not to be angry: actually, the broken window is a reason to celebrate, since it will create work for the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the story, written by a 19th-century economist, the crowd envisions the work involved in repairing the window, but not that involved in everything else on which the shopkeeper could have spent his money — unseen possibilities that would have brought him greater happiness.
If that window were to be broken these days, people might have a different reaction, especially if they were NIMBYs (Not In My Back Yard) who oppose any local construction that affects their quality of life. Their concern might be with the “embodied carbon”. The production of a piece of glass would carry a sizeable carbon cost. Similarly, the bricks and concrete in a building are relics of past emissions. They are, the logic goes, embodied carbon.
Conserving what already exists, rather than adding to the building stock, will avoid increasing these embodied emissions — or so NIMBYs often suggest. At its worst, this idea is based on a warped logic. Greenhouse gases released by the construction of an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired or knocked down. The emissions have been taken out of the world’s “carbon budget”, so treating them as anew debit means double counting. The right question to ask is whether it is worth using the remaining carbon budget to repair a building or it is better to knock it down.
Choosing between these possibilities requires thinking about the unseen. It used to be said that construction emitted two types of emissions. Besides the embodied sort, there were operational ones from cooling, heating and providing electricity to residents. Around the world, buildings account for 39% of annual emissions, according to the World Green Building Council, of which 28% come from operational carbon.
These two types of emissions might be enough for the architects designing an individual building. But when it comes to broader questions, economists ought also to consider how the placement of buildings affects the manner in which people work, shop and travel. Density (密度) lowers the per-person cost of public transport, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure group, suggests that in Britain a policy of “demolish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached housing near public transport with blocks of flats — would save substantial emissions. Without such demolition, potential residents would typically have to move to the suburbs instead, saving money on rent but consuming more energy.
Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially for research and development into construction materials, could speed up the pace at which the built environment decarbonises. What will never work, however, is allowing the loudest voices to decide how to use land and ignoring the carbon emissions of their would-be neighbours once they are out of sight.
The first two paragraphs are written to ________.
A．exemplify an outlook on energy conservation
B．present a new way of relieving energy crisis
C．explain people’s reaction to a broken window
D．introduce an argument on carbon emission
【变式3】
Research spanning several decades demonstrates that you are more likely to think the information that is repeated to be true than the information you hear only once. You usually assume that if people put in effort to repeat a statement, this reflects the truth of the statement. This tendency-also called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead you to draw incorrect conclusions.
To what degree are people aware of the truth effect This question was addressed in a paper in the journal Cognition early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did two sessions. In one session, they read about a hypothetical (虚构的) study in which they were exposed to some statements and then were asked whether both statements they had heard before as well as these new statements were true. They were asked to predict the proportion (比例) of each statement that would be judged as true. They did this both as a prediction of other people’s performance as well as a prediction of how they would do in this study.
At another session a few days later, participants actually performed this study, reading a set of 20 statements in the hypothetical study again and then judging the truth of altogether 40 statements, half of which were from the hypothetical study and the other half of which were new.
This study did replicate the well known truth effect. People were more likely to judge statements they had seen before as true than statements that were new. Two interesting findings emerged from the prediction. First, participants tended to underestimate the size of the truth effect for everyone. T hat is, while they did expect some difference in judgments between the statements seen before and those that were new, they thought this difference would be smaller than it actually was. Second, participants more significantly underpredicted the truth effect for themselves compared to that for other people.
This study is particularly important in light of the amount of misinformation present in social media. Many people have the power to influence public opinion about important matters. Flooding social media feeds with misinformation will lead people to believe this information is true just because it is stated. Recognizing that we are all susceptible to this influence of repeated information should lead us to mistrust our intuition (直觉) about what is true and to look up important information prior to using it to make important judgments and decisions.
In the first paragraph, the author intends to ______.
A．clarify a misconception
B．a phenomenon
C．challenge a statement
D．confirm a theory
Course Advisor 1 Education Sales Executive
Would you be interested in joining a supportive and friendly team with a shared passion for selling their exciting portfolio of courses
The Organization:
It is an international network that offers a wide variety of programs, including bachelor’s degree programs, master's degree programs, professional training, English Language training. and corporate & executive education.
When someone chooses to study at one of their institutions---whether on campus in Europe, North America, or even in their own home they're joining a network of over 50,000 students worldwide.
The Role:
Course advisers are responsible for promoting the Company's program portfolio to potential students over the phone and via e-mail, forming a vital and integral part of the sales team. You will have a natural gift for sales and relationship-building, and a hunger to exceed (超出) targets and expectations.
Benefits:
The Company offers excellent opportunities for fast track career progression which is entirely performance driven. They reward top performers giving you the opportunity to earn as well as progress.
Requirements:
Please click on the APPLY button to send your CV and Cover Letter for this role. The Company is an equal opportunities employer and positively encourages applications from suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless of sex, race, disability, age, or religion or belief. No record of crime is a must.
1．What is one of the benefits of the courses mentioned in the passage
A．They are totally free of charge. B．They have optional campuses.
C．They require high intelligence. D．They can be easily promoted.
2．Top performers of the Company may have ________.
A．a high salary B．a free tour abroad C．a holiday as a bonus D．a flat as a reward
3．Who is the text intended for
A．Those who want to polish their English. B．Those who try to develop their programs.
C．Those who need to advance their degrees. D．Those who are good at promoting products.
Day Trip: Van Gogh Alive at The Dali Museum
If you’ve ever wondered what it’s like to step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Gogh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-do experience. The Dali is the first museum in North America to host this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.
Read on for all the details, on display through June 21, 2021.
KNOW BEFORE YOU GO
Book your timed ticket and your timed entry at thedali.org in advance. This includes Dali members, out of concern for social distance. Face mask wearing is required.
NEW HOURS AT THE DALI
Open 10:00 a. m. — 6:00 p. m. daily and until 8:00 p. m. on Thursdays and Fridays. Admission is half off on Thursday nights.
DOWNLOAD THE APP
The Dali has a fantastic app worth downloading, which takes you on a deeper dive about the art you’ll experience and more about the artist himself. You’ll also get the augmented reality (AR) experience with Dali’s works, too.
THE EXHIBIT
The exhibit has three areas — there’s a smaller open room, a larger open gallery, and lying in between is a bedroom sized room. You are surrounded by enormous screens on the wall and even a few on the floor. High-definition projections (高清投影) of his paintings like ‘Sunflowers’ and ‘starry Night’. sketches, and even quotes pulled from the numerous letters he wrote during his lifetime fill the giant screens on the walls and floor, making you feel as if you’ve stepped inside Van Gogh’s masterpieces. In a way, you have.
It’s not just the images, but the sound that makes this a multi - sensory experience. The classical music soundtrack of Van Gogh Alive helps bring the works to life by tugging at your heartstrings, connecting you to the misterpieces in a way you’ve probably never felt before.
4．Who is the text intended for
A．Van Gogh Art lovers. B．Fans of Dali Art.
C．Museum working staff. D．Photography enthusiasts.
5．What are you required to do if you plan to visit the exhibit
A．Download the Dali app. B．Booked timed tickets online.
C．Wear face masks and gloves. D．Learn about the artist in advance.
6．What is the purpose of the last part of the text
A．To advertise more coming exhibits.
B．To introduce a unique experience.
C．To tell about the life of an artistic genius.
D．To present details of some masterpiece.
The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A．appreciative
B．doubtful
C．unconcerned
D．disapproving
Humans have long gained pleasure from the smells of the natural world. For the most part, though, human beings are not their target market. For plants, fragrances are a way to interact with insects and other animals. Their attraction for people happens simply by chance.
In chemical terms, most natural fragrances are made up of volatiles — so called because of their tendency to change states suddenly. Volatiles evaporate easily, drifting into noses. In plants’ reproductive processes, smelly volatiles attract pollinators (授粉昆虫). But their natural applications are much more varied. If an insect chews through the leaves of some Bursera plants, out shoots a sticky, smelly liquid to trap it. Coyote tobacco plants are even more crafty: upon sensing the smell of hungry caterpillars, they produce volatiles that attract predators to kill the pests.
What is truly amazing is just how wily plants can be in using their scents for reproduction. White flowers often emit their scent at night to attract nocturnal pollinators such as moths. They produce a dilute nectar (稀释的花蜜) that encourages moths to keep moving, rather than linger at a single bloom—all the better to increase pollination. Other flowers change their fragrance after being successfully pollinated, as a signal for insects to go elsewhere.
But though “Scent” is a story of plants’ cleverness, it is also a tale of the human kind. People have long used fragrances for their own purposes, particularly for use in religious ceremonies: perfume recipes on the walls of an Egyptian temple in Edfu demonstrate just how long ingredients have been mixed in pursuit of the best blend. So highly prized were some scents that, to scare off competitors, Arab traders spread a legend about giant eagles that guarded cinnamon.
Eventually scientists no longer needed natural sources for fragrances. In 1866 a fragrance molecule was produced for the first time. Sixteen years later, Houbigant Parfum released Fougère Royale, the first “modern fantasy perfume” that creates an imaginary scent rather than copying a natural one. Nowadays fragrance–making is dominated by man–made compounds, which can be reliably and affordably produced in large quantities.
That has led to the mass production of smelly products, from toilet paper to toothpaste. Scent is accordingly big business. It is said that a world–famous fragrance and flavour manufacturer that claims people interact with its products up to 30 times a day, had sales of ?3.8bn last year.
According to Paragraph 1 and 2, which would the author agree with
A．Some plants might kill the pests with their smells.
B．Fragrance is a tool for plants to protect themselves.
C．People interact with nature easily through fragrance.
D．Fragrances are less important to humans than to animals and insects.
Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, rough movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate (凝视). Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time of which the eyes stop -the duration of the fixation — varies considerably from person to person. It also varies within one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.
Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.
What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage
A．critical B．neutral C．pessimistic D．optimistic
The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis
A．Make an assumption.
B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestion.
D．Justify a comparison.
The streets and roofs of cities all absorb heat, making some urban areas hotter than rural ones. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as city heat spreads downward, and subway tracks and other subsurface infrastructure (基础设施) also constantly radiate warmth into the surrounding earth.
A new study of downtown Chicago shows underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that give off the heat in the first place. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says study author Rotta Loria, an environmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the only potentially affected. “For a lot of things in the subsurface, it’s kind of ‘out of sight, out of mind’,” says Grant Ferguson, a geologist. But the underground world is full of creatures that have adapted to subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because of climate change and underground urban development, scientists are keeping eyes on the potential implications for underground ecosystems.
But the question of how underground hotspots could affect infrastructure has gone largely unstudied. Because materials expand and contract with temperature change, Rotta suspected that heat coming from underground could be contributing to wear and tear on various structures. To understand how underground temperature difference has affected the ground’s physical properties, he used a computer model to simulate (模拟) the underground environment from the 1950s to now—and then to 2050. He found that by the middle of this century, some areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch or settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending on the soil makeup of the area involved. Though these may sound like small displacements, Rotta says they could cause cracks in the foundations of some buildings, causing buildings to fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a geoscientist in Germany, says these displacement predictions are far beyond her guesses and could be linked to the soft, clay-heavy soils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It would be a big issue in all cities worldwide that are built on such material.”
Like climate change above the surface, underground changes occur gradually. “These effects took decades to develop,” Ferguson says, adding that increased underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate on their own. “We could basically turn everything off, and it’s going to remain there, the temperature signal, for quite a while.”
But Ferguson says this wasted heat energy could also be reused, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Still, this assumption could fail as aboveground climate change continues to boost underground warming. However slowly, this heat will gather beneath our feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rotta Loria says. “Maybe we don’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
The author quotes Rotta Loria in Paragraph 2 mainly to _______.
A．make a prediction
B．highlight a finding
C．draw a conclusion
D．raise an assumption
The California sea otter (海獭), once hunted to the edge of extinction, has staged a thrilling comeback in the last century. Now, scientists have discovered that the otters’ success story has led to something just as remarkable: the restoration of their declining coastal marsh (沼泽) habitat.
Elkhorn Slough, a coastal marsh within Monterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The root cause was a growing population of shore crabs, which fed heavily on the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity of the habitat. Coastal marshes like these are not only natural defenses against storm waves but also serve as important carbon storage areas and water-cleaning systems.
The conservation-driven comeback of the sea otter has been crucial. California’s coastlines were once alive with sea otters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped out at the hands of fur traders. In the 1980s, conservation efforts aided these otters in re-occupying large areas of their former range. Now, Elkhorn Slough has the highest concentration of sea otters in California, with a population of about 100. By naturally feasting on crabs, the otters have helped a significant regrowth of plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist working alongside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea otters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led to a resurgence in plant growth, which in turn stabilized the soil and lowered the rate of soil washing away.
As the sea otter population continues to restore, their positive impact on coastal ecosystems is likely to increase. It not only showcases the sea otter as a central species—a species that has a significant effect on its natural environment—but also highlights the essential nature of top predators (捕食者) in preserving ecological harmony. “My honest reaction was—this could become a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restoration also helps people by reducing flooding. “Suddenly, sea otters go from just cute things we like to something that can protect our livelihoods and our properties.”
What is the author’s purpose in quoting Lekelia Jenkins
A．To highlight the importance of coastal marshes.
B．To introduce a new research study on sea otters.
C．To demonstrate the practical benefits of sea otters.
D．To emphasize the need for increased conservation efforts.
When you think about it, food is an important part of our lives. Family gatherings center around food and the celebration of major life events and milestones involves food in one way or another. The same holds true for us here on the Space Station. Food is important and ends up usually being a topic of discussion for almost every crew.
......
Our food also comes packaged in many ways. But no matter what the form of the food though, you still have the same problem eating it- - you do not want it flying away from you and making a mess when you open it up. In this case a little bit of extra water is extremely helpful. It keeps the food kind of sticking together and to the package and to your spoon. Small things do escape from time to time, but we really try hard to minimize the random flying food problem. That is enough for now! Next time I will write about how to cook in space.
Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A food magazine. B．An astronaut’s journal.
C．A sci-fi handbook. D．A space history website.
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
14．What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3
A．They enjoyed much respect. B．They had a room with a bathtub.
C．They lived with the local kids. D．They suffered severe hardships.
15．What is the text
A．A news report. B．A book review. C．A children’s story. D．A diary entry.
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